建筑工程专业英语-吴承霞版考试资料

Constructionengineeringisaspecializedbranchofcivilengineeringconcernedwiththepianning,execution,andcontrolofconstructionoperationsforvariousprojects.planningconsistsofschedulingtheworktobedoneandselectingthemostsuitableconstructionmethodsandequipmentfortheproject.executionrequiresthetimelymobilizationofalldrawings,layouts,andmaterialsonthejobtopreventdelaystothework.controlconsistsanalyzingprogressandcosttoensurethattheprojectwillbedoneonschedulesandwithintheestimatedcost.（一单）建筑工程是土木工程的一个分支，涉及项目的计划、实施和施工控制。计划包括安排项目工程进度，选择适当的施工方法和设备。实施则是要求及时筹备所有的图纸、布置和施工原料以防止工作延期。控制包括进度和成本分析，以保证项目能按计划进行，并控制成本消耗在预期范围内。Constructionoperationsaregenerallyclassifiedaccordingtospecializedfields.Theseincludepreparationoftheprojectsite,earthmoving,foundationtreatment,constructionofload-carryingframeandelectricalandmechanicalinstallations.However,therelativeimportanceofeachfieldisnotthesameinallcases[5施工程序通常根据工种不同来分类，包括现场准备、挖运土方、地基处理、主体结构施工以及电器和机械安装，但是每个工种的相对重要性在各种情况下并不总是相同的。Three-planeprojectiondrawingisthemainpatternintheproject,whichcanaccuratelyreflecttheshapeandsizeofobjectandisconvenienttochat[2].Intheordinarycircumstances,three-planeprojectiondrawingiscomposedofthehorizontalprojectiondrawing,thefrontalprojectiondrawingandtheprofileprojectiondrawing.Intheanalysisprocessofthree-planeprojectiondrawing,wearerequiredtofollowtheprojectionrelationof“equalityinheight,widthandlength”,whichisthefoundationofdrawingandreading.（二单）三面投影图是工程上最主要的图样，其优点是能够准确地反映物体的形状和大小，作图方便。在一般情况下三面投影图由水平投影、正面投影图、侧面投影图组成。在三面投影图的分析过程中，应遵循“长对正、高平齐、宽相等”的投影关系，它是绘图和识图的基础。CADisanacronym.somepeopleuseitfoecomputer-aideddrawing,whileothersforcomputer-aideddesign.therearenowmanyCADsystemsavailabletodesignorganizations.theyvaryincost,scope,capability,andinsuitabilityfortheworkoftheparticularoffice.thereisalonghistoryofusingcomputersparticularlyinanengineeringdesignoffice,andithasmainlybeenforelaboratecalculationsuchasstructuralanalyses,andforadministrativechores.suchtasksareessentiallyoperationsonnumbers,andwhichisideallysuitedforcomputers.CAD是一个缩写词。一些人把它用作‘计算机辅助绘图’，另一些人把它用作‘计算机辅助设计’。现在的设计单位有许多种类的CAD系统。它们在价格、应用范围、性能和对特定工作的适应性方面不尽相同。在工程设计中使用计算机已经有很长时间了，它主要用在结构分析等复杂的计算问题和管理事务方面。这些工作基本上是进行数字运算，而这正是计算机最适合进行的工作。Materialsforbuildingmusthavecertainphysicalpropertiestobestructurallyuseful.Primarily,theymustbeabletocarryaload,orweight,withoutchangingshapepermanently.Whenaloadisappliedtoastructuremember,itwilldeform;thatis,awirewillstretchorabeamwillbend.However,whentheloadisremoved,thewireandthebeamcomebacktotheoriginalposition.Thismaterialpropertyiscalledelasticity.Ifamaterialwerenotelasticandunloadingeventuallywouldincreasethedeformationtothepointwherethestructurewouldbecomeuseless.Allmaterialsusedinarchitecturalstructuressuchasstone,brick,wood,steel,aluminum,reinforcedconcrete,andplastics,behaveelasticallywithinacertaindefinedrangeofloading.Iftheloadingisincreasedabovetherange,twotypesofbehaviorcanoccur:brittleandplastic.Intheformerthematerialwillbreaksuddenly.Inthelatter,thematerialbeginstoflowatacertainload(yieldstrength),ultimatelyleadingtofracture.Forexamples,steelexhibitsplasticbehavior,andstoneisbrittle.Theultimatestrengthofamaterialismeasuredbythestressatwhichfailure(fracture)occurs.(三单)建筑上用到的材料都必须具有一定的物理性能。首先，最主要的是它们在承受了一个荷载或是重量时不会产生永久的变形。当结构构体承受荷载时，它将会变形。例如，金属线将被拉长，梁将变得弯曲。尽管如此，去掉荷载时，金属线和梁都将恢复到原来的状态，这种材料性质被称为弹性。如果某种材料没有弹性，作用在结构上的荷载小时后，变形将仍然存在，反复地加载和卸载将加剧材料的变形，最终将导致结构不能再继续使用。应用于建筑结构中的所有材料，例如石头、砖、木材、钢材、铝、钢筋混凝土、塑料在一定的荷载范围内都是有弹性的，如果荷载增加到超出了这个范围，那么可能会发生两种情况：脆性和塑形，前者会发生突然断裂；后者在一定的荷载下（屈服强度）材料开始产生流塑，最终导致断裂。例如，钢材表现出塑性，而石头是脆性的。材料的极限强度可以由其在断裂时受到的应力来衡量。AluminumAluminumisespeciallyusefulasabuildingmaterialwhenlightweight,strength,andcorrosionresistanceareallimportantfactors.Becausepurealuminumisextremelysoftandductile,alloyingelements,suchasmagnesium，silicon，zinc，andcopper，mustbeaddedtoittoimpartthestrengthrequiredforstructuraluse.Structuralaluminumalloysbehaveelastically.Thayhaveanelasticmodulusonethirdasgreatassteelandthereforedeformthreetimesasmuchassteelunderthesameload.Theunitweighofanaluminumalloyisonethirdofsteel,andthereforeanaluminummemberwillbelighterthanasteelmemberofcomparablestrength.当轻质、高强度和防腐蚀能力成为考虑的中要因素时，铝材就成了一种尤为有用的建筑材料。由于铝是一种非常软的且容易变形的材料，因此必须添加像锰、硅、锌及铜等金属元素来提高其强度，以满足结构需要。建筑用铝合金是弹性材料，其弹性模量是钢材的三分之一，因而在相同的荷载作用下，其变形时钢材的3倍。铝合金的密度是钢材的三分之一，因而在相似的强度条件下，铝合金构件比钢材构件轻。plasticsarerapidlybecomingimpirtantconstructionmaterialsbecauseifgreatvariety,strength,durability,andlightness.aplasticmaterialorwhichcanbemoldedintoanydesiredshapeandwhichusesanorganicsubstanceasaanicplasticsaredividedintotwogeneralgroups:thermosettingandthermoplastic.thethermosettinggroupbecomesrigidthroughachemicalchangethatoccurswhrnheatisapplied;onceset,theseplasticscannotberemolded.thethermoplasticgroupremainssoftathightempeatureandmustbecooledbeforebecomingrigid;thisgroupisnotusedgenerallyasastructuralmaterial.塑料塑料制品因具有可塑性大、强度高、持久性好、质量轻的优点，而迅速成为重要的建筑材料。塑料是一种合成材料，采用有机物作为黏结剂可以被浇筑成任何需要的形状。有机塑料制品一般分为两类：热固性塑料和热塑性塑料。热固性塑料受热时发生化学变法而变硬，一旦成型，这类塑料不能被重塑。热塑性塑料在高温时仍保持柔软，冷却后才变硬，这类塑料制品通常不能用作建筑材料。theconstructionofthefloosinabuildingdependsonthebasicstructuralframethatisused(fig4.6).insteelskeletonconstruction,floosareeitharslabsofconcreterestingonsteelbeamsoradeckconsistingofcorrugatedsteelwithaconcretetopping.inconcreteconstrution,thefloorsthatisuseddependsonthespanbetweenthesupportingcolumnsorwallsandthefunctionofthespace.inanapartmentbuilding,forinstance,wherewallsandcolumnsarespacedat12to18feet,themostpopularconstructionisasolidconcreteslabwithnobeams.corrugatedsteeldecksareoftenusedinofficebuildingsbecausethecorrugations,whreenclosedbyanothersheetofmetal,formductsfortelephoneandelectricallines.（四单）楼板层建筑物中楼板层的结构形式取决于所采用的基本框架结构。在钢结构中，楼板要么是置于钢梁上的混凝土板要么是压型钢板混凝土组合楼板。在混凝土结构中，楼板时梁板式楼板或是置于井字梁上的混凝土薄板。楼板形式的选用还取决于框架柱或墙的间距以及结构空间的使用功能，例如，在公寓建筑中，墙和柱的间距为12英尺到18英尺，最常用的形式是无梁楼板。办公大楼中常使用压型钢板，这是因为当波纹钢地板的波纹被另一块金属板盖上时，其中空的地方可以形成电话线和电线管道。Modernsurveyingengineeringencompassesseveralspecialityareas.Therearetwokindsofsurveying:planeandgeodetic.Themostprimaryareasperhapsisplanesurveyingbecauseitissowidelyappliedinengineeringandsurveyingpractice.Inplanesurveying,weconsiderthefundamentalsofmeasuringdistance,angle,direction,andelevation.Thesemeasuredquantitiesarethenusedtodetermineposition,slope,area,andvolumethebasicparametersofcivilengineeringdesignandconstruction.Planesurveyingisthemeasurementoftheearth’ssurfaceasthoughitwereaflatsurfacewithoutacurvature.Withinareasofabout20kilometerssquare–-meaningasquare,eachsideofwhichis20kilometerslongtheeffectsoftheearth’scurvaturearenegligiblerelativetothepositionalaccuracy.Forlargerareas,however,ageodeticsurveywhichtakesintoaccountthecurvatureoftheearthmustbemade.(现代测量工程包括若干个专业领域。常用的测量方法有两种：平面测量和大地测量。其中最重要的领域可能是平面测量，因为它在测量工程实践中得到非常广泛的应用。在平面测量中，最基本的工作是距离测量，角度测量，方向测量和高程测量。这些测量结果被用来确定位置，坡度，面积和体积这些土木工程设计和施工的基本参数。平面测量是把地球表面当做一个没有曲率的平面进行测量的。在一个边长为20km的正方形区域中，地球曲率对位置精确度的影响可以忽略不计。然而在比较大的区域中，应该采用考虑地球曲率影响的大地测量。)Materialmechanicitisaresearchaboutstress,strengthandstiffnessinvariousforces,andthelimitswhenallkindsofmaterialdamage.Allengineeringstudentsmuststudythiscourse,becauseitisnecessarytothestructuraldesign.Inthecourseofmaterialmechanics,studentsshouldhaveabasisofhighermathematicsandtheoreticalme-chanics.(材料力学主要研究材料在各种外力作用下产生的应变，应力，强度，刚度和导致各种材料破坏的极限。材料力学是所有工科学生必修的学科，因为它是结构设计必须掌握的知识。学习材料力学一般要求学生有高等数学和理论力学的基础。)Prestressedconcreteprestressedconcreteiisbasicallyconcreteinwhichinternalstressesofasuitablemagnitudeanddistributionareintroductionsothatthestressesresultingfromexternalloadsarecounteractedtoadesiredegree.Inreinforcedconcretemembers,thepresstressiscommonlyintroducedbytensioningthesteelreinforcement.Methodofprestressingtheconcrete:thepre-tensionmethodandthepost-tensionmethod.（七单）预应力混凝土结构预应力混凝土是引入适合大小和分布的内部应力，来抵消由外部荷载所产生的应力的。在钢筋混凝土构件中，预应力通常有张拉钢筋来实现。预应力施加法：先张法和后张法。Efficientexcavationonlandrequiresadryexcavationarea,becausemanysoilsareunstablewhenwetandcannotsuppotexcavatingandhaulingequipment.Dewateringbecomesamajoroperationwhentheexcavationliesbelowthenaturalwatertableandinterceptsthegroundwaterflow.Whenthisoccurs,dewateringandstabilizingofthesoilmaybeaccomplishedbystrenches,whichconductseepagetoasumpfromwhichthewaterispumpedout.Dewateringandstabilizingofthesoilmayinothercasesbeaccomplishedbywellpointsandelectroosmosis.有效的土体开挖要求有一个干燥的工作面，这是因为许多土体在潮湿状态下是不稳定的，不足以支撑开挖设备和拖拉机械。因此，除水成为开挖天然水平面下的土体和阻止地下水流动的主要施工过程。基坑除水和土体稳定可通过排水沟将地下水排至排水坑，再用水泵将水抽走。也可采用井点除水或电渗排水。Totalqualitycontrolisacommitmenttoqualityexpressedinallpartsofanorganizationandtypicallyinvolvesmanyelements.Designreviewstoinsuresafeandeffectiveconstructionproceduresareamajorelement.Otherelementsincludeextensivetrainingforpersonnel,shiftingtheresponsibilityfordetectingdefectsfromqualitycontrolinspectorstoworkers,andcontinuallymaintainingequipment.Workerinvolvementinimprovedqualitycontrolisoftenformalizedinqualitycirclesinwhichgroupsofworkersmeetregularlytomakesuggestionsforqualityimprovement.Materialsuppliersarealsorequiredtoinsurezerodefectindeliveredgoods.Initially,allmaterialsfromasupplierareinspectedandbatchesofgoodswithanydefectiveitemsarereturned.Supplierswithgoodrecordscanbecertifiedandnotsubjecttocompleteinspectionsubsequently.全面质量控制是组织的所有部分对质量的一个承诺，它通常包括很多要素，要以保证施工过程安全有效的设计评审工作就是一个主要因素。其他一些因素还包括广泛的人员培训，把发现缺陷的责任从检查者转移到操作者身上，以及持续的对设备进行维护等工作。在质量环当中有一个