新时代核心英语教程写作2教学课件U10

oreurriculum新时代核心英语教程写作210UNITCauseandeffectanalysisCauseandeffectanalysisOrganizationsofcauseandeffectessayscausalchainpattern链式因果式many-causes-single-effectpattern多因一果式KeyTermssingle-cause-many-effectspattern一因多果式single-cause-single-effectpattern一因一果式Typesofcausescontributorycause辅助原因，辅助条件immediatecause直接原因necessarycause必要原因，必要条件KeyTermsprimarycause主要原因remotecause远因secondarycause次要原因sufficientcause充分原因，充分条件MainContentsStrategiesfororganizingacauseandeffectessaySampleappreciationStrategiesforusingcauseandeffectanalysis2.ChoosingtheappropriatepatterntoorganizethecauseandeffectanalysisDifficultPoints1.DistinguishingthethreekindsofcausescorrectlyReadthefollowingflowchartandthencompletetheparagraphbelowthatdescribesit.Activity1Ifacountryissufferingfromeconomicrecession,thegovernmentcanreducetaxation.Thiswillbringaboutaseriesofvirtuouscircles.Readthefollowingflowchartandthencompletetheparagraphbelowthatdescribesit.Activity1Itresultsinpeoplehavingmoremoneytospend,andsoleadstohigherspendingongoodsandservices.Theincreaseddemandforgoodsandservicesresultsinlowerunemployment,andconsequentlythegovernmenthasahigherincomebecauseitspendslessonsocialsecurity.StrategiesforusingcauseandeffectanalysisStrategiesforusingcauseandeffectanalysisYoucanusecauseandeffectanalysisasthedominantorsupportivepatternofessaydevelopment.StrategiesforusingcauseandeffectanalysisKnowclearlywhetheryouaregoingtofindoutthecausesoranalyzetheeffects,orboth.Lookbackonthepasttoseewhatcausedittohappen.Lookintothefuturetomakesomepredictionsasawaytoanalyzetheeffects.BearinmindyourwritingpurposeTherelationshipsbetweencauseandeffectareusuallycomplex.Veryfrequentlyyoumayfindthatacausehasseveraleffects.Youmaydiscoverthatseveralcausesmaycombinetoleadtothehappeningofacertainevent.DonotoversimplifycausesoreffectsSomeconsequencesareobviousanddirectwhentalkingaboutthenegativeeffectsofsmoking.asorethroat,chronicbronchitisandanendlesscoughHowever,otherconsequences,thoughlessobvious,maysoundmorefrightening.increasedriskoflungcancerandheartdiseasesDonotoversimplifycausesoreffectsBesidestheeffectsmentionedinthissection,canyouthinkofsomemorecomplexandmoresubtlenegativeeffectsofsmoking?Listthem.Activity21.Variousdentalproblems2.Poorimagebecauseofnicotine-stainedteeth3.Effectsonnonsmokers4.Conflictsbetweensmokingandnonsmokingmembersofthefamily5.LegalbattlesregardingtherightsofsmokersandnonsmokersinpublicplacesDistinguishthreekindsofcauses:necessarycausessufficientcausescontributorycausesDistinguishthreekindsofcausesAnecessarycauseisonethatmustbepresentfortheevent,butitalonemaynotmaketheeventoccur.Asufficientcauseisonethatcanproduceagiveneffectbyitself.Acontributorycauseisonethatmayhelpproduceaneffect,butitisnotamustandcannotproducetheeffectbyitself.DistinguishthreekindsofcausesGenerally,thenecessaryandthesufficientcausesshouldbeincludedforacauseandeffectessaytobepersuasive.Thecontributoryonescanbementionedorleftout,dependingonthelengthofyouressayandyourpurpose.DistinguishthreekindsofcausesBecarefulnottoprovidecircularreasoning—restatinganideainsteadofgivingareasonforholdingtheidea.AvoidcircularreasoningPosthocisthelogicalfallacyofbelievingthatoneeventisthecauseofanotherbecauseithappensfirst.AvoidtheposthocfallacyRevisethefollowingsentencestoeliminateerrorsinreasoning.Activity31.Lungcanceriscausedbytherapidanduncontrolledgrowthofabnormalcellsinthelungs.Cigarettesmokingisthemajorcauseoflungcancer.Revisethefollowingsentencestoeliminateerrorsinreasoning.Activity32.ThenovelTheAdventuresofTomSawyerisreallypopularbecausealotofpeoplelikeit.ThenovelTheAdventuresofTomSawyerisreallypopularbecauseittellsmanyinterestingstoriesinahumoroustone.Revisethefollowingsentencestoeliminateerrorsinreasoning.Activity33.Ablackcatcrossedmypaththismorning,andit’sbeenaterribleday:Ilostmywalletandflunkedalanguagequiz.Ijustknowsomethingelseisgoingtohappen.It’sbeenaterribleday:Ilostmywalletandflunkedalanguagequiz.Ijustdon’tknowwhatelseisgoingtohappen.Revisethefollowingsentencestoeliminateerrorsinreasoning.Activity34.IdrankacupofcoffeeonMondaymorningandthenintheafternoonIscored100onthevocabularytest.AsIhadmadefullpreparations,Iscored100onthevocabularytestonMondayafternoon.Thecausesandeffectsofmanythingscanbesafelyexplained.Incontrast,sometopicsareobjectiveandlogicallyprovableorunprovable.Choosethosethatyouarereallyfamiliarwithandthatarewithinyourabilitytoexplore.ChoosesafetopicstowriteaboutStrategiesfororganizingacauseandeffectessayStrategiesfororganizingacauseandeffectessayPlanbeforehandhowtorevealthecauses,clarifythereasons,analyzetheconsequences,andpredicttheoutcomes.StrategiesfororganizingacauseandeffectessayApopularwaytobeginacauseandeffectessayistostatethepurposedirectly,withsomebackgroundinformationprovided.Anotherwaytobeginacauseandeffectessayistomakeaprediction,andthenproceedtoshowthelineofreasoningthatallowsyoutomakesuchaprediction.Itisalsoappropriatetobeginwithastoryoranecdote.HowtointroduceacauseandeffectessayTherearemainlyfourorganizationalpatternsthatyoucanchoosefrom:thesingle-cause-many-effectspatternthemany-causes-single-effectpatternthecausalchainpatternthesingle-cause-single-effectpatternHowtodevelopthebodyofacauseandeffectessayThesingle-cause-many-effectspatternWiththispattern,youcandescribethecauseintheintroductionandthendeveloptheeffectsofthatcauseinthebodyoftheessay.Notethattheeffectsofthecauseshouldnotberelatedtoeachother.Themany-causes-single-effectpatternThispatternstartswithaneffectandgoesontoexplainitscauses.Eachofthecausesisusuallyputinanindividualparagraph.Again,thecausesthatleadtothesameeffectshouldbeunrelated.ThecausalchainpatternInthispattern,eachcausehasaneffect,whichthenisthecauseofanothereffect.Allthecausesandeffectsarelinkedinachain.Atanysectionofthechain,theitembeforeanitemisitscauseandtheitemafteritisitseffect.Thesingle-cause-single-effectpatternThispatternistheeasiestbutthemostuncommon,becausemostthingsjustdon’thappenthatway.Onsomeoccasions,thispatterndoesapplytopersonaldecisions.Thefollowingisanoldpoemillustratingatypeofcauseandeffectrelationship.Readitcarefullyandanswerthequestionsbelow.Activity4Forwantofanailtheshoewaslost.Forwantofashoethehorsewaslost.Forwantofahorsetheriderwaslost.Forwantofariderthebattlewaslost.Forwantofabattlethekingdomwaslost.Andallforthewantofahorseshoenail.Thefollowingisanoldpoemillustratingatypeofcauseandeffectrelationship.Readitcarefullyandanswerthequestionsbelow.Activity41.Whatistheimmediatecauseforthelossofthekingdom?Forwantofabattle.Thefollowingisanoldpoemillustratingatypeofcauseandeffectrelationship.Readitcarefullyandanswerthequestionsbelow.Activity42.Whatistheremotecauseforthelossofthekingdom?Forwantofanail.Thefollowingisanoldpoemillustratingatypeofcauseandeffectrelationship.Readitcarefullyandanswerthequestionsbelow.Activity43.Whydoyouthinkthekingdomwaslost?Forwantofabattle.Thefollowingisanoldpoemillustratingatypeofcauseandeffectrelationship.Readitcarefullyandanswerthequestionsbelow.Activity44.Illustratethecauseandeffectrelationshipsinthepoemwithadiagram.Useoneoracombinationoftherecommendedtactics:toadviseyourreaderstopredictthefuturetosummarizethepointsHowtoendacauseandeffectessayAnotherstrategyistoleaveyourreadersoverwhelmedbyemphasizingtheimportanceofyoursubject.Alessexcitingbutsometimesnecessarytacticistopresentthecausesandeffectsthatyouhavenotincludedintheintroductionandthebodyoftheessay.HowtoendacauseandeffectessayHowtoholdacauseandeffectessaytogetherThefollowingaresomefrequently-usedwordsandexpressionsthatsignalcausesandeffects.Cause:because,since,for,themostimportantcauseis…,anotherreasonis…,dueto,owingtoEffect:therefore,thus,consequently,anotherconsequenceis…,accordingly,asaresult,themostsignificanteffectis…SampleappreciationSampleappreciationReadtheessaytitled“TheBountyoftheSea”onp.135,andanswerthefollowingquestions.SampleappreciationSampleappreciation1.Whatisthethesisoftheessay?Isitexplicitlystatedorimpliedintheessay?Thesis:Iftheoceansshoulddie—bywhichtheauthormeansthatalllifeintheseawouldfinallycease—thiswouldsignaltheendnotonlyformarinelifebutforallotheranimalsandplantsofthisearth,includingman.Yes,itisexplicitlystatedinthefirstparagraphandrepeatedinthelastparagraph.Sampleappreciation2.Accordingtothewriter,whatistheevidencethatsuggeststheoceanmaybedying?Howconvincingishisevidence?Evidence:Certainreefsthatteemedwithfishonlytenyearsagoarenowalmostlifeless.Theoceanbottomhasbeenrapedbytrawlers.Sampleappreciation2.Accordingtothewriter,whatistheevidencethatsuggeststheoceanmaybedying?Howconvincingishisevidence?Evidence:Pricelesswetlandshavebeendestroyedbylandfill.Everywherearestickyglobsofoil,plasticrefuse,andunseencloudsofpoisonouseffluents.Sampleappreciation2.Accordingtothewriter,whatistheevidencethatsuggeststheoceanmaybedying?Howconvincingishisevidence?Hisevidenceisconvincingbecauseitconsistsofspecificdetailsthatarefamiliartonearlyeveryoneonearth.Sampleappreciation3.Whatisthewriter’spurposeofwritingtheessay?Throughcauseandeffectanalysis,thewriterexpresseshisconcernforprotectionoftheocean.Heconveysthemessagethatifthebountyoftheseaisnottobeexhausted,manmustlearntofarmitashefarmstheland,bysowingaswellasreaping(i.e.toppollutingtheocean).Sampleappreciation4.Doesthewriterexplainthecausesoreffectsordealwithboth?Howdoesthewriterorganizehisdetails?Thewriterdealswithboththecausesandeffects.Hediscussesthecausesofthesicknessoftheoceans(oceanpollution)inthefirstparagraph,andthengoesontoprovideacausalchainanalysisofthephenomenon.Sampleappreciation4.Doesthewriterexplainthecausesoreffectsordealwithboth?Howdoesthewriterorganizehisdetails?Thisorganizationisveryeffectivebecausethestep-by-stepanalysisisbasedonsoundreasoningandscientificevidence.Areaderwithcommonsensemayfinditeasyandnaturaltorespondpositivelytothewriter’sexplanation.SampleappreciationMaintransitions:Prepositionalphrases:Withlifedisappearing(Paragraph2),ineffect(2),Asaresult(4)Conjunctions:But(3),and(7)5.Whattransitionaldevicesdoesthewriteruseto

movefromoneeffecttoanother?Whichofthesede-vicesindicatethewriter’sattitudetowardhissubject?SampleappreciationMaintransitions:Adjectivesandadverbs:Meanwhile(5),final(6),yet(6),Then(6),finally(7)Comparatives:farworse(2),nolonger(5)Repetitionofkeyword:one…effect(4)5.Whattransitionaldevicesdoesthewriteruseto

movefromoneeffecttoanother?Whichofthesede-vicesindicatethewriter’sattitudetowardhissubject?SampleappreciationTransitionaldevicesthatindicatethewriter’sattitudetowardhissubject:farworse(2),nolonger(5),yet(6)5.Whattransitionaldevicesdoesthewriteruseto

movefromoneeffecttoanother?Whichofthesede-vicesindicatethewriter’sattitudetowardhissubject?Sampleappreciation6.Whoaretheintendedreadersofthisessay?Whatassumptionsdoesthewritermakeabouthisreaders?Thewritermighthavebeenwritingforthegeneralpublicwhoalreadyknowthattheyaresupposedtoconservethesoil,butwhodonotyetknowthatman’sdestiniesarecloselyrelatedtothedestiniesofsealivesinthemostprofoundandfundamentalmanner.SampleappreciationThewritermighthavechosentousethiskindofemotiveandsensorylanguageinordertoevokeastrongresponsefromhisaudiencesothattheycanunderstandtheimportanceandurgencyofoceanprotection.7.Whydoesthewriterusesomehighlyconnotativeandoftenstronglyvisualwordsandexpressionsintheessay?Locatemoreexamples.SampleappreciationAdditionalexamples:stickyglobsofoil,plasticrefuse,cloudsofpoisonouseffluent,stench,athickfilmofdecayedmatter,bepackedcheekbyjowl,andslowlygaspingouthislifeonsomebarrenhill.7.Whydoesthewriterusesomehighlyconnotativeandoftenstronglyvisualwordsandexpressionsintheessay?Locatemoreexamples.Sampleappreciation8.Inferthemeaningsoftheunderlinedwordsandexpressionswiththehelpofthecontext.cease(Paragraph1):tostophappeningorexisting;tostopsthfromhappeningorexistingmarine(1):connectedwiththeseaandthecreaturesandplantsthatlivethereSampleappreciation8.Inferthemeaningsoftheunderlinedwordsandexpressionswiththehelpofthecontext.ineffect(2):usedwhenyouarestatingwhatthefactsofasituationareinsupportable(2):unbearable;toobadtobeenduredSampleappreciation8.Inferthemeaningsoftheunderlinedwordsandexpressionswiththehelpofthecontext.remorseless(3):seemingtocontinueorbecomeworseinawaythatcannotbestoppedcatastrophic(4):involvingorcausesasuddenterribledisasterSampleappreciation8.Inferthemeaningsoftheunderlinedwordsandexpressionswiththehelpofthecontext.rarity(5):apersonorthingthatisunusualandisthereforeoftenvaluableorinterestingbarren(7):notgoodenoughforplantstogrowonitSampleappreciation8.Inferthemeaningsoftheunderlinedwordsandexpressionswiththehelpofthecontext.heir(7):apersonwhohasthelegalrighttoreceivesomeone’sproperty,money,ortitlewhenthatpersondiesSampleapp