人机交互考试几个大题的问题及答案

速书破互卷___下笔如口小神速书破互卷___下笔如口小神EXERCISE7.5CanyouthinkofanyinstancesinwhichtheusercontrolguidelinesuggestedbyAppleisnotfollowed?(Hint:Thinkabouttheuseofdialogboxes.)answerTheusercontrolguidelinestatesthat,'Theuser,notthecomputer,initiatesandcontrolsallactions.'Inthecaseofdialogboxes,thisguidelineisclearlycontradicted.Adialogboxcanbeusedtoindicatewhenanerroroccursinthesystem.Oncethiserrorhasbeendetectedandpresentedtotheuserinthedialogbox,theonlyactionthatthesystemallowstheuseristoacknowledgetheerroranddismissthedialogbox.Thesystempreemptstheuserdialog,withgoodreason.Thepreemptivenatureofthedialogboxistoensurethattheuseractuallynoticesthattherewasanerror.Presumably,theonlyerrorsthatwillbeproducedinsuchanintrusivemannerareoneswhichtheusermustknowaboutbeforeproceeding,sothepreemptioniswarranted.Butsometimesdialogboxesarenotusedtoindicateerrorsandtheystillpreventtheuserfromperformingsomeactionsthattheymightotherwisewishtoperform.Thedialogboxmightbeaskingtheusertofillinsomeinformationtospecifyparametersforacommand.Iftheuserdoesnotknowwhattoprovide,thentheyarestuck.Alotofthetime,theusercanfindouttheinformationbybrowsingthroughsomeotherpartofthesystem,butinordertodothattheymustexitthedialogbox(andforfeitanyofthesettingsthattheymighthavealreadyentered),findoutthemissinginformationandbeginagain.Thiskindofpreemptionisnotdesirable.Itisprobablythiskindofpreemptiontheusercontrolguidelineisintendedtoprevent,butitdoesn'talwaysgetapplied.EXERCISE7.27.2Ithasbeensuggestedinthischapterthatconsistencycouldbeconsideredamajorcategoryofinteractiveprinciples,onthesamelevelaslearnability,flexibilityandrobustness.Ifthishadbeenthecase,whichprinciplesdiscussedinthischapterwouldappearinsupportofconsistency?answerThediscussionofconsistencysuggestedthatitcantakemanyforms,becauseitisusuallyreferredtoinrelationtosomeotherfeatureoftheinteractionbetweenuserandsystem.Mentionedalreadyinthetextwehaveconsistencyrelatedtothefollowingprinciples:Familiarity-consistencywithrespecttopriorreal-worldexperienceGeneralizability-consistencywithrespecttoexperiencewiththesamesystemorsetofapplicationsonthesameplatformInaddition,wecouldinterpretsomeotherprinciplesascontributorstoconsistency:Affordance-consistencywithunderstoodintrinsicpropertiesofanobject,soasoftbuttononthescreenshouldallowustoalways'push'onittoselectsomeaction

••••••••Substitutivity-consistentpermissionfromsystemtoallowuseofequivalentvaluesforinputandoutputCommensurateeffort-consistencyofeffortwithrespecttodoingandundoingtasksResponsetimestability-consistencyofsystemresponseforsimilaractionsSomeotherprinciplesforconsistencyfromthetextandelsewhere:Consistencycanberelativetotheformofinput/outputexpressionsrelativetotheuser'sconceptualmodelofthesystem.Anexampleinthetextinvolvesusingkeyswhoserelativepositionsaresimilartocommandsforthesystems(anysetoffourtypewriterkeysthatformadiagonaltoindicateup,down,leftandrightinformationforaninputcommand).Asdiscussedintheexerciseoncolour,consistencycanbewithrespecttosocialorculturalconventions(e.g.,usingredtoindicatestoporhot,greenforgo,blueforcool).EXERCISE9.4Chooseanappropriateevaluationmethodforeachofthefollowingsituations.IneachcaseidentifyTheparticipants.Thetechniqueused.Representativetaskstobeexamined.Measurementsthatwouldbeappropriate.Anoutlineplanforcarryingouttheevaluation.Youareatanearlystageinthedesignofaspreadsheetpackageandyouwishtotestwhattypeoficonswillbeeasiesttolearn.Youhaveaprototypeforatheatrebookingsystemtobeusedbypotentialtheatre-goerstoreducequeuesattheboxoffice.Youhavedesignedandimplementedanewgamesystemandwanttoevaluateitbeforerelease.Youhavedevelopedagroupdecisionsupportsystemforasolicitor'soffice.Youhavebeenaskedtodevelopasystemtostoreandmanagestudentexamresultsandwouldliketotesttwodifferentdesignspriortoimplementationorprototyping.answerNotethattheseanswersareillustrative;therearemanypossibleevaluationtechniquesthatcouldbeappropriatetothescenariosdescribed.Spreadsheetpackage

(i)SubjectsTypicalusers:secretaries,academics,students,accountants,homeusers,schoolchildren(ii)TechniqueHeuristicevaluation(iii)RepresentativetasksSortingdata,printingspreadsheet,formattingcells,addingfunctions,producinggraphs(iv)MeasurementsSpeedofrecognition,accuracyofrecognition,user-perceivedclarity(v)OutlineplanTestthesubjectswithexamplesofeachiconinvariousstyles,notingresponses.Theatrebookingsystem(i)SubjectsTheatre-goers,thegeneralpublic(ii)TechniqueThinkaloud(iii)RepresentativetasksFindingnextavailableticketsforashow,selectingseats,changingseats,changingdateofbooking(iv)MeasurementsQualitativemeasuresofusers'comfortwithsystem,measuresofcognitivecomplexity,quantitativemeasuresoftimetakentoperformtask,errorsmade(v)OutlineplanPresentuserswithprototypesystemandtasks,recordtheirobservationswhilstcarryingoutthetasksandrefineresultsintocategoriesidentifiedin(iv).•Newgamesystem(i)SubjectsThegame'stargetaudience:age,sex,typicalprofileshouldbedeterminedforthegameinadvanceandthetestusersshouldbeselectedfromthispopulation,plusafewfromoutsidetoseeifithaswiderappeal(ii)TechniqueThinkaloud(iii)RepresentativetasksWhatevergameplaytasksthereare-charactermovement,problemsolving,etc.(iv)MeasurementsSpeedofresponse,scoresachieved,extentofgamemastered.(v)OutlineplanAllowsubjectstoplaygameandtalkastheydoso.Collectqualitativeandquantitativeevidence,followupwithquestionnairetoassesssatisfactionwithgamingexperience,etc.Groupdecisionsupportsystem(i)SubjectsSolicitors,legalassistants,possiblyclients

(i)Subjects(ii)TechniqueCognitivewalkthrough(iii)RepresentativetasksAnythingrequiringshareddecisionmaking:compensationclaims,pleabargaining,complexissueswithadiverserangeofexpertiseneeded.(iv)MeasurementsAccuracyofinformationpresentedandaccessible,veracityofaudittrailofdiscussion,screenclutterandconfusion,confusionowingtoturn-takingprotocols(v)OutlineplanEvaluatebyhavingexpertswalkthroughthesystemperformingtasks,commentingasnecessary.•Examresultmanagement(i)SubjectsExamsofficer,secretaries,academics(ii)TechniqueThinkaloud,questionnaires(iii)RepresentativetasksStoringmarks,alteringmarks,deletingmarks,collatinginformation,securityprotection(iv)MeasurementsEaseofuse,levelsofsecurityanderrorcorrectionprovided,accuracyofuser(v)OutlineplanUsersperformtasksset,withrunningverbalcommentaryonimmediatethoughtsandconsideredviewsgainedbyquestionnaireatend.EXERCISE11.1Writeamanualpageformakingacupofcoffee.Assumeyouruserhasnoexperiencebutwillrecognizeacup,akettle,aspoon,etc.Swapyourmanualwithapartner.Doesyourpartner'smanualgiveyousufficientinstructiontomakethecupofcoffee?Discussimprovementswithyourpartnerandagreeonafinalversionofthemanual.answerFirstyouhavetodecideuponthelevelofgranularityatwhichyouaregoingtowork.Theaimoftheexerciseistodemonstratethatitisnotasstraightforwardasitmightseemtoprovideinstructionsevenforaveryfamiliarandwell-understoodtask.Giventhis,itismosthelpfultoassumethattheuserknowsverylittle.Theexamplesolution(TableEx11.1)assumesthattheuserwillrecognizeobjects(perhapstheyarelabelled)andunderstandscommonactionsanddirections,butnotthespecificactionsrequiredhere.Alternativelyyoucouldchoosetoassumethattheuserdoesknowhowtoturnonatapandopenajar.N.B.Thetwooptionscouldbeexpandedfurtherifrequired.Otheralternativescouldbeincluded,suchasgettingwaterfromanothersource.ManualformakingacupofcoffeeRequired:anautomaticelectrickettle,ajarofinstantcoffeepowderorgranules,amug,a

teaspoon,amainswatertap(oranalternativesourceofwater),amainselectricitysupply,milk(optional),sugar(optional).CAUTION:Electricitycanbedangerous-avoidanycontactbetweenelectricconnectionsandwater.Boilingwatercanscald-takecare.Toboilwater:Ensureplugonkettleisnotconnectedtomainselectricitysupply.Removelidfromkettle.Placekettledirectlybeneathspoutoftap.Turntaphandleanticlockwisetoreleasewater.Whenwaterreachesmarklabelled'full'onkettleturntaphandleclockwisetocloseoffwatersupply.Replacekettlelid.Movekettletoproximityofmainselectricitysupply.Placekettle'splugintoelectricitysocket.Pressbuttonmarked'on'ontopofkettletoswitchkettleon.Whenthewaterhasboiled,thekettlewillswitchoffautomaticallyandthe'on'buttonwillreturntoitsoriginalpositionwithaclick.Removekettle'splugfromelectricitysocket.Tomakecoffee:Takejarofcoffeeandremovelidbyturninganticlockwise.Fillteaspoonwithcoffee.Placecontentsofteaspoonincup.Replacelidoncoffeejarandturnclockwisetotighten.Pourboilingwaterfromthekettleintothecupuptoapproximately1/2aninchfromthetop.Addmilkifrequired(toalmostfillcup).Addsugarifrequired.Stircoffeemixturewithspoon.Thecoffeeisnowreadytodrink.TableExll.1-CoffeemakingmanualThediscussionshouldfocusontheassumptionsthataremade.Youshouldmakeaconsciousdecisionaboutwhatassumptionstomake,ratherthanmakingthembydefault.Thisshouldensurethattheassumptionsthataremadeareappropriatetotheparticularuser.Youcouldalsocontrastyouranswershere,basedonthematerialinthischapter,withthe'makingtea'manualin