精讲1基础2014考研英语语法讲义

MonkeyscanbetrainedtodevelopsocialAnimalsusuallyshowtheirfeelingsopenlyashumansCooperationamongmonkeysremainsstableonlyinthe(2008Text2)TheInternet—andpressurefromfundingagencies,whoarequestioningwhycommercialpublishersaremakingmoneyfromernment-fundedresearchbyrestrictingaccesstoit—ismakingaccesstoscientificresultsareality.例：WhenitcomestoEnglishtest,he,whoisacollege siders rmost 例：Lastyear,thehard-wor nsideredtheNETEMmostimportant.（词）In2011,mo ollegestudents,agroupofhard-workingpeople,consideredpassingtheNETEMmostWhenitwas2011,whatwasconsideredtobethemostimportantformostofcollegestudents,whowerehard-workingpeople,waspassingtheNETEM.（句） Ilike Helooks I Hetoldmea Wecallthiskindpseudo-“ 例：Thereasonsareclearnow. Whyhemurderedhiswifeisclearnow.Hehasmadeclearthe HehasmadeclearwhattheyhaddoneItisthequestion. ItiswhetherIshoulddisgracefullysurviveorsmartlydisappear.Wefoundoutthefact,themurder. Wefoundoutthefactthathewaskilled.AmericanselectedBarackObamatheir(2006完形)Findingwaystoassistthisgrowing eincreasingly(2005.49)Creatinga―Eop atrespectsthedifferentculturesandtraditionswhichgotomakeuptheconnectingf ftheOldContinent（欧洲大陆）isnoeasytaskanddemandsastrategicchoice.Toerr（犯错）ishuman;toforgive,divine（神圣的(1994语法)I theopportunitytostudyabroadtwoyearsA.havingbeen B.having C.tohavebeen D.tohave(2003Text1)Thelatestrevolutionisn‘tsimplyamatterofgentlemenreadingothergentlemen‘se-(2004Text1)Withthousandsofcareer-relatedsitesontheInternet,findingpromisingopenings（空缺）canbetime-consumingandinefficient.…Workingwithaalsearchagentmeanshavinganothersetofeyeslookingoutforyou.(2004完形Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminal(2001Text5)Ihavediscovered,asperhapsKelseywillafterhermuch-publicizedresignationfromtheeditorshipofSheafterabuild-upofstress,thatabandoningthedoctrineof―uggngyourlife‖,andmakingthealternativemoveinto―donshng‖bringswithitfargreaterrewardsthanfinancialsuccessandsocial(1998Text4)Emergingfromthe1980censusisthepicture velomoreandmoreregionalcompetition,aspopulationgrowthintheNortheasta chesanearstandstill. 1述句、whether、what等疑问词引导（what—疑问句 theseseasarebeingoverfishedhasbeenknownforyears.(1993.74)Anditisimaginedbymanythattheoperationsofthecommonmindcanbebynomeanscomparedwiththeseprocesses(thescientists‘mindprocesses),andthattheyhavetobeacquiredbyasortofspecialtraining.(2000.72)Itisobviousthatthestrengthofacountry‘seconomyisdirectlyboundupwiththeefficiencyofitsagricultureandindustry,andthatthisinturnrestsupontheeffortsofscientistsandtechnologistsofallkinds.(2008.46)Itmaybesaidthatthemeasureoftheworthofanysocialinstitutionisitseffectinenlargingandimprovingexperience.(1994.75)Whethertheernmentshouldincreasethefinancingofpurescienceattheexpenseoftechnologyorviceversaoftendependsontheissueofwhichisseenasthedriving.(2005Text2)Doyourememberallthoseyearswhenscientistargued(that)smokingwouldkillusbutthedoubtersinsistedthatwedidn‘tknowforsure?(2004.61)TheGreeksassumedthatthestructureoflanguagehadsomeconnectionwiththeprocessofthought,whichtookrootinEuropelongbeforepeoplerealizedhowdiverselanguagescouldbe.(1997Text4)―Thetestofanydemocraticsociety,‖hewroteinaWallStreetJ howwellitcancontrolexpressionbutinwhetheritgivesdomofth ressionthewidestpossiblelatitude.‖表语从句：thatas/asif引导、because/why、what等疑问词引导（疑问句(1997Text2)Areportconsis backbyvisitorstotheUSishowfriendly,courteous,andhelpfulmostAmericanswe Thenotionisthatpeoplehavefailedtodetectthemassivechangeswhichhavehappenedintheoceanbecausetheyhavebeenlookingbackonlyarelativelyshorttimeintothepast.a.名词+(2005Text3)Acenturyago,Freudformulatedhisrevolutionarytheorythatdreamswerethedisguisedshadowsofourunconsciousdesiresandfears.(2011.46)Allen‘scontributionwastotakeanassumptionweallshare—thatbecausewearenotrobotswethereforecontrolourthoughts—andrevealsitserroneousnature.(2009Text1)Theconventionalviewthateducationshouldbeoneoftheveryhighestprioritiesforpromotingrapideconomicdevelopmentinpoorcountriesiswrong.Whathewantedtoconveywasthathewasinnocent,butthepublicconsideredthatthefactthattheaffairhadastronginfluenceonthefemalestarswastheprominentevidenceforhisfault.(2012Text1)Butinhernewbook,JointheClub,TinaRosenbergcontendsthatpeerpressurecanalsobeapositivethroughwhatshecallsthesocialcure,inwhichorganizationsandofficialsusethepowerofgroupdynamicstohelpindividualsimprovetheirlivesandpossiblytheworld.(2012Text2)Nowtheissuddenlyclaimingthatthe2002a alidbecauseofthe2006legislation,andthatonlythefederalernmenthasregulator uclearissues.(2010Text2)TheFederalCircuitissue orderstatingthatthecase(Bilski)wouldbeheardbyall12ofthecourt‘sjudges,rather panelofthree,andthatoneissueitwantstoevaluateiswhetheritshouldecondr‖i Bankruling. fthefollowingistrueoftheBilskiItsrulingcomplieswiththecourtItinvolvesaverybigbusinessIthasbeendismissedbytheFederalItmaychangethelegalpracticesinthe 例：SheisWefindtheexamThegirlstoodthere,fullofHeisahandsomeboy. Heisaboywhoishandsome.Weshouldknowtheculturepastandpresent. 31.（2005.47）Multi-mediagroupshavebeenincreasinglysuccessful: ngevision,radio,evision,radio,newspapers,magazinesandpublishinghousesthatwork(1999Text2)Somecompaniesarelimiting riskbonductingonlinetransactionsonlywithestablishedbusinesspartnerswhoaregiven ‘sprivateintranet.Hestudied hewasyoung,whichcontributedalottohissuccessinhisMostjournalistslearntoseetheworldthroughasetofstandardtemtes(模式)intowhichtheyplug(嵌入，套入)eachday‘sevents.(2012Text1)Butinhernewbook,JointheClub,TinaRosenbergcontendsthatpeerpressurecanalsobeapositivethroughwhatshecallsthesocialcure,inwhichorganizationsandofficialsusethepowerofgroupdynamicstohelpindividualsimprovetheirlivesandpossiblytheworld.作文常用句型：AsisshowninthepicturesAsisseenfromthechart,Asisvividlybetrayedinthecartoon例：TheconclusionthattheyhavedrawnisTheconclusionthattheywon‘tacceptourconditionsis(2012Text3)Intheidealizedversionofhowscienceisdone,factsabouttheworldarewaitingtobeobservedandcollectedbyobjectiveresearcherswhousethescientificmethodtocarryouttheirwork.(2006翻译)Thedefinitionalsoexcludesthemajorityoffactors,despitethefactthatteachinghastraditionallybeenthemethodwherebymanyinlectualsearntheirliving.(1994完形54)Thewordsusedbythespeakermaystirup actionsinthelistener45interferewithhiscomprehension.A.who B.as D.what(2006Text2)Hiltonisbuilding there,whichyoumaybesurewillbedecoratedwithHamletHamburgerBars,the heBanquoBanquetingRoom,andsoforth,andwillbevery(2008Tex)TheyhavebeenspurredinpartbyDNAevidencemadeavailablein1998,whichalmostcertainlyprovedThomasJeffersonhadfatheredatleastonechildwithhisslaveSallyHemings.(2008Text4)Washington,whohadbeguntobelievethatallmenwerecreatedequalafterobservingthebraveryoftheblacksoldiersduringtheRevolutionaryWar,overcamethestrongoppositionofhisrelativestogranthisslavestheirdominhiswill.（2008-40）Washington‘sdecisiontoslavesoriginatedfrom moralmilitaryfinancialpolitical(2010Text1)OfallthechangesthathavetakenceinEnglish-languagenewspapersduringthepastquarter-century,perhapsthemostfar-reachinghasbeentheinexorabledeclineinthescopeandseriousnessoftheirartscoverage.(2010Text1)Itisdifficulttothepointofimpossibilityfortheaveragereaderundertheageoffortytoimagineatimewhenhigh-qualityartscriticismcouldbefoundinmostbig-citynewspapers.WeareoftenattractedbyenchantingWemustadapt(适应)ourthinking The owwillreturnon hatistheonemodernformofexpressionalmostcompleydedicated(用于)to (1996年语法TherewasaveryinterestingremarkinabookbyanEnglishmanthatIreadrecently4whathethoughtwasareasonforthisAmericancharacteristic.A. B. C.to D.(1995年语法)Howmanyofus,say,ameetingthatisirrelevanttouswouldbeinterestedinthediscussion.A.attendedB.attendingC.toattendD.haveattended(1999年语法)It‘seasytoblamethedeclineofconversationonthepaceofmodernlifeandonthevague(不明确的)changesceinourever-changingworld.A. B.to C. D.考研英语语法讲 15/A.to B. C. D.was (1999Text3)But,forasmallgroupofstudents,professionaltrainingmightbethewaytogosincewelldevelopedskills,allotherfactorsbeingequal,canbethedifferencebetweenhavingajobornot.(1997年语法)Justasthevalueofaephonenetworkincreaseswitheachnewphone tothesystem,sodoesthevalueofacomputersystemincreasewitheachprogramthatturnsout.A. B.tohave C.to D.(1993年语法)Asforthewinter,itisinconvenienttobecold,withmostof 料）isallowedsavedforthedawn.A. B. C. D.YouneverknowhowstrongyouareuntilbeingstrongistheonlychoiceyouwhywearenotusuallysensitivetoourownsmellswesimplydonotneedtoA. B. C. D.(2006-7)Estimatesrangeanywherefrom600,000to3million. thefiguremayvary,ystsdoagreeonanothermatter:thatthenumberofthehomelessisincreasing.Now B. C. D.Except as,till,(not)until,assoonas…,every(each)time,theinstant,thethemoment,thesecond,nosooner…than,hardly...when;之前------before;之 after,since,例：ThebabystartscryingtheminuteheseeshisNosoonerhadhedrunkthecoffeethanhebegantofeeldrowsy（困倦的76.（2002年翻译）Itwillnotsolveourproblems,however,untilitre cestradition andthesearestronglyentrenched（确定的）.＊＊＊ounUntil（1994Text2）Whilecomputersoffertheseconveniencestoconsumers,theyhavemanyadvantagesforsellerstoo.（1991年语法 tospeakwhentheaudienceinterruptedA.Hardlyhadhe B.NosoonerhadheC.Notuntilhe D.Scarcelydidhe（1998年语法）ngyourisasurewaytoimproveyourtestscores,andthisisespeciallytrueitcomestoclassroomtests.A. B. C. D.（2002.22）Aswasdiscussedbefore,itwasnotthe19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronicmedium,followinginthewakeofthepamphlet(小册子)andthebookandintheoftheperiodical(期).A. B. C. D.(2001-6)Inasignificanttighteningoflegalcontrolsoverthepress,LordIrvine,theLordChancellor,willintroduceadraftbillthatwillproposemakingpaymentstowitnessesillegalandwillstrictlycontroltheamountofpublicitythatcanbegiventoacase6_atrialbegins.A. B. C. D. uming,provided/providing,as(so)longifonly：只 有注：区别 heseniorlibrarianatthecirculationdeskpromisedtogetthebookfor shecouldremmberwholastborrowedA.ever B.much C.even D.if（2004年完形42）Hecancontinuetosupporthimselfanhis heproducesaA.only B.much C.long D.ever, 例：Suppose/Supposingthatitrains,canweyfootballindoors?Farmerswillhaveagoodharvest,assumingtheweatherisfavorable.Provided/Providingwegetgoodweatheritwillbeasuccessfulholiday.aslong（2002Text4）Aslongasadoctorprescribesadrugforalegitimatemedicalpurpose,thedoctorhasdonenothingillegalevenifthepatientusesthedrugtohasten(加速)death.（1993语法）YoucanarriveinBeijingearlierforthemeeting youdon‘tmindtakingthenightA. B. C. D.(2010-7)Itdidnotproductivityrose.

whatwasdoneinthe somethingwasA.asfar B.forfear C.incase D.so 原因状语从句：as,since,inthat;considering;nowthat, hegrounds（2003.37）theyareadjustin bodiesandawholehostofnewinlectualandemotionalchallenges,teenagersare f-consciousandneedtheconfidencethatcomesfromachievingsuccessandknowin mplishmentareadmiredbyothers.A. C. D. ydrogen（氢元素）isthefundamentalelementoftheuniverseitprovidesthebuildingblocfromwhichtheotherelementsareproduced.A.so B.but C.in D.provided（1996.46）Vitaminsaresimilarbecausetheyaremadeofthesameelements—usuallycarbon（碳元素,hydrogen,oxyge（氧元素,andsometimesnitroge（氮元素.Theyaredifferenttheirelementsarearrangeddifferently.A.in B.so C.such D.except（2004.22）Theoriescenteringontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior22theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeeds(违法行为)orthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthroughinction(一起活动)withothers.A. B. C. D.目的状语从句：lest,incase,forfeartheoldandinfirmhaeadutytodieandgetoutoftheway‖sothatyounger,healthierpeoplecanrealizetheirpotential.（2000Text5）Whathashappenedisthatpeoplecannotconfessfullytotheirdreams,aseasilyandopenlyasoncetheycouldlesttheybethoughtpushing（爱出风头的）acquisitive（贪婪的）andvulgar(2000-29)Somepeopledonotopenlyadmittheyhaveambition theythinkofitastheirpursuitsarenotfameorambitionisnotcloselyrelatedtomaterialtheydonotwanttoappeargreedyand ctivties,itisimportanttorememberthatyoungteenshaveshortattentionspan.Avarietyofa houldbeorganized35participantscanremainactiveaslongastheywantandthengoontomethingelsewithoutfeelingguiltyandwithoutlettingtheotherparticipantsdown.A.if B.now C.so D.even（2003Text2）They（scientists）shouldbequicktorespondtoletterstotheeditor,lestanimalrightsmisinformationgounchallengedandacquireadeceptiveappearanceoftruth.(2003.49)Theauthorbelievesthat,infaceofthechallengefromanimalrightsadvocates,scientists A.communicatemorewiththe B.employhi-techmeansinC.feelsnoshamefortheir D.strivetodevelopnew方式状语从句：asasif/though;inthesame例 （2000Text1）Forawhileitlooksasthoughthemakingofsemiconductors,whichAmericanhadinventedandwhichsatattheheartofthenewcomputerage,wasgoingtobethenextcasualty(牺牲品)。让步状语从句：while,as,whether注：翻译通常为“尽管 （2002.29&31）Itisgenerallyrecognized,29,thattheintroductionofthecomintheearly20thcentury,followedbytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuit(集成电路)durin ,radicallychangedtheprocess,31itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediayappa[29].A.B.C.[31].A.B.C.D.（1996.50）Gettingenoughvitamins life,althoughthebodyhasnonutritionaluseforexcessvitamins.Manypeople,50 beingonthe―safeside‖andthustakeextravitamins.A. C. D. tseconomyconditionstorecover,theUSisincreasingly inganationof raryworkers.A.Even B.Now C.If D.Provided（1998语法）Thereareover100nightschoolsinthecity,makingitpossibleforaprofessionaltobereeducatednomatterhedoes.A. B. C. D.（2000Text2）ButhoweveramazedourdecedentsmaybeathowfarfromUtopiawewere,theywilllookjustlikeus.((none(C)ofhisstudentseven(D)objectedastheyfoundhislecturesbothinformativeand（2004.40）Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminal adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenA. B. C. D.（2005：1.5.6）Thehumannoseisanunderratedtool.Humansareoftenthoughttobeinsensitivesmellerscomparedwithanimals,1thisislargelybecause,unlikeanimals,westandupright.Thismeansthatournosesarelimitedtoperceivingthosesmellswhichfloatthroughtheairmissingthemajorityofsmellswhichsticktosurfaces.Infact,5,weareextremelysensitivetosmells,6wedonotgenerallyrealizeit.Ournosesarecapableofdetectinghumansmellsevenwhenthesearediluted(稀释)tofarbelowonepartinonemillion.[1].A.B.C.D.[5].A.[6].A.evenB.B.ifC.C.onlyD.（2000Text4）Whileoftenpraisedbyforeignersforit thebasics,Japaneseeducationtendstostresstesttakingandmechanical(机械的)learning ivityandself-expression. cordingtotheJapanese isedfor theyoungclimbthesocial cationischaracterizedbymechanicallearningaswellasMorestressshouldbecedonthecultivationofDropoutleadstofrustrationagainsttest(2005Text4)Russianshaveadeeplovefortheirownlanguageandcarrylargechunksofmemorizedpoetryintheirheads,whileItalianpoliticianstendtoelaboratespeechthatwouldseemold-fashionedtomostEnglish-speakers.(2005.39)ThedescriptionofRussians‘loveofmemorizingpoetryshowsthe interestintheirappreciationoftheiradmirationfortheircontemptfortheirold-(2008Text4)WhileWashingtonandJeffersonprivayexpresseddistasteforslavery,theyalsounderstoodthatitwaspartofthepoliticalandeconomicbedrockofthecountrytheyhelpedtocreate.(2008.38)WhatdowelearnaboutThomasHispoliticalviewchangedhisattitudetowardsHisstatusasafathermadehimthechildHisattitudetowardsslaverywasHisaffairwithaslavestainedhis。例：Youngasheis,JimisChildasheis,Jim MuchasI d,IhaveneverseensuchabeautifulTryashewill,nomanbreakswhollyloosefromhisfirstlove,nomatterwhoshebe…We‘veonlyonevirginity（）tolose,andwherewelostitthereourheartswillbe!（1992语法 ,hedoesgetannoyedwithherAlthoughmuchhelikes B.MuchalthoughhelikesC.Ashelikesher D.Muchashelikes（1998.75）Oddthoughitsounds,cosmicinflation（宇宙大）isascientificallyusible（可行的）consequenceofsomerespectedideasinelementaryparticlephysics.比较状语从句：as…asmore…than,nomorethan,lessthan,notless (1994语法)ScientistsgenerallyagreethattheEarth‘sclimatewillwarmupoverthenext50to100yearsithaswarmedinthe20,000yearssincetheIceAge.A.aslong B.asmuch C.assoon D.aswell(1999.71)Therearealmostasmanydefinitionsofhistoryasthereare(2005.46)NeverbeforehasevisionservedsomuchtoconnectdifferentpeoplesnationsasintherecenteventsinEurope.(2006Text1)Foreign-bornAsiansandHispanics―ae fintermarriagethandoUS-bornwhitesandblacks.‖(2006.47)Hi nalogous（类似的）tothatofajudge,whomustaccepttheobligationofrevealingin anneraspossiblethecourseofreasoningwhichledhimtohisdecision.(2000Text4)Inaddition,farmoreJapaneseworkersexpresseddissatisfactionwiththeirjobsthandidtheircounterparts（同辈）inthe10othercountriessurveyed.(2009Text3)YettheresearchrevealedthattheU.S.factoriesofHonda,Nissan,andToyotaachievedabout95percentoftheproductivityoftheirJapanesecounterparts—aresultofthetrainingthatU.S.workersreceivedonthejob.(2009.33)AmajordifferencebetweentheJapaneseandU.S.worksis TheJapaneseworkisbetterTheJapaneseworkismoreTheU.S.workhasabetterTheU.S.workismore(2007Text1)Thissuccess,coupledwithlaterresearchshowingthatmemoryitselfisnotgeneticallydetermined,ledEricssontoconcludethattheactofmemorizingismoreofacognitiveexercisethananintuitiveone.(2007.23)AccordingtoEricsson,gooddependsonmeaningfulprocessingofresultsfromintuitiveratherthancognitiveisdeterminedbygeneticratherthanpsychologicalrequiresimmediatefeedbackandahighdegreeof(2007Text3)Fromthemiddle erspective,muchofthis,understandably,looksfarlesslikeanopportunitytoexerci cialresponsibility,andagooddealmorelikeafrighteningaccelerationofthewhol nancialriskontotheiralreadyoverburdenedshoulders. (2000Text1)AftertheendoftheSecondWorldWar,theUShadamarketeighttimeslargerthananycompetitor,givingitsindustriesunparalleled（无与伦比的）economiesofscale.(2003Text3)Railroadstypicallychargetheshippers20to30percentmorethantheydowhenanotherrailroadiscompetingforthebusiness.(1998Text4)Asaresult,California‘sgrowthratedroppedduringthe1970s,to18.5percent—littlemorethantwothirdsthe1960sgrowthfigureandconsiderablybelowthatofotherWesternstates.125.(1999语法)Smokingissoharmfultoautoaccidents.alhealththatitpeopleeachyearA.sevenmore B.seventimesC.oversevenD.seven。(2005七选五Basiceconomicssuggeststhegreaterthepotentialconsumers,thehigherthelikelihoodofabetterlife.(2006.49)Buthisprimarytaskisnottothinkaboutthemoralcode,whichg ctivityanymorethanabusinessmanisexpectedtodedicatehisenergiestoanexploration duct管理in(1994语法)Theheart ligent stomah,fortheyarebothcontrolledbytheA.not B.not D.no(2000语法)Itwasn‘ts dislikedherthatIjustwasn‘tinterestedinthewholebusiness.A.rather C.than D.as(2001Te5)Forthewomenofmygenerationthroughthe‘80s,downshiftinginthemid-‘90sisnotsomuchasearchforthemythicalgoodlifeasaalrecognitionofyourlimitations.(1994.74)Sciencemovesforward,theysay,notsomuchthroughtheinsightsofgreatmenofgeniusasbecauseofmoreordinarythingslikeimprovedtechniquesandtools.(1993语法)Thereisnoreasontheyshouldlimithowmuchvitaminyoutake, theycanlimithowmuchwateryoudrink.A.muchmore B.nomore C.noless D.anymore例：Onthebankstandsabeautifulglass-madebeach(2004翻译Onlyrecentlydidlinguistsbegintheseriousstudyoflanguagesthatwereverydifferentfromtheirown.(2001Text3)Hereisatroubledbusinessthatkeepshiringemployeeswhoseattitudesvastlyannoythe(1997Text4)AtthecoreofthethisdebateischairmanGeraldLevin,56,who orthelateSteveRossin1992.三、强调：do+谓语动词；强调句；否定词加too； 例：Sciencedoesprovideuswiththebest etothefuture.Youcannotbetoocarefulwh IcannotloveherItisyou successfulinthe （2001.74）Butthat,Pearsonpointsout,isonlythestartofman-machineintegration:“Itwillbethebeginningofthelongprocessofintegrationthatwillultimayleadtoafullyelectronichumanbeforetheendofthenextcentury.”(1994Text1)Privatebusinessmen,strivingtomakeprofits,producethesegoodsandservicesincompetitionwithotherbusinessmen;andtheprofitmotive,operatingundercompetitivepressures,largelydetermineshowthesegoodsandservicesareproduced.（33words）withacross-studywithacross-studyauniqueanddistinctly(2003.63)Theemphasisondatagatheredfirst-hanbroughttotheysisofculturespastandpresenmakesocialscience.(1986.77)Heisi eptedbytheUniversityofhischoice,andspendshisthreeorfour ergingwithafirst-classHonourDegreeandverylittleknowledgeofwhattherestoft (2005Text1)Whethersuchasenseoffairnessevolvedindependentlyinmonkeysandhumans,orwhetheritstemsfromthecommonancestorthatthespecieshad35millionyearsago,is,asyet,anunansweredquestion.(1995.72)Howwellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylaterperformancedependsupontheamount,reliability,andappropriatenessoftheinformationusedandontheskillandwisdomwithwhichitis(1999.71)Whiletherearealmostasmanydefinitionsofhistoryastherearehistorians,modernpracticemostcloselyconformstoonethatseeshistoryastheattempttorecreateandexinthesignificanteventsofthepast.(2002.65)Untiltheseissuesareresolved,atechnologyofbehaviorwillcontinuetoberejected,andwithitpossiblytheonlywaytosolveourproblems.(2008Text3)Moreover,eventhoughhumanshavebeenuprightformillionsofyears,ourfeetandbackcontinuetostrugglewithbipedalpostureandcannoteasilywithstandrepeatedstrainimposedbyoversize(2008Text3)Thoughtypicallyabouttwoinchestallernowtha ,today'speople—especiallythoseborntofamilieswhohavelivedint reachedtheirlimitintheearly1960s.2009

Habitsareafunnything．Wereachforthemmindlessly，settingourbrainsonauto-pilotandrelaxingintotheunconsciouscomfortoffamiliarroutine．―Notchoice．buthabitrulestheunreflectingherd．‖WilliamWordsworthsaidinthe19thcentury．Intheever-changing2lstcentury，eventhewordSoitseemsparadoxicaltotalkabouthabitsinthesamecontextascreativityandinnovation．Butbrainresearchershavediscoveredthatwhenweconsciouslydevelopnewhabits，wecreateparallelpaths，andevenentirelynewbraincells，thatcanjumpourtrainsofthoughtontonew，innovativetracks．Ratherthandismissingourselvesasunchangeablecreaturesofhabit，wecaninsteaddirectourownchangebyconsciouslydevelonewhabits．Infact，themorenewthingswetry—themorewestepoutsideourcomfortzone—themoreinherentlycreative e,bothintheworkceandinalButdon‘tbothertryingtokilloffoldhabits；oncethoserutsofprocedurearewornintothebrain，they‘retheretostay．Instead．thenewhabitswedeliberaypressintoourselvescreatepllelpathwaysthatcanbypassthoseoldroads．―Thefirstthingneededforinnovationisafascinationwithwonder,‖saysDaw authorofTheOpenMnButwearetaughtinsteadto‗decide‘，justasourpresiden ‗theDecider‘．‖Sheadds，however，that―todecideistokilloffallpossibilitiesbuton ovationalthinkerisalwaysexploringthemanyotherpossibilities．‖Allofusworkthroughproblemsinwaysofwhichwe‘ are，shesays．Researchersinthelate1960sdiscoveredthathumansarebornwitht itytoapproachchallengesinfourprimaryways： ely)andinnovatively．Attheendofadolescence，however，thebrainshutsdown acity，preservingonlythosemodesofthoughtthatseemedmostvaluable deorsoofThecurrentemp ardizedtestinghighlightsysisandprocedure，meaningthatfewofusinherentlyu iveandcollaborativemodesofhouht．ThisbreaksthemajorruleintheAmericanb YearIWill...Ms．Markova‘sbusinessparner．Thasaliethatwehaveperpetuated,anditfosterscommonness．Knowingwhatyou‘regoodatandngevenmoreofitcreatesexcellence．‖Thisiswheredevelonewhabitscomes [B] [C] [D]Brainresearchershavediscoveredthattheformationofnewhabitscan [B] [C] [D]Theword―rus(ne1，Paragraph4)isclosestinmeaning [B] [C] [D]DawnaMarkovawouldmostprobablyagree ideasarebornofarelaxinginnovativenesscouldbedecisivenessderivesfromfantasticcuriosityactivatescreativeRyan‘scommentssuggestthatthepracticeofstandardized preventsnewhabitsfrombeingnolongeremphasizescomplieswiththeAmericanbeliefThemostthoroughlystudiedinlectualsinthehistoryoftheNewWorldaretheministersandpoliticalleadersofseventeenth-centuryNewEngland．AccordingtothestandardhistoryofAmericanphilosophy,nowhereelseincolonialAmericawas―somuchimportanceattachedtoinlectualpursuits．‖Accordingtomanybooksandarticles，NewEngland‘sleadersestablishedthebasicthemesandpreoccupationsofanunfolding，dominantPuritantraditioninAmericaninlectuallife．TotakethisapproachtotheNewEnglandersnormallymeanstostartwiththePuri‘theologicalinnovationsandtheirdistinctiveideasaboutthechurch—importantsubjectsthatw inkeewithourexaminationofsoutherninlectuallife，wemaycon nalPuritansascarriersofEuropeanculture，adjustingtoNewWorldcircumstances． andcolonieswerethescenesofimportantepisodesinthepursuitofwidelyunderstood yandvirtuosity．TheearlysettlersofMassachusettsBayincluded ssiveeducationandinfluenceinEngland．Besidestheninetyorsolearnedministewho oMassachusettschurchesinthedecadeafter1629，therewerepoliticalleaderslike hrop，aneducatedgentleman，lawyer,andofficialoftheCrownbeforehejourneyedtoB menwroteandpublishedextensively,reachingbothNewWorldandOldWorld ndgivingNewEnglandanatmosphereofinlectualWeshould ver,thatmostNewEnglanderswerelesswelleducated．Whilecraftsmenor lonedependentsandservants,leftlirycompositionstobeyzed，itisobvioustha swerelessfullyin lectualized．Theirthinkingoftenhadatraditionalsuperstitiousqua