语言学-第三章课件

Hello,Everyone!现代英语语言学概论

第3讲ASTUDYONMODERNENGLISHLINGUISTICS王金巴运城学院英语系

ChapterThree

MorphologyFocuses:

1.thedefinitionofword2.classificationofwords3.typesofmorphemes4.inflectionandword-formation5.lexicalchanges1.word?aunitofexpressionthathasuniversalintuitiverecognitionbynativespeakers,whetheritisexpressedinspokenorwrittenform.aminimalfreeform:asmallestformthatcanoccurbyitselfThreesensesof“word”(1)Aphysicallydefinableunit:aclusterofsoundsegmentsorlettersbetweentwopausesorblanks,egPhonological:Orthographic:Itiswonderful.

However,incasualspeechorwriting,itoftenbecomes:Phonological:Orthographic:It’swonderful.Aretheytwowordsorthree?

(2)bothageneraltermandaspecificterm:

boy,boys:1(GT)or2(ST)?walk,walks,walking,walked:1or4?

(3)Agrammaticalunit:thegrammar:asetoflayerssentenceclausephrasewordmorpheme2.IdentificationofwordsStability:themoststablelinguisticunitsinrespectoftheirinternalstructure.

chairman,butnot*manchairRelativeuninterruptibility:

newelementsarenottobeinsertedintoawordAminimumfreeform(Bloomfield):thesmallestunitthatcanconstituteacompleteutterancebyitself,eg

--IsJanecomingtonight?--Possibly.Hi,shit,darlinga,the,

3.

Classificationofwords(1)intermofvariability:

Variablewords:(ordered®ularseriesofgrammaticallydifferentforms):

write,writes,writing,wrote,written;cat,cats.Invariablewords(noinflectiveendings):

since,when,seldom,through,etc.(2)Intermsofmeaning:Grammatical/Functionwords(expressgrammaticalmeanings,linking):conjunctions,prepositions,articles,pronouns.Lexical/Contentwords(havinglexicalmeaning,refertosubstance,action&quality):nouns,verbs,adjectives,adverbs.(3)Intermsofmembership:Closed-classwords:Newmemberscannotnormallybeadded,membershipisfixedorlimited.prons,preps,conjs,articles,auxiliaries.Open-classwords:Newmemberscanbeadded,membershipisinfiniteorunlimited.nouns,verbs,adjectives,andadverbs.(4)Wordclass词类:PartsofSpeechintraditionalgrammar.Noun,verb,adj,adv,prep,pron,conj,inter,article.Somenewterms:1)Particle助词:infinitiveto,negativenot,subordinateunitsinphrasalverbs“getby”,“lookback”,etc.2)Auxiliary助动词:

do,haveModalverbs:

can,will,may,must,etc.3)Pro-forms(代词形式):substitutesforotherterms.Pronoun:

he,she,I,they,everyonePro-adjective:Yourcarisred.Soishis.Pro-verb:HespeaksEnglishbetterthanhedid.Pro-adverb:HehopestowinandIhopesotoo.Pro-locative（代处所词）:Hewentthere.4）Determiner限定词:allthearticles,demonstratives指示词,andquantifiers数量词thatappearbeforethenounanditsmodifiers.Predeterminers:

all,both,

half,one-third,three-quarters,double,twice,threetimesCentraldeterminers:

this,that,these,those,every,each,some,any,no,neither,my,our,your,his,her,its,theirPostdeterminers:(includecardinalnumbers,ordinalnumerals,generalordinals)next,last,past,other,additional,many,several,few,little,alotof,

whendifferentsub-classesofdeterminersoccurtogether,theyfollowtheorder:pre-determiners+central-determiners+post-determiners.Eg.alltheirtroubleallthefiveboys4.

Morphology:

thestudyofword-formation,ortheinternalstructureofwords,ortherulesbywhichwordsareformed.

Inflectionalmorphology:

themanifestationofgrammaticalrelationshipsthroughtheadditionofinflectionalaffixes.

InflectionNominalforms:

boys,boy’sVerbforms:

wants,wanted,wantingAdjective/adverbforms:

smaller,smallestDerivationalmorphology:theprocessofwordvariationsignalinglexicalrelationships,compound:twoseparatewordstoproduceasingleform.

derivation:addanaffixtoanaffixtoanalreadyexistingformtocreateaword.CompoundTwoormorefreerootscombinetomakeanewword.Nouncompounds:

daybreak,playboy,haircut,windmillVerbcompounds:

brainstorm,lipread,babysitAdjectivecompounds:

gray-haired,

insect-eating,dutyfreePrepositioncompounds:

into,throughoutEndocentric&exocentricEndocentric:oneelementservesasthehead,therelationshipof“akindof”;egself-control:akindofcontrolarmchair:akindofchairExocentric:thereisnohead,sonotarelationshipof“akindofsomething”,egscarecrow:notakindofcrowbreakneck:notakindofneckWrittenformsofcompoundsSolid:blackboard,teapot,bodyguardHyphenated:wedding-ring,wave-lengthOpen:coffeetable,washingmachineFreevariation:businessman,business-man,businessmanwinebottle,wine-bottle,winebottlenoone,no-one,nooneDerivationClass-changing:N>V:lengthen,hospitalize,discardN>A:friendly,delightful,speechlessV>N:worker,employee,inhabitantV>A:acceptable,adorableA>N:rapidness,rapidityA>V:deafen,sweetenAdj>Adv:exactly,quicklyClass-preserving:N>N:nonsmoker,ex-wife,bookletV>V:disobey,unfastenA>A:grayish,irrelevant5.Morpheme语素Thesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage,aunitthatcannotbefurtherdividedintosmallerunitswithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning,whetheritislexicalorgrammatical.e.g.un-accept-able;days;jumped

Allomorph语素变体:thedifferentvariantsofamorphemearecalledallomorphs.e.g.thepluralmorpheme“-s”:dogs;pests;houses[z][s][iz]Typesofmorphemes(1)Freevs.Boundmorphemes:

Freemorphemes:occuralone,constitutewordsbythemselves,eg.boy,girl,table,nation.Boundmorphemes:cannotoccuralone,appearwithatleastanothermorpheme,eg-s,-ed,dis-,un-.

root,affixandstem

root:thebaseformofawordthatcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity,egfriendasinunfriendliness.Rootsmaybefree:canstandbythemselves,eg.nation+-al;bound:cannotstandbythemselves,eg.-ceiveinreceive,perceive,conceive.Affix:thetypeofmorphemethatcanbeusedonlywhenaddedtoanothermorpheme.prefix(dis-,un-)andsuffix(-en,-ify).Stem:amorphemeorcombinationofmorphemestowhichaninflectionalaffixmaybeadded,eg.friend+-s;write+-ing,possibility+-es.(2)inflectional&derivativemorpheme(bound)IM:providefurthergrammaticalinformationabouttheexistinglexicalitem.e.g.worked;bigger;DM:createanentirelynewword.e.g.antislavery

6.LexicalchangeFormationofnewwordsPhonologicalchangeMorphosyntacticchangeSemanticchangeOrthographicchangeFormationofnewwords★Invention/Coinage:thenewlexicalitemscomingdirectlyfromtheconsumeritems,theirproducersorbrandnames.Mostlybrandnames:Kodak,Coke,nylon,Xerox,Lycra★Blending:joiningtheinitialpartofthe1stwordandthefinalpartofthe2ndword.transfer+resistor>transistorsmoke+fog>smogmotorist+hotel>motelbreakfast+lunch>brunchmodulator+demodulator>modemdance+exercise>dancerciseadvertisement+editorial>advertorialeducation+entertainment>edutainmentinformation+commercial>infomercial★Abbreviations(Clipping):shorteningalongerwordintoashorterform.

Back-clippings:

ad(vertisement),lab(oratory),piano(forte),Fore-clippings:

(ham)burger,(omni)bus,(tele)phone,(earth)quake.Fore-and-aftclippings:(in)flu(enza),(de)tec(tive).★Acronym:madeupfromthefirstlettersofthenameofanorganization.AIDS,Aids:AcquiredImmuneDeficiencySyndromeASAP:assoonaspossibleCD-ROM:compactdiscread-onlymemorydink(y):doubleincome,nokidsWASP:whiteAnglo-SaxonprotestantAI:artificialintelligencea.s.a.p.:assoonaspossibleECU:EuropeanCurrencyUnitHIV:humanimmunodeficiencyvirusPC:personalcomputerPS:postscriptRSVP:répondezs’ilvousplait(‘pleasereply’inFrench)

★Back-formation逆构词法Anunusuallyabnormaltypeofwordformationwhereashorterwordisderivedbydeletinganimaginedaffixfromalongerformalreadyinthelanguage.e.g.television--->televiseeditor--editpeddler-peddle★Analogicalcreation类推造字:accountfortheco-existenceof2form,regularandirregularwork:wrought>workedbeseech:besought>beseechedslay:slew>slayed?★Borrowing借词法French:public,art,college,music,poet,prose,story,studyLatin:admit,client,conviction,custody,Greek:acme(顶点),bathos（突降法）,catastrophe,SpanishandPortuguese:

tank,tobacco,tomato,vanillaItalian:bandit,broccoli,piano,pizzaDutch:apartheid,booze,boss,brandy,Hebrew:amen,babelArabic:admiral,zeroIndian:bungalow,verandaChinese:chopsuey（烩菜）,chow（吃）,chowmein（炒面）,ginseng（人参）,ketchup(orcatchuporcatsup番茄酱),kungfu,tea,tofu(viaJapanese),typhoonTypesofborrowingwordsLoanwords借词:formandmeaningareborrowedwithaslightadaptation.aupair（以做家务来换取食宿的人）,encore（再来一个）,sputnik（人造卫星）Loanblend混合借词:partformisnativeandpartisborrowed.coconut:coco(Spanish)+nut(English)Loanshift转移借词:meaningisborrowed,theformisnative.bridge:meaningasacardgameborrowedfromItalianponteLoantranslation,orcalque(equivalenttranslation)freeverse<Lverselibreblackhumor<Frhumournoirfoundobject<FrobjettrouvéPhonologicalchange:changeinsoundleadingtochangeinmeaningLossofsound:lossofsoundinfastspeech,eglibrary,laboratoryAdditionofsound:

English:rascal>rapscallionMetathesis换位:changingthesequenceofsound

brid>bird,ox/ax>askAssimilation:impossible,immovableirregular,irresponsibleillogical,illegalMorphosyntacticchangeMorphologicalchange:thirdpersonsingularpresenttense:-(e)th:do(e)th,goeth,hath,findeth>-(e)s:does,goes,has,findsthecampusoftheuniversity>theuniversity’scampusSyntacticchange:Hesawyounot.>Hedidn’tseeyou.Fusion/blending:equallygood+justasgood> equallyasgoodSemanticchangeBroadening:holiday:holyday(religion)>dayforrestbird:youngbird>anykindtask:tax>workNarrowing:meat:food>girl:youngperson>youngwomandeer:beast>aspecialkindofanimalMeaningshift:bead:prayer>theprayerbead>small,ball-shapedpieceofglass,metalorwoodClassshift:

conversiontootherwordclassesengineer:persontrainedinengineering>toactasanengineer(N>V)Folketymology（俗词源）:achangeinformofawordorphrase,resultingfromanincorrectpopularnotionoftheoriginormeaningofthetermorfromtheinfluenceofmorefamiliartermsmistakenlytakentobeanalogous.e.g.history>herstoryManhattan:manwithhaton

MBA:marriedbutavailablePhD:perhapshavedivorcedgolf:GentlemenOnly;LadiesForbidden

OrthographicchangeChangeofspelling:Iesus>Jesussate>satSunne>Sun7.Lexicon

generalsense:vocabularytechnicalsense:analysisandcreationofwords,idiomsandcollocationsLexeme(词位，词素):

thesmallestunitinthemeaningsystemofalgethatcanbedistinguishedfromothersmallerunits;anabstractunitandmayoccurinmanydifferentformsinactualspokenorwrittentexts

e.g.thelexemespeak:speak,speaks,speaking,spoke,spokenFeaturesofEnglishlexicon:

borrowconstantlyfromotherlges;arapidexpansionofknowledgeandtechpeoplealwaysdesirefororiginality;thenumofverbaltabooshasbeengrowing;socialchangesisconstantlytakingplaceIdioms:Semanticunity:meaningcannotbepredictedbyaddingupthemeaningofconstituentwords.dosbbrownStructuralstability:cannotalterorsubstituteitscomponentwordsofonesownwillProverbs:intheformofsentence,succinctinlgeandpregnantinmeaning.Anarmytravelsonitsbelly.兵马未动，粮草先行.

Fishbeginstostinkatthehead.鱼要腐烂头先臭.(上梁不正下梁歪

).Exercises:1.define:1)morpheme2)inflectionalmorphemes3)boundmorphems4)morphology5)inflection6)stem2.Labelthemorphologicalcategoryofthemorphemeunderlinedineachofthefollowingexpressions:1)I’vebeenthere.2)transform3)o