议会制辩论规则和辩题

IDEAFour-TeamParliamentaryDebateRulesIDEA议会制四队辩论赛规则TherulesofIDEAFour-TeamParliamentaryDebateareintendedtocloselyfollowthoseoftheWorldsUniversitiesDebatingChampionships(WUDC).TheydifferinsomecestoprovidetournamentdirectorsoptionsoffromtheWUDCruleswhentheyneedtodoIDEATheTeamsandTheteamssupportingthemotionintheIDEAFour-TeamParliamentaryDebatearereferredtoasthe"Proposition."Theteamsarguingagainstthemotionareknownasthe"Opposition"teams.A“motion”isthestatementaroundwhichthedebatetakesce.ThemotiondividesthegroundinthedebatebetweenthePropositionandOppositionteamsandshouldallowforreasonableargumentsbothforandagainst.Ordinarily,motionsareannouncedshortlybeforeeachdebatebegins.Adifferentmotionwillbeusedforeachdebateandwillbepresentedtothedebatersataspecifiedtime,usuallyfifteentothirtyminutespriortothedebate.Insomesituationsgeneraltopicareas(forexample“environment”or“internationalrelations”)orevenspecificmotionsthemselvesmaybeannouncedpriortothetournament.IDEA议会制四队辩论赛中，支持辩题的队伍Themotionwillbeannouncedtoalldebaterssimultaneouslyinacentrallocation.Preparationtimewillbebetweenfifteenandthirtyminutes,atthediscretionofthetournamentdirector.Ingeneral,debatersmayconferwiththeirdebatepartnerduringpreparationtime.Insomecases,aTournamentDirectormayallowdebaterstoconferwiththeircoachortutor.Duringthistimethedebatersmayconsultanywrittenmaterials.TherulesoftheWorldUniversitiesDebatingChampionshipspermitdebaterstoaccessanywrittenmaterialduringthedebate;othertournamentspermitthedebaterstoaccessonlythenotestheymadeinpreparationtime.Electronicretrievaldevicestypicallyarenotallowedduringpreparation,thoughelectronicdictionariestypicallyarepermittedforsecond-languagespeakers.辩题将在个点向所辩手公布准备时手在准备时间内可以与自己的搭档讨论。某些情况下主方也允辩手与或带老师讨间，通可以使电子词使其它一电子设备。TheDebateFourteamsparticipateineachdebate:twoonthePropositionandtwoontheOpposition.Eachteamworksindependentlytoeithersupportoropposethemotion.Eachteamismadeupoftwospeakers;eachspeakerwillpresentaspeechnottoexceed7minutesintheorderprescribedbelow.

每场辩论由四队参加：正方两两名辩手，每位辩手按如下顺序陈7分钟。SummaryoftheDebate

CommonCommonTitlesfor 1st“Prime71stOpposition,“Leaderofthe7 2nd“DeputyPrime7 2nd“DeputyLeaderofthe7 1st7 1st“Memberforthe7 2nd“ernment7 2nd7间正方一队，一 7反方一队，一 7正方一队，二辩副首相"DeputyPrimeMinister"7反方一队，二辩"DeputyLeaderoftheOpposition"7正方二队，一辩内阁成"Memberforthe7反方二队，一辩成员"Memberforthe7正方二队，二辩7反方二队，二7ParliamentaryPointsofDebatersmayofferapointofinformation(eitherverballyorbyrising)atanytimeafterthefirstminute,andbeforethelastminute,ofanyspeech.Thedebaterholdingthefloormayacceptorrefusepointsofinformation.Ifaccepted,thedebatermakingtherequesthasfifteensecondspresentthepointofinformation.Duringthepointofinformation,thespeakingtimeofthefloordebaterIfaccepted,thedebaterofferingthepointofinformationisallowedtoaskaquestion,offerabriefargument,orofferabriefrefutationofsomepoint.Thedebaterwhoacceptedthepointofinformationshouldrespondtothepointimmediay.Nootherparliamentarypointssuchaspointsoforderorpointsofalprivilegeareallowed.SpeakerRolesandSpeechEachspeakerhasaroleandeachspeechshouldhaveapurpose.Thedescriptionsofspeakerrolesandspeechpurposeslistedbelowaresuggestiveandarenotintendedtobeexhaustiveorexclusive.Forreasonsthatvaryfromdebatetodebate,speakersmaysometimesneedtofulfillrolesnotmentionedhereandspeechesmaybeconstructedtoserveotherpurposesaslongaspropositionspeakersaffirmthepropositionandoppositionspeakersopposeit.Debaterswillbejudgedontheoverallstrengthofeachteam’sarguments,notsimplyonwhetherornottheyfulfilledtherolesandresponsibilitieslistedinthetablebelow.护辩题、反方辩题”的规则即可。裁判将根Allspeakers,exceptthefinalspeakersforthepropositionandopposition(PropositionandOppositionWhips),shouldintroducenewmaterialintothedebate.Alldebaters,excepttheopeningspeaker(PrimeMinister),shouldengageinrefutation.除正反方最后一名辩手（内阁和SummaryofSpeakerRolesandRolesandTheprimaryroleofFirstPropositionteam,initiatedinthisspeech,istoestablishthefoundationformeaningfuldebateonthemotion.ThePrimeMinister’sresponsibilitiesmayincludesomeorallofthefollowing:1)offerareasonableinterpretationofthemotion,2)topresenta interpretation.Acaseissimplyoneormorearguments Proposition’sinterpretationofthemotion,and3)otherstrategiesimportantbythePrime正方正方一队的首要任务是为一场有意义的辩论打首相的职责可参考以持第一正方论点的一个或3)使用任何首相认为TheprimaryrolesoftheOppositionteamaretoconfronttheFirsternment’scaseandtoestablishtheFirstOpposition’sstrategyforopposingthiscase.TheLeaderoftheOpposition’sresponsibilitiesmayincludesomeorallofthefollowing::todirectlyorindirectlyrefutepartoralloftheernment'stomakeatleastoneargumentthatdemonstrateswhytheFirstOppositionteamopposesthemotionasinterpretedbythePrimeMinister,andtopursueotherstrategiesdeemedimportantbythe“LeaderoftheOpposition.”Theoppositionspeakermayalsochallengetheinterpretationoftheernment'scaseifitisunreasonable,thatis,ifitcompleymisinterpretsthemotionthemotionorinhibitsmeaningful反方反方一队的首要职责在于回应正方一队论证体系并给出辩题的职责可直接或间接反驳正阐明反方为何3）使用任何反对党领袖认为重要的必要时以质疑正方给出的辩题定质疑定义只能正方在TheDeputyPrimeMinister’sresponsibilitiesmayincludesomeorallofthefollowing:toreestablishtheFirstProposition’scasebyconfrontinganyrefutationpresentedbytheLeaderofthetorefutesomeoralloftheargumentspresentedbytheLeaderoftheOpposition.tofurtherdevelopthecasepresentedbythePrimeMinister,otherstrategiesimportantbytheDeputy正方副首相的职责参考如1)对正2)反驳反方部分或深入阐释正方论证体LeaderoftheTheDeputyLeaderoftheOpposition’sresponsibilitiesmayincludesomeorallofthetocontinuerefutationinitiatedbytheLeaderofthetoreestablishtheLeaderofOpposition’sargumentsagainstthemotion,toinitiateanewargumentagainstthemotionasinterpretedbytheFirstPropositionteam,topurseotherstrategiesdeemedimportantbytheDeputyLeaderoftheOpposition.反方副副的职责重申继续阐释反方一队使用任何副“MemberofTheprimaryrolesoftheSecondPropositionteamaretosupporttheFirstPropositionteamwhilesimultaneouslymovingthepropositionpositioninanewandpositivedirection.TheresponsibilitiesoftheMemberoftheernmentmayincludesomeorallofthetobrieflysupportthecasedevelopedbytheFirstPropositionteam,tointroduceadifferentargument,sometimescalleda“caseextension”whichisconsistentwithyetdifferentfromthecaseintroducedbytheFirstPropositionteam,andtopursueotherdeemedimportantbytheMemberoftheernment.正方内阁成正方二队的基本职责时提出己方新的论据支持正方一队论点的基础上形内阁成员的职责参考阐释一个或数个独立使用任何成员认为“MemberofTheprimaryrolesoftheSecondOppositionteamaretotheFirstOppositionteamsimultaneouslymovingtheoppositionpositioninanewandpositivedirection.TheresponsibilitiesoftheMemberoftheOppositionmayincludesomeorallofthefollowing:1)tobrieflysupportoneormoreargumentsintroducedbytheFirstOppositionteam,tointroducedirectand/orindirectrefutationtothecaseextensionpresentedbytheMemberofernment,tointroducesomenewargument,compatiblewith,butdifferentfromthatoftheFirstOppositionTeam,andtopursueotherstrategiesdeemedimportantbyMemberof反方提出新的论据辩题反方二队应在不抛弃反方一队论点的基础上形成和发成员的职责参阁成员引入的点；阐释一个或数个使用任何成TheresponsibilitiesoftheernmentWhipmayincludesomeorallofthefollowing:tosupportanynewargumentsintroducedbytheMemberoftoreplytoanynewargumentsintroducedbytheMemberoftosummarizethedebatefromtheofthePropositionTeams,especiallyfromthatoftheSecondPropositionteam,andtopursueotherstrategiesdeemedimportantbyernmentTheernmentWhipshouldnotintroducenewargumentsintothedebate.正方内阁党内阁的职责参考1)成员回应成员提出的点；二队）的角度总结整场辩 OppositionWhipmayincludesomeorallofthefollowing:tosupportanynewargumentsintroducedbytheMemberoftoreplytoanynewargumentsintroducedbytheMembertosummarizethedebatefromtheofthePropositionTeams,especiallyfromthatoftheSecondOppositionteam,andtopursueotherstrategiesdeemedimportantbyOpposition4)使用任何正方陈词认内阁除反驳入任何点反方的职责参1)成员提的点回应成员反方）的角度总结整场辩反方陈词不可引入任何点。Four-teamparliamentarydebatestypicallyarejudgedbyapanelofadjudicatorstrainedtojudgethisformofdebate.Followingthedebate,eachofthefourteamsisrankedfirst andeachspeakeroneachteamisassignedacertainnumberofspeakerpointsforhisorherefforts.Themembers’speakerpointsthenarecombinedfortheteam’spoints.Theprimarydecisionmadebytheadjudicatorsistherankingofteams.Thedeterminationofateam’srankingismadeprimarilyontheassessmentofthatteam’sarguments.Theadjudicatorsmayevaluatethestrengthofarguments,thefunctionoftheargumentsrelativetothoseofotherteamsortheimportanceofparticularargumentstotheteams’efforttoproveorthemotion.Therankingofeachteammayalsobebasedon裁判们将首先评定各队的，主要依据每该辩题的重要性。每队的可根据其总体表team’seffort,consideringthatteam’sinfluenceovertheissuesinthedebate,eachteam’scontributiontothegeneraldirectionandqualityofthedebate,aswellastheteam’soverallperformance.Theadjudicatorswillmakeasecondarydecisionaboutthenumberofpointseachspeakerreceives.Typically,pointsareawardedona100-pointscalewitha70beingaverage.Ordinarily,therangeofpointsisbetween55and85points,withpointsawardedoutsidethisrangeonlyforextremeexamplesofhighqualityorlowqualityspeeches.Ifthetournamentusesconsensusjudging,theadjudicators—typicallyapanelofthreeadjudicatorsledbyamoreexperiencedchair—discusstheroundandattempttoreachconsensusonthedecisionsdescribedabove.Ifthepanelcannotreachconsensus,thewillofthemajoritywillprevail.Followingtheadjudication,theChairtypicallyoffersabrieforaladjudicationthatexinshowthepanelarrivedattheirrankingsandoffersconstructivefeedbackforthedebaters.Ifthetournamentdoesnotuseconsensusjudging,eachjudgewillreachhisorherdecisionindependently,withoutdiscussionandtheseindependentdecisionswillbetalliedbythetournamentdirector.

，InterpretingaPrinciplesofInterpretingaDefineanyambiguousOutlineaframeworkwithinwhichthedebatewilltakece.ThisframeworkshouldbeconsistentwiththemotionThisframeworkordinarilywillincludeaproposedactionthatthepropositionteamwilldefend.Actor:Whoshouldtakethisaction?,group,state,internationalorganization,Action:Whatshouldthisactorundertake?IIITheframeworkshouldbea“reasonable”onefordebate.Wouldaninligentand agreethatthisframeworkisareasonableapproximationofthemotion.该框架通常包含一项由正方提出并证明可行的方案。ExampleofInterpretingaMotion:ThePRCshouldstrengthenpoliciestoenhanceworkersafety.Definitions:Mostdefinitionsareclear.Wedefine“strengthen”as“tomakestronger.”Thereforethemotionasksforathatbeginswithacurrentandmakesitstronger.Framework:Theframeworkforthisdebatewillbethefollowingproposal./Actor:ThePeoples’Action:Enact requiringcoalmineroperatorstopayfamiliesofcoalminers 1,000,000Yuan辩题：中民应强化保障工人安全的政策StudentExercisesforInterpretingaDividestudentsintosmallSelectadifferentmotionandaskgroupsstudentstoconstructreasonableinterpretationsofthatEachgroupwillappointaspokes todiscusstheirinterpretationwiththelargergroup.练习:每组选出一名代表在全班范围内讨论他们对PrinciplesofConstructingaCasefortheAcaseforthepropositionisoneormoreargumentsthatsupporttheframeworkpresentedbythepropositionteam.Necessity––BenefitsmethodofNecessity:Isthereaneedforchangingthecurrent?Doesthecurrentcreateproblems?:Presenttheactionthatthepropositionteamproposesasanalternativetothecurrent.Benefits:Willtheactionproposedbytheaffirmativeteambeofanybenefit?Willitsolveoralleviatetheproblemsoccurringbecauseofthecurrent?ComparativeAdvantageMethodof:Presenttheactionthatthepropositionteamproposesasanalternativetothecurrent.Advantages:Showhowoneormoreadvantageswillresultbyrecingthecurrentwiththealternativeactionproposedbythepropositionteam.Showthattheproposedactioncreatessomeeffect.Showthattheeffecthasdesirable 缓解现行政策的问题吗？ExampleofaCaseforaPropositionNecessity––BenefitsMethodThePRCshouldstrengthenpoliciestoenhanceworkerCoalminedeathsaresignificant.Atleast3,800peoplediedinthePRCfromcoalmineaccidentslastyear.Coalminedeathsareoutofproportioninthe produces35%oftheworld'scoalyethas80%oftheworld'scoalminers'Currentistopay200,000yuantofamiliesofdeceasedcoalminers.II..WeproposethatThePeople'sRepublicenactlegislationrequiringcoalmineoperatorstopaythefamiliesofcoalminerskilledinworkceaccidents1,000,000yuanBenefits:FewerminerswillOurincreasestheeconomicpenaltyforminerdeathbyfivetimes.Thisincreasewillprovideaneconomicincentiveforcompaniestoimproveworkcesafety.辩题：中民应该加强保障工人安全的政国煤矿产量占世界35%，但矿工数占世界方案。我们提议，规定，赔偿金额应增ExampleofaCaseforaPropositionComparativeAdvantageMethodThisHousebelievesthatthePRCshouldstrengthenpoliciestoenhanceworkersafety.辩题：中民应该加强保障工人安全的政 WeproposethatThePeople'sRepublicenactlegislationrequiringcoalmineoperatorstopaythefamiliesofcoalminerskilledinworkceaccidents1,000,000yuan难中的矿工家庭支付1,000,000元人AdvantageI: Theproposition’sproposedwoulddecreaseaccidentaldeathofmineworkers.优势I:正方提案将会减少矿工的A.矿工人数众多CoalminedeathsareAtleast3,800peoplediedinthePRCfromcoalminedeathslastyear.CoalminedeathsareoutofproportioninthePRC. produces35%oftheworld'scoalyethas80%ofworld'scoalminers'中国去年至少3,800名矿工死于中国的煤矿产量和工人人数比例反35%，但矿工80%。B.CurrentpoliciesarenotstrongCurrentistopay 200,000yuantofamiliesofdeceasedcoalminers.Thisdoesnotprovideofanincentivetoincreasemineworkers’safety现行政策规定，向每名矿工的家庭 C.我们方案将有助于缓解问题1.ThePropositionnwillhelpalleviatetheThepropositionproposestoincreasethefineforamineworker’sdeathbyfivetimes.Suchanincreasewillprovideaneconomicincentiveforcompaniestoimproveworkcesafety.2.Note:Thepropositionteamisnotrequiredtopresentmorethanonecomparativeadvantage,however,iftheychoose,theycanpresentadditionaladvantagesiftheywishusingtheformatasdescribed优势II:正方提案不仅会减少事故挽救矿工的AdvantageII:Inadditiontosavinglivesbyaccidents,theproposition’sproposed minesarenot coalminesare8.8%asefficientasSouthAfricancoalmines. coalminesare2.2%asefficientasAmericancoalmines.The willincreaseBycreatinganeconomicincentiveforworkersafety,the willreduceaccidentswhichresultsinfewerdelaysinextractingcoal.Byincreasingthecostofcoalminers’deaths,coalcompanieswillhaveanaddedincentivetoinvestinadvancedminingtechnologywhichwillincreasetheefficiencyofcoalGreaterefficiencyhelpstoensuresteady swhichwillexpandtheeconomyandimprovethequalityoflifefor.

SelectaSelectadifferentmotionandaskgroupsofstudentstoconstructacaseforthepropositionusingoneofthe necessity––benefits,comparativeadvantagecase,orevaluationThiscanberepeatedusingallthreeEachgroupwillappointa totheirconstructedcasewiththelargerII. I.DividestudentsintosmallStudentExerciseforConstructingaCaseforPrinciplesofRefutationinvolvescriticizingargumentsopposingyourownaccordingtocertainstandardsofargumentquality.Refutationisaprocessinwhichalldebaters(exceptthePrimeMinster)willengage.Adebaterneednotrefuteallofhisorheropponent’sarguments–onlythosewhichmostseriouslyinterferewiththedebater’sabilitytomakeaconvincingcase.

论点是对论证单元基本观点的描Standardsofargument Anargumentcontains,eitherexplicitlyorimplicitly,atleast3parts:aclaim,evidence,andaclaimisthestatementoftheargumentevidenceistheinformation(facts,values,etc)onwhichtheclaimisbased.reasoningisthatwhichconnectstheevidencetothe|||

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Partsofanargumentthatmaybeevidence.Istheevidencetrueoracceptable?

reasoningprovideaproperconnectionbetweentheevidenceandtheclaim?1)Doesthereasoningdemonstratehowtheevidenceis

每一个辩手都要掌握反驳的方法加以会摸索出最适合自己的方法。下面是“四步驳”和“IE”法，供初学tothe2)DoesthereasoningdemonstratehowtheevidenceissufficienttomaketheclaimA.四步驳 SystematicmethodsofB.ICEEverydebaterneedstointernalizeandpracticeamethodofrefutation.Asdebatersgainexperience,theywilldevelopandusemethodsthatfitthembest.Thefollowingmethodsof"four-steprefutation"and“ICE”areonesthatbeginnersmightstartwithastheycontinuallytrytodevisethemethodtofittheirownuniquestyle.该观点。Four-stepClearlystatetheargumentyouintendtoStateyourRelateyourrefutationtotheargumentyouShowthejudgeoraudiencetheimportanceofyourIdentifytheopposingCriticizetheopposingExintheimportanceoftheExamplesof

司阐明驳论内容和被驳观点之间的相关正方方案将不能达到向裁判和观众表明司投资新设备，那么工人的人身安全仍得不到保Four-stepMethodofClearlystatetheargumentyouintendtorefute.Thepropositionteamclaimsthatincreasedfineswillprovideaneconomicincentiveforcompaniestoimproveworkcesafety.StateyourTheone-millionYuanfineisnotasufficientincentivetocausecompaniestoinvestinexpensiveequipmentneededtoimproveminesafety.Relateyourrefutationtotheargumentyouarerefuting.Sincetheincentiveisnotsufficient,thenproposedbythepropositionwillnotcreateaneconomicShowthejudgeoraudiencetheimportanceofyourWithoutaneconomicincentive,coalminingcompanieswillnotinvestinnewequipmentandminesafetywillnotbeincreased.Thereforenoneofthebenefitsclaimedbythepropositionteamwillactuallyoccur.敦促煤矿公司提高工作ICE敦促煤矿公司提高工作Thepropositionteamclaimsthatincreasedfineswillprovideaneconomicincentiveforcompaniestoimproveworkcesafety.一百万元罚款不足以迫使公司来提高工作环境的安全既然罚金不足以敦促公Theone-millionYuanfineisnotasufficientincentivetocausecompaniestoinvestinexpensiveequipmentneededtoimproveminesafety.解释的重要性增加罚款不足以刺激煤那么工人的人身安全仍Sincetheincentiveisnotsufficient,thenproposedbythepropositionwillnotcreatean以上提到的各项好处都ExintheimportanceofthecriticismWithoutaneconomicincentive,coalminingcompanieswillnotinvestinnewequipmentandminesafetywillnotbeincreased.Thereforenoneofthebenefitsclaimedbythepropositionteamwillactuallyoccur.HaveeachgroupselectamemberpresenttherefutationtothelargerDividestudentsintosmallgroupsandthempreparerefutationoftheastudentorallypresentabriefofabriefargumentorPresentStudentExerciseforPracticingConstructingArgumentsforthe CommonkindsofoppositionThenwillnotreducetheproblemdescribedbythepropositionteam.Nametheproblemdescribedbythepropositionteam.Showhowthatproblem(orproblems)willcontinueevenwiththeproposition’s.Wrongcause:theproblemiscausedbysomethingotherthanthecurrent. althoughthecurrentmaybeonecauseoftheproblem,thereareotherfactorsthatwillresultintheproblemevenifthenisI.B.正方提案将问题被驳内容将会的该的效应Thenwillcreatemoreproblemsthancurrentpolicies.Describesomeelementoftheproposition.Whatpartoftheproposition’sareyougoingtoargueagainst?Relatethatelementtosomeeffect.Createargumentshowingtheelementofthepropositioncreatessomeeffect.Evaluatethateffect.ShowhowthateffectwillhavenegativeSampleArgumentsforthe ThenwillnotreducetheproblemofcoalmineI.正方提案将的问题A.正方认为其提案减少 Thepropositionteamclaimstoreducecoalmineaccidents.B.1. Increasingfineswillcausecoaloperatorstocoverup2. routinelycoverupaccidentsandfatalitiesattheirfacilitiestoavoidernmentscrutinyandfinesevenunderthepresentIncreasingthosefineswilljustencouragethecoalmineoperatorstogetbetteratcoveringuptheircrimes-itwilldonothingtoencouragethemtokeeptheirworkersII.3.II.Thenwillcreateenergy Thenofthepropositionincreasesfinesoncoalminingcompanies.4. Thesefineswillreducetheproductionofcoalin1.中国需要尽可能多的支持飞速发的经济。2007Inordertoavoidfines,mineswillhavetoimplementcostlysafetyMinesthatcan'taffordimplementationwillhavetoshutMinesthatCANaffordthesafetyprocedureswillhavetoslowproductionintheshorttermwhiletrainingtakesce.Thus,theseshutdownsandslowdownswillreduceproductionofcoalin11.7%能源生产已经很难维持。煤矿工业从中国经济发展每天都需要的能源。Reductionintheproductionofcoalwillhavenegativeconsequences. needsasmuchcoalasitcangettofuelitssky GDPjumped11.7%inEnergyproductionisalreadystrugglingtokeepup.Thecoalindustrygrew13.5%betweenand 'seconomyneedsmoreenergyeveryday.Ifenergysupplystartsshrinking,rapideconomicgrowthwillturnintorapideconomicForeigninvestorswillanunstablemarketandpullouttheirmoney,creatingamassivedepression.ThiswillhurtqualityofStudentExerciseforConstructingArgumentsAgainstaDividestudentsintosmallSelectadifferentmotionandaskgroupsofstudentstoconstructargumentsagainstthemotion.Theyshouldconstructatleastoneargumentshowingthatthenofthepropositionteamwillnotsolvetheproblemandatleastoneargumentshowinghowthenwillcreateworseproblemsthanitsolves.Eachgroupwillappointaspokes todiscusstheirargumentswiththelargergroup.每个小组指定一名代表向全班阐释他们的观点。II.A. AnextensionisanewlineofWhatisthenatureofanPrinciplesofCreatingan forandpresentedbytheSecondPropositionandSecondOppositionteams.TheextensionisameansthattheSecondPropositioncandistinguishitselffromtheFirstPropositionandthattheSecondOppositioncandistinguishitselffromtheFirstOpposition.TheextensionofferedbytheSecondPropositionneedstobeconsistentwiththepositiontakenbytheFirstPropositionastheextensionoftheSecondOppositionshouldbeconsistentwiththatoftheFirstTheextensionofferedbytheSecondPropositionneedstodistinguishthisteamfromtheFirstPropositionjustastheextensionoftheSecondOppositionneedstodistinguishthisteamfromthefirstTypesofAnadditionallineofThisisacommonkindofextensionwherethesecondpropositionteamsimplypresentsanewargumentthatisdifferentfromthatofthefirstpropositionteambutstillsupportstheoverallapproachofthepropositionside.Forexampleifthefirstpropositionteamfocusesonsavinglivesbyreducingaccidents,thesecondpropositionmightarguethattheproposition’snwillincreaseminingefficiency.AnexaminationofphilosophicalThesecondpropositionteammightintroduceadifferentbutsupportivephilosophicalposition.Forexample,theymightarguethattheroleofernmentistoprotectitscitizensandonlybyregulatingminescanernmentfulfillthisAnexaminationofpragmatic

“B.正方二队 ““C.正方二队 “利于正方的证单元。比如，如果正方一队着重于己方政策可以通过降低事故以说，的角色是保护公民，只有通过当正方一队从哲学角度而不是实用性角如果正方一队已经从价值观角度提出了Thiskindofextensionisparticularlyappropriatewhenthefirstpropositionteamarguedfromaphilosophicalratherthanapragmaticstance.Hadthefirstpropositionteammadesuchaphilosophicalargumentinsupportofthemotion,thenthesecondpropositionteammightchoosetoextendwithpragmaticconsiderationslikesavinglivesorminingefficiency.AnexaminationofdifferentgroupsThiskindofextensionsupportsthenofthefirstpropositionteambyconsideringhowiteffectssomegrouporgroupotherthanthatgroupidentifiedbythefirstpropositionteam.Forinstance,ifthefirstpropositionteamarguedthatthenhelpscoalminers,thesecondpropositionteammightarguethatn citizensinWaystodiscussyourHowyoudifferfromtheFirstPropositionorHowyouaddtothestancetakenbytheFirstPropositionorOpposition PropositionorOppositionwasmissing.Howyouexpanduponsomepoint(s)madebytheFirstPropositionorOpposition.StudentExerciseforCreatingDividestudentsintosmall Startingwiththepropositionandoppositionargumentsthattheycreatedearlier,askstudentstocreatetheirownextensions.Theseextensionsshouldfollowoneormoreofthemethodsdiscussedabove:additionallineofargumentation,alternativephilosophicalconsideration,alternative

正方一队 政策可能会影响到一些 正反方二队如何在一队基础上强化己方立论辩”。这些扩展应当遵循以上提到的一种或几种方法：新增论证单元，从价值观角度，实consideration,orapplicationtoadifferentgroup.Repeattheexerciseuntilallmethodshavebeenused. Eachgroupwillappointaspokes todiscusstheirargumentswiththelargergroup.0.Campus

a.abolishEnglishasacompulsorysubjectinpostgraduateentranceb.makemilitarytrainingcompulsoryforallcollegeAllmajorcorporationsoperatinginshouldberequiredtoofferstudentTHWrequirestudyofthetraditionalstyleTHopposestheprivateownershipofartifactsdeemedtobenationalTHBTShanzhaicultureisbadforTHWbaseteachers?payontheirstudents?THWmakecommunityservicecompulsoryforallcollegeTHBTcompulsoryeducationshouldbeextendedto12THsupportsanewinternationaltradingTHBthatshouldstopbuyingUSshouldissueconsumptionvoucherstostimulatetheeconomy.GlobalclimateDevelopednationsshouldacceptglobalwarmingThoseaffectedbyglobalclimatechangeshouldhavetherighttosuemajorcarbon-emittingshouldcapitscarbonemissions.EastImmediateelectionsareinThailandbestASEANshouldexpelDirectnegotiationsbetweentheUSandNorthKoreaarepreferabletotheSix-PartyFamily&THBTwomenshouldbeallowedtoselltheirTHwouldrequirethefatherconsentforshouldlegalizemarriagebetweenhomo Crime&CriminalssentencedtolifeimprisonmentwithoutparoleshouldbeallowedtochoosedeathshouldestablishanationalDNAdatabaseofallcitizensforthepurposesofcriminalinvestigations.Thishousewouldmakeparentsliablefortheirchildrenerning&THWmakeone-yearmilitaryserviceaqualificationforpublicTHwouldrequireernmentofficialstomakefullfinancialdisclosuretotheTHWmakeallrepresentativesfull-time,professionalOctofinals:Medicala.shouldbanhymenreconstructionb.shouldlegalizephysician-assistedc.TheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO)shouldhavetheauthoritytointimesofhealthQuarterfinals:a.shouldapplycapitalpunishmentonlytohomicideb.shouldfullyestablishajury-by-peersc.Judgesshouldbeelected.Semifinals:InternationalIssuesSEMIFINAL#1TheShanghaiCooperationOrganizationshouldadmitIranasafullTheUnitedNationsshouldtakecontrolofNATOshouldfullywithdrawfromAfghanistanbeforeSEMIFINALTheUSAshouldstoppromotingdemocracyaspartoftheirforeignPre-emptivestrikesonSomaliatocurbpiracyareThishousesupportsSpaincriminalprosecutionofmembersoftheBu