英语作文写作指导课件

ChapterFive

—TheWholeComposition

A.OrganizationofacompositionB.Typesofwriting1.Modelforacomposition2.Componentsofacomposition3.Principlesforacomposition4.Processforwritingacomposition

OrganizationofacompositionModelofessaystructureTopicsentenceSupportingidea1Supportingidea2Supportingidea3conclusionIntroductionFirstbodyparagraphSecondbodyparagraphThirdbodyparagraphConclusionParagraphEssayComponentsofacomposition+Themiddle(thebody)

+☆gainsthereader’sattention☆givesnecessarybackgroundinformation☆statesthepurposeofthepapergivesaclearandlogicalpresentationofthefactsandideas☆mustbeintegrallyrelatedtothethesisstatement☆shouldcontainasummaryofthemainpoints☆maycontainasolution,apredictionorarecommendationThebeginning(theintroduction)Theend(theconclusion)TitlemyfirstvisittothepalacemuseumMyFirstVisittothePalaceMuseum2.thepeoplewithoutacountryThePeopleWithoutaCountry3.rulestoabidebyRulestoAbideBy4.DickensandDavidCopperfield

DickensandDavidCopperfield(DavidCopperfield)5.theEnglish-speakingpeopleinQuebec

TheEnglish-SpeakingPeopleinQuebecwhatcantheartistdointheworldoftodayWhatCantheArtistDointheWorldofToday?Howtorevisethesetitles:Principlesforwritingtitles

Writethetitleinthemiddleofthefirstline.Capitalizethefirstandlastwordsofthetitleandallotherwords(includingwordsfollowinghyphensincompoundwords)exceptarticles,coordinatingconjunctions(and,orbut,nor,for,etc),shortprepositionsandthe“to”ininfinitivesAttention:1. Adescription(描写法)2. Thecentralidea(观点法/主题法)3. Figuresorstatistics(数据法)4. Adefinition(定义法)5. Acontrast(对立法)6. Aquestionorseveralquestions(问题法)7. Aquotation(引用法)8. Aphenomenon(现象法)9. Acomparison(对比法)ThebeginningHerearesomeopeningswhichshouldbeavoided.1)

Anapologyoracomplain:eg:AsIhavereadverylittleoftheauthor’swork,I’mafraidthatIcanhardlywriteanythingofvalueonthetopic.2)

Arestatementoftheassignment:eg:ThetopicIamassignedtowriteonis“AnIdealCollege.”Note:Possibleapproachestobeginanessay:

Beginwithadescription描写法：通过生动的描写把文章要讨论的主题、事物、现象反映出来，以引起读者的兴趣。既可以用在记叙文，也可以用在论说文。

Sample:WhyCollegeStudentsTakeaPart-timeJobNowadayscollegestudentsareseenwaitingontables,cleaninginstores,advertisinginstreets,teachinginfamiliesanddoingwhateverworktheycanfind(描写作为引言).Ithasbecomefashionableforcollegestudentstodosomeoddjobsintheirsparetime(中心思想).*Note:Donotwritetoomuch,adescriptionofoneortwosentencesisenough.Thepurposeofthedescriptionistointroducethethesis/centralthoughtoftheessay.Beginwiththecentralidea观点法/主题法：文章开门见山，直截了当地指出文章的主题。即作者这对文章要讨论的问题的观点，也即文章的中心思想。这种方法比较适用于议论文的写作，便于抓住主题，避免离题。Sample:NoMoreVideoGamesTeenagersarespendingfartoomuchtimeandmoneyonvideoarcadesthesedays(现象陈述作为引言句).Inmyopinion,videogamesshouldbedoneawaywith.Theyarenothingbutawasteoftime,moneyandenergy(thesis/centralidea)BeginwithaFigureorstatistics数据法：开头段引用权威性地统计数字，把问题或现象显现于读者面前，然后进行分析，是作者地观点显得客观，具有较强的说服力。Sample:WhyCollegeGraduatesHaveDifficultiesFindingaJobAccordingtoarecentsurveybyChinaDaily,about15percentofcollegegraduateshavedifficultiesfindingajobaftertheirgraduation,andthenumberseemstobeincreasing(通过数据法引导出中心思想)…Beginwithadefinition定义法：通过对文章要讨论的主题，尤其是人们不太熟悉的主题进行释义来引出议论。Sample:ShouldEuthanasiaBeAdvocated?Euthanasia,aquietandeasydeath,or“mercykilling”(下定义),hasbecomeaheatedtopicamongpeoplerecently.Manypeopleapplauditandarguethateuthanasiashouldbeadvocatedinoursociety(centralidea).Beginwithacontrast对立法：文章一开头列举人们对所讨论的问题所持的不同观点。然后笔锋一转，点出作者自己对这个问题的看法，此方法一般用于论说文中。对立法多用于有争议性的主题。Sample:MyViewonEasingSchoolChildren’sStudyBurdenEversincetheeasingofschoolchildren’sstudyburdenisadvocatedbyeducators,someteachersandparentsfrownatit,sayingthatitwillexertbadeffectsonthechildren(引言先引出某些人的观点).But(通过转折引出自己不同的观点——全文主题)Ithinkeasingschoolchildren’sstudyburdenwilldogoodtoschoolchildrenbothphysicallyandmentally.Beginwithaquestionorseveralquestions问题法：通过提问来引出要讨论或有争议性的问题。由于作者的回答针对性很强，所以此开头具有较强的逻辑性。Sample:IsMoneyAllPowerful?“Ismoneyallpowerful?”Ifsomeoneasksmethisquestion(引言句提出问题),myanswerisalwaysthesame:Nomoneyisbynomeansallpowerful(通过回答问题引出全文的主题).Beginwithaquotation引用法：文章开头用名人名言，谚语，或有代表性的看法见解来引出文章要展开讨论的一种观点。Example: “AllIhavelearntincollegeisjunk.”That’showonecollegegraduatedescribedhisfrustrationinlookingforajob.Heishardlyaloneintheexperience.Actuallytherearethousandsofgraduateswhocomplainthatthedegreetheytookawaycan’thelpthemtosecurearewardingjob,andtheknowledgetheyacquiredinclasscan’tbetransformedintousefuljobskills.Beginwithaphenomenon现象法：对某种社会现象、倾向或社会问题进行剖析的文章往往在文章一开始首先引出这种现象或问题，然后评论。Example:

Theproblemofdevelopmentvs.environmenthasnowbeeninthelimelight.NowhereistheclashmorevisiblethaninChina,wheretheworld’slargestpopulationfacespollution,deforestationandaidrainonalargescale.Beginwithacomparison比较法：比较法句型主要用于通过对过去与现在两种不同倾向、态度和观点的比较，引出文章主要讨论的主题。Example:Topic:Nowadaysithasbecomefashionableforcollegestudentstotakeapart-timejobintheirsparetime.Discusstheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofthistrend.Severalyearsago,peoplewereoftenalittlesurprisedwhentheyheardthatacollegestudentwasdoingapart-timejob.“Why?Maybeheisshortofmoney,”theythought.Nowadays,itisnotanuncommonoccurrencethatcollegestudentsareworkingastutors,salesmenandtourguides.Manystudentsputupadvertisementsonbulletinboardsorlamppoststosearchforoddjobs.Whydomanystudentsshowgreatinterestinapart-timejoborasummerjob?Theend1.Summarizing(总结式)2.Restating(复述式)3.Lookingforward(展望式)4.Suggesting(建议式)5.Warning(警示式)Herearesomeineffectiveendingsyoushouldtrytoavoid:1)

Endwithanapology:eg:AsIaminexperienced,IamafraidthatIhavelittletosayaboutthesubject.2)

Endwithanannouncementthatyouhaveended.eg:Inconclusion,Iwishtostatethatearthquakesareamajorproblemofournation’sfuture.Note:1.Summarizing总结式:在文章结尾处对全文阐述的内容进行概括和总结,以揭示主题.Sample:WhyCollegeStudentsTakeaPart-timeJob Thesignificanceforcollegestudentsofdoingapart-timejobmeansmorethanmoneyandexperience:Itwillbroadentheirout-lookandexertaprofoundinfluenceontheirpersonalityandlife(总结式).2.Restating复述式:通过重复引言部分提出的观点,以达到强化主题,首尾呼应的效果,加深印象.Sample:TheNecessityofVoluntaryBloodDonation Sincevoluntaryblooddonationisbeneficialtothebloodreceivers,tothedonatorsthemselvesandtothesociety,whydon’twealljoinintheline?(复述前面提到的三个方面)3.Lookingforward展望式:对文章讨论的问题提出解决办法,同时对问题的解决充满信心,对发展中的新情况、新事物寄予厚望，并向读者展示良好的发展前景。此方法能给人以鼓舞，有助于增加文章的感染力。Sample4WhyDoIChoosetoLiveintheSuburbs Livinginthesuburbsisbecomingapredominantpattern,andwiththeimprovementoftrafficandtheperfectionofservices,itwillprovetoholdgreatsuperiorityovercitylife(展望).4.Suggesting建议式：对文章讨论的问题或现象，提出解决的方法和建议，指明发展规律的方向。Sample:TheAdvantagesandDisadvantagesofPrivateTutoringGenerallyspeaking,thedisadvantagesofprivatetutoringoverweightheadvantages.Therefore,greateremphasisshouldbelaidonclassroomteachingandpractice,ontheimprovementofteachingqualityandonthetappingofthepupil’spotentialities(提出建议).Onlyinthiswaycananewgenerationbehealthilybroughtup(作出展望).5.Warning警示式：结尾指出所讨论问题的严重性或可能出现的严重性，以引起读者对所讨论的问题的高度重视。Sample6EaseBurdenofourSchoolChildren Ifwedon’teaseourschoolchildren’sstudyburdennow,justimaginewhatwouldbecomeofourchildreninafewyears:theireyesshort-sighted,theirbackshunched,theyarenothingbutbookworms（指出后果）.Therefore,easingourschoolchildren’sstudyburdenisnotanecessity,butamust(得出结论).

Bodyparagraphs:☆containatopicsentencedirectlyrelatedtothethesis☆containsupportingstatementsthatexplain,clarify,define,illustratethetopicsentenceoftheparagraph☆showcoherentthoughtdevelopment☆usecoherentdevices(e.g.tansitions)Someprinciples:Likeaparagraph,acompositionmusthaveunity.Allthefactsandalltheideasinanessayshouldcontributetothepresentationofitsthesisorcentralthought.Acompositionconsistsofseveralparagraphs,eachofwhichhasonecentralthought.Theymustbearrangedinsomekindoforder,sothatoneparagraphleadsnaturallytoanothertoformanorganicwhole.ComingupwithideasCollectmaterialforwritingthroughbrainstorm,websurfing,etcIdentifyinganaudienceAskyourselfwhowouldbeinterestedinsuchatopicOrganizingyourideasTrytheoutliningtechniqueFollowachronological,spatial,orcause-and–effectorderWritingyourfirstdraftNarrowdownthetopictomakeiteasiertowriteBegintowritethebodyparagraphfirstRevisingyourdraftSeetheckecklistofrevisionAddingmoredetailsShowratherthanjusttell,tryusingexamplestoillustrateunderdevelopedpointsFindingtherightwordsChoosespecificandsimplewordsReadthroughyourdraftandunderlinethevaguewordsRewritesentencestoexpressyourideainanotherwayProcessforwritingContentAsingle,cleartopicsentenceInterestingandthought-provokingEnoughfacts,enoughspecificdetailsExamplestoclarifyanyitemsorideasConvincingreasonsforreaderstoacceptcontroversialstatementsOrganizationEveryideahelpstogetthemainideaacrossWell-organizedparagraphConnectionsbetweenparagraphsobviousEffectiveintroductionandconclusionStyleUsethesimplestwordstogetideasacrossAllthesentencesareclearEmphasizethemostimportantideasMechanicsCompletesentencesSubjectandverbagreementPronounsTensescorrectandconsistentKeeppartsofthesentencesparallelWordsspelledcorrectlyAchecklistforrevision1.Description—ispaintingapictureinwordsofaperson,place,object,orscene.2.Narration—tonarrateistogiveanaccountofaneventoraseriesofevents.Itincludesstories,realorimaginary,biographies,histories,newsitems,andnarrativepoems.3.Exposition—Anexpositorypaperexplainsorexploressomething,suchastheprocessofmakingamachine,thecausesofanaturalorsocialphenomenon,theplanningofaproject,orthesolutionofaproblem.4.Argumentation—thepurposeofargumentationistoconvince,tomakethereaderagreewithitspointofview,andtopersuadehimtochangehismindorbehavior.B.TypesofwritingTypesofdescription:descriptionofaperson—eg:MyfriendRobertodescriptionofaplace——eg:DiningRoomdescriptionofanobject—eg:TheEarliestCoinsinChinadescriptionofascene——eg:TyphoonDescriptionGoldenrulesfordescription:Thedescriptiveessayreliesonconcrete,sensorydetailtocommunicateitspoint.Rememberwehavefivesenses,notoneortwo.ChoosedetailscarefullyMakeastrongimpressioninyourreader’smindTheorderisofgreatimportanceindescription:fromoutsidetoinside,fromgeneraltoparticular,byfollowingthespatialorder,byfollowingthechronologicalorderDescriptionNarrativewritingisusuallycharacterizedbythefollowing:Context—plot,character,settingSelectionofdetails—onlyrelavantdetailsthatcontributetobringingoutthemainideastothenarrative,areusefulandeffectivePointofview—useoffirstorthird-personnarratorOrganization—eventsorganizedintime-orderPurpose—theremustbeapurposeintellingastory.Thewritermaywanttoproveatheory,toillustrateaconcept,topraiseavirture,tocondemnavice,etc.NarrationGuidelinesfornarration:OrganizetheeventseffectivelyDepictcharactersandsettingvividlyShow,nottellCreateamainidea,impression,orthemeNarrationDifferencebetween

narrationanddescriptionNarrative:thenarrativeessaytellsastory,justlikeanarratorinaplay.Descriptive:thedescriptiveessaypaintsapicture.Itdescribesaperson,place,thing,oridea.Thepurposeforexpositorywritingistoinform,explain,clarify,define,orinstruct.Typesofexposition:IllustrationDivisionandclassificationComparisonandcontrastCauseandeffectDefinitionExpositionThemostimportantqualityofexpositionisclarity.Toachievethisthewritershould:Limithissubjectorthescopeofdiscussion,foritisimpossibletoexplainmanythingsclearlyinashortessay;Prepareenoughmaterial(detailsorexamples)tohelphisexplanation;theordinaryreaderoftenfindsabstractdiscussionshardtofollowiftheyarenotillustratedbyconcreteexamples;Presenthisfactsandviewsinproperorder,intheorderoftimeoroflogicalsequencedependingonthenatureofthesubject;Payattentiontotheaccuracyandclarityofwordsandsentences;avoidornamentalaswellasambiguousexpressions1. Thepurposeofargumentationistoconvince.Anexpositoryessaymakesknownsomethingandexplainsittomakethereaderunderstand. Anargumentationessaytriestomakethereaderagreewithitspointofviewandsupportit,topersuadehimtochangehismindorbehavior,andtoapproveapolicyoracourseofactionthatitproposes.Whatisargumentation:ArgumentationAdebatablepoint—sth.thatcanbeviewedfrommorethanoneangleandisthereforeopentodispute.Sufficientevidence:A)commonknowledge; B)specificexamples; C)hard,notsoftevidence,orfacts,notopinions,unlessthepinionsareexpertandauthoritative;D)statistics E)quotationsfromauthoritiesRequirementsforargumentation:ArgumentationChinesedoctorsuseacupunctureanesthesiatoperformcertainoperations

Acupunctureanesthesiashouldreplaceconventionalanesthesiainalloperations2.BaJinismyfavoriteauthor

BaJinisthegreatestChinesewriterofthe20thcentury3.Noisepollutionisharmfultopeople’shealth

NoisepollutionisthemostharmfulofallenvironmentalpollutionArgumentationGenerally,thefollowingarenotgoodthemes: A)Merestatementsoffacts B)Statementsofpersonalpreference C)ViewpointsthataregenerallyacceptedorcanbeeasilyverifiedGoodlogic

A)Inductivereas