美国社会与文化课程第七章教学Chapter-7Government-and-Politics-in-the-United-States课件

AmericanPoliticsand

InterestGroupGovernmentContentsPoliticalprincipleIGovernmentstructureIIPoliticalparticipation:

3.1Election3.2InterestgroupsIII4I.PoliticalprincipleIndividualfreedomasoneofthemostimportantvaluesforAmericansSuspicionofstronggovernmentThomasPaine:“Governmenteveninitsbeststateisbutanecessaryevil;initsworsestate,anintolerableone.”SeparationofpowersII.Governmentstructure

Asystemofchecksandbalances2.1Separationofpowers

Vertical:Betweenthenationalgovernmentandstates—federalismHorizontal:Amongdifferentgovernmentbranches,andevenwithinthebranchThelegislativebranchTheexecutivebranchThejudicialbranch2.2GrowthofbiggovernmentTraditionalpartisandifference:Letthefreeenterprisesystemregulateitselfinthemarketplace.Usethegovernmenttoregulatebusiness,protectconsumersandworkers,andalsotosolvesocialproblems.TheGreatDepressionofthe1930sand“NewDeal”underFDRLyndonJohnsonandthe“GreatSociety”Adangertoindividualfreedom?III.PoliticalparticipationElectionInterestgrouppolitics3.1AMostElection-ConsciousNationPresidentialelections:every4years,nationwideCongressionalelections:every2years1/3Senators:statewideAllRepresentatives:ineachconstituencyElectionsforotheroffices,likeinlocalschoolboards:everyyearJobdescriptionRepresentativesSenatorsPresidentAge253035UScitizen7years9yearsNaturalborn,14yearsResidencestatewherehewaselectedstatewherehewaselectedNorestrictionTerm2-year6-year4-yearNumberoftermsNorestrictionNorestriction2RepresentationOnthebasisofpopulation,atleastoneforeachstate2foreachstateWholecountryTotalnumber43510019PresidentialElectionandElectoralCollegeIntheElectoralCollege,eachstatehasanumberofvotesequaltothenumberofSenatorsandRepresentativestowhichitisentitledinCongress.Plus3fromWashingtonD.C.AlltheElectoralCollegeVotesofastatearegiventothecandidatewhoattainsthesimplemajorityofthepopularvoteinthestate.ExceptinMaineandNebraska,bothsmallstatesTosucceedinanelection,acandidatemustgetanabsolutemajorityintheElectoralCollege.Withatotalof538ElectoralCollegevotes,acandidateneeds270towin.10TheElectionof2000PopularVotes（%）ElectoralCollegeVotes（%）AlGore50,996,03948.3826649.63GeorgeW.Bush50,456,14047.87271(246+25fromFlorida)50.3711Theresultoftheelectionwasnotdeclaredforfiveweeksaftertheelection;anditwasextremelycontroversial,culminatinginadecisionoftheUSSupremeCourtThestateofFlorida,with25votesintheElectoralCollegeInitiallyBushwonby1,784votesoutoftotalofabout6million.TheGorecampaskedforamanualrecount;atonepoint,Bush’smajorityfellto154votes.RecountsinallcountiescouldnotbefinishedbeforethedeadlineonDec.12;theBushcampappealedtotheSupremeCourt.TheSupremeCourtdecision,5-4,orderedallrecountstocease.Bushwon.3.2InterestgroupsDefinition1Anationofinterestgroups2Typesofinterestgroups3Theartoflobbying4Cases53.2.1DefinitionInterestgroup—anorganizationofpeoplewithsharedideasandinterestswhoattempttoinfluencetheactionsofgovernment.Alsocalledadvocacygroup,pressuregroup,lobbygroupLobbying,andlobbyist—onewhoispaidtorepresenttheinterestsofanorganizationNationalRifleAssociation(NRA),AmericanAssociationofRetiredPersons(AARP),AmericanLifeLeague(ALL)…Whyinterestgroups?Poweroftheindividualistooweak.Toachievetheirgoal,abetterstrategyistocombinetheirforceandformgroups.ExpressinganewformofAmericanindividualismItisindividuals,theirrights,theirinterests,andtheirambitions,notthoseofthenationasawhole,thatarethefocusoftheirattention.Theinterestgroupisnomorethanatooltoachievethegoalsoftheindividual.3.2.2ANationofInterestGroupsThemajorityofAmericansjoinorarerepresentedbysomeinterestgroups.Numberofnational-levelinterestgrouporganizations

intheUnitedStates:1959:5,8431970:10,3081980:14,726Mid-1990s:22,200ConditionsforthethrivingofinterestgroupsintheUS:DiversityofinterestsTheabilityofindividuals,groups,andcorporationstolobbythegovernmentisprotectedbytherighttopetitionintheFirstAmendmentoftheUnitedStatesConstitution.AthrivinglobbyingbusinessTotallobbyingspending($billion)20011.6420021.8220032.0420042.1720052.4320062.6220072.8520083.3020093.49Numberofregisteredlobbyists200111,845200212,131200312,923200413,158200514,071200614,521200714,873200814,228200913,694Source:/lobby/

3.2.3TypesofInterestGroupsPrivatesectorsPublicemployeesPublicinterestgroupsInthemainsectorsoftheeconomybusinesslabor-agriculture

Professionalsandpublicemployeesgovernmentemployees,teachers-lawyers,doctors…Inthenameof“publicinterests”EnvironmentalConsumerCivilrightsWomen,ElderlyForeigninterestgroupsByforeigngovernmentsandbusiness

-tradepartners-Israellobby—thebestorganizedlobby

3.2.4TheArtofLobbyingInterestgroupslobbyalllevelsofgovernmentsandallbranchesofthegovernments.ButthefocusoftheireffortsisontheCongress.InsidestrategiesplusoutsidestrategiesOutsidestrategiesInsidestrategiesPublicRelationsGrass-rootmobilizationProtestsanddemonstrationsCoalitionbuildingAccessInformationCampaigncontributionTheArtofLobbyingTheTwoSidesofInterestGroups

PositiveItprovidesfortherepresentationandtheexpressionofopinionsandinterestsofthepeople.NegativeAnarrowfocusThesystemisinfavorofthosegroupsthatarebetterorganizedandwithmoreresources,particularlytheresourceofmoney.“Wehavethebestgovernmentthatmoneycanbuy.”3.2.5CasesTheNationalRifleAssociationThepoweroflaborunionsTheTaiwanandChinalobbyTheNationalRifleAssociationApowerfulsingle-interestlobby,withover3milliondues-payingmemberssharinginterestsinhunting,marksmanship,andguncollecting.Gunownershipviewedasasymbolofindependence,self-reliance,andfreedominAmerica—ThesecondAmendmenttotheConstitution“Gunsdonotkillpeople;peoplekillpeople.”Hassuccessfullyfoughtoffnationallegislationtobanhandguns,toregisterthem,ortolicenseownersButstrictercontrolsongunsinrecentyears:awaitingperiodforbackgroundcheck,andsafetylocksThepoweroflaborunions(1)ThestoryofPaul,acleanerinHarvardUniversity,2006Hewasfound“sleepingduringworktime”,andfired.Theorganizationsthatofferedthehelp:ServiceEmployeesInternationalUnion(SEIU),andthestudentorganizationStudentLaborActionProject(SLAP)DemonstrationsinHarvardinsupportofPaulThecitycouncilofCambridgealsosupportedPaul,criticizingthatHarvardwasnotpracticingwhatittaughtthestudentinclass.Harvardgavein.Paulwascompensatedandretainedhisjob.Source:刘瑜：《民主的细节》，上海三联书店，2009Thepoweroflaborunions(2)Publictransportationworkers’strikeinNewYork,winter2005Local100vs.NewYorkTransportationBureauTrigger:thebureauproposedthatnewemployeescontribute6%oftheirsalariestotheirownpension,2percentagepointshigherthanintheexistingcontracts.Athree-daystrikeAndanewcontractofcompromise:workercontributiontopensionunchangedandarefundofmoneythathadalreadybeenpaid,butworkerco