文体学Chapter-2-Lexicology教学讲解课件

OutlineofContentIntroduction2.1.MorphemicDevices2.1.1Neologisms2.1.2Overregularityandhighfrequencyofoccurrence2.2.LexicalDevices2.2.1Selectionofwords2.2.2Classificationofwords2.2.3Rhetoricalseries2.2.4Wordimplications2.2.5Rhetoricaldevices

Introduction

DefinitionofLexicology

Lexicologystudiesthechoiceofspecificlexicalitems(vocabulary)inatext,theirdistributioninrelationtooneanother,andtheirmeanings.(XuYouzhi,2019)

Lexicologyisconcernedwiththestudyofthemeaningofwordsandlexicalitems,andalsothecompositionofwords.(ZhangDelu,2019)

3Thepurposeoflexicologicalstudyinrelationtostylistics

Thecomponentsandmeaningsofwordsandlexicalitemscanbeusedtoachievestylisticeffects.Therefore,withthehelpoflexicalanalysis,westudyhowcertainstylisticfeaturesareachievedatthelexicallevel.Lexicology1.thecompositionofwords–morphemicdevices2.themeaningofwordslexicaldevices2.1Morphemicdevices

Morphemeisthesmallestmeaningfullanguageunit,whichcannotbedevidedintosmallerunitwithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning.

从表达形式和内容之间的关系上说，词素是最小的意义单位，即不能再分的单位，再细分则必定完全改变或破坏原有的词汇或语法意义。e.g.barks--bark＋schecking--check＋ing

Morphemesconsistofthefollowingtypes:Root:thecentralpartoftheword.E.g.black:blackbird,blacksmith

-ceive:receive,perceive,conceivePrefix:morphemeaddedtothewordinfrontoftheroot.E.g.re-,react

Suffix:morphemeaddedtothewordaftertheroot.E.g.–ing,-edNormandDeviationNorm常规:referstothegeneralfeaturesoflanguage,thefeaturesofaparticulargenre,orthefeaturesofaparticularfield.Deviation变异:linguisticfeatureswhichdepartfromthenormorfromthecommoncore.Stylisticeffectscanbeachievedbytwomajorways:P15byviolatingtheexistingnorm,rules,principlesandconventionsbymakingthelinguisticfeaturesoverregularTherefore,inmorphology,stylisticeffectcanbeachievedby:addingmorphemestorootstomakenewwords,suchasnoncewords(wordscoinedforoneoccasion)orneologismscreatingnewmorphemestomakeupmeaninglesswordsmakingacertainmorphemeoccurinunexpectedhighfrequency2.1.1NeologismNeologismsarenewly-createdwordsorexpressions,orwordsthathavetakenonnewmeanings.Usually,alargenumberofneologismsisadistinctivestylisticfeatureofEnglishnewsreport,scienceandtechnology(EST).NEETBitcoinbestieEmoji:(^ω^)

%>_<%T^T(＞﹏＜)失联土豪你造吗32个赞Somenewwordsandexpressionsarecoinedforspecialstylisticpurposes.Themethodsusedare:affixationderivationcompoundingconversionBlendingetc.咒语1夺魂咒

Imperio因派罗

受术者会受人控制,意志力薄弱的人会会受控制,只有意志力强的人才能破解.

咒语2钻心咒

Crucio可鲁欧

令人毛骨悚然的黑魔法,受术者会浑身抽搐,痉挛,痛不欲生.

咒语3索命咒AvadaKedavra阿瓦达科达华

只有法力最强大的黑巫师才能使用的最强最邪恶的黑魔法.没有任何破解咒,一道绿光闪过,中者立即毙命.

咒语4黑魔标记

Morsmordre魔斯魔德

食死徒闯进一幢建筑或杀死一个人会在天空发射黑魔标记,它是一条从骷髅头中钻出的蛇吐蛇杏的图画.Wiryandwhite-fieryandwhirlwind-swivelledsnow,Spinstothewidow-makingunchildingunfatheringdeeps.

(G.M.Hopkins,TheWreckoftheDeutschland)P16Compounding:

white-fiery(whiteandfieryhaveparallelrelation,meaningwhiteandfiery)whirlwind-swivelled(haverelationsofagentsandactions,i.e.swivelledbywhirlwind)widow-making(makeandwidowareintherelationofprocessandgoal,i.e.tomakewidows)

unchildingunfathering：deeps“thedeepswhichdeprive(wives)ofhusbands,(children)offathers,and(parents)ofchildren”。

Neologismshavetheeffectofcreatingnewandfreshfeelings,theycanalsomakethemeaningsmorecontracted,rhythmfaster,andsoconformtotherhythmofthenaturalphenomenonofthewhirlingwindandsnow.Soneologismsheremakethedescriptionterseandconcise,havingstrongexpressivepower.2.1.2Overregularityandhighfrequencyofoccurrence

Certainmorphemes,suchasprefixesorsuffixes,maybemadeoverregularincreatingparallel,orsymmetricalpatternsorstructures,andthiscanbeaneffectivewayofcreatingcertainaestheticvalues.

polyptoton:themorphemeskeepchangingwhiletherootsstayconstant(repetitionofwordsderivedfromthesamerootbutwithdifferentendings)(对同词根的重复/叠叙法)

homoioteteuton:therootskeepchangingwhilethesuffixremainsthesame(叠脚韵)"Power

corrupts,

and

absolute

power

corrupts

absolutely."

LordActon

"Notasacallto

battle,though

embattled

weare."

JohnF.Kennedy

T.S.Eliot’spoem

“TheDrySalvages”

(1941)Thereisnoendofit,thevoicelesswailing,

Noendtothewitheringofwitheredflowers,

Tothemovementofpainthatispainlessandmotionless,

Tothedriftoftheseaandthedriftingwreckage,

Thebone’sprayertoDeathitsGod.Onlythehardly,barelyprayable

PrayeroftheoneAnnunciation.

1948年诺贝尔文学奖代表作品《荒原》、《四首四重奏》Thereisnoendofit,thevoicelesswailing,

Noendtothewitheringofwitheredflowers,

Tothemovementofpainthatispainlessandmotionless,

Tothedriftoftheseaandthedriftingwreckage,

Thebone’sprayertoDeathitsGod.Onlythehardly,barelyprayable

PrayeroftheoneAnnunciation.

Thereisnoendofit,thevoicelesswailing,

Noendtothewitheringofwitheredflowers,

Tothemovementofpainthatispainlessandmotionless,

Tothedriftoftheseaandthedriftingwreckage,

Thebone’sprayertoDeathitsGod.Onlythehardly,barelyprayable

PrayeroftheoneAnnunciation.

这无声的哀号，没完没了，

凋谢的花，也落个没完，

不痛也不动的痛苦的运动，没有终了，

大海的漂移，残留物的飘荡，也没有终了，

尸骨向死神——它的上帝的祈祷，永无终了。只有天使报喜日

那艰难的、无望的祈祷。202.2LexicalDevices2.2.1SelectionofWords2.2.2ClassificationofWords2.2.3RhetoricalSeries2.2.4WordImplications2.2.5RhetoricalDevices212.2.1SelectionofWordsOriginofEnglishlanguage英语属于西日耳曼语支，起源于盎格鲁-弗里西亚方言，是在日耳曼人（主要来自今天的德国西北地区以及荷兰）入侵时被引入不列颠的。最初的古英语由多种方言组成，这也同时也反映了当时英格兰岛上的盎格鲁-撒克逊王国的起源具有多样性这一事实。这些方言其中的一种，晚期西撒克逊语最终成为了统一英语的语言。现代人所认识的英语，很大程度上和公元1400年的书面中古英语相似。这种转变是由历史上两次入侵引起的。第一次是来自北日耳曼语支（也称斯堪的那维亚语支;现在的丹麦、挪威）的入侵，他们在公元八、九世纪征服并使部分不列颠岛成为他们的殖民地。第二次是十一世纪时来自诺曼人的入侵，他们讲的古诺曼语最终发展为英语的一种变体，称为盎格鲁-诺曼语。与斯堪的那维亚半岛的密切来往引起了英语中大量的语法简化，同时也扩充了盎格鲁-弗里西亚语的词汇量（该语言处于英语核心地位）。与技术、文化相关的词汇大都从古诺曼语演化而来，尤其受到教堂、法庭和统治阶级的深远影响。后来的文艺复兴时期，和大多数其他正在发展中的欧洲语言（如德语、荷兰语、拉丁语、古希腊语）一样，取代了诺曼语和法语作为主要语言来源。至此，英语形成了一种词汇大量外借、不同词汇的来源迥异的混合形态。Anglo-SaxonwordsLatinatewordsjobemploymentmakemanufacturemeaningsignificancequietnesstranquilitybuilderectaskinterrogateriseascend

22aheartywelcomecowacordialreceptionbeef-tion结尾的词，如portion，section。-ty结尾的词，如university。法语中为-té词尾(université)。-able/ible结尾的词（词根为法语/拉丁语)，如capable,impossible,terrible。-ous结尾的形容词，如delicious,fabulous,precious。法语为-eux词尾（délicieux）。-ate结尾的动词，如tolerate,create,enumerate。法语为er结尾。-ize/ise结尾的动词，如privatize,realize,modernize。法语为-iser词尾。triumphalarchArcdetriomphedel'toilePoint

of

order.

As

you’re

in

distress,

it

would

be

customary

for

me

to

offer

you

a

hotbeverage.

But,

I’m

a

guest

in

your

home,

so

it

would

be

customary

for

you

to

offer

me

a

beverage.

How

do

you

want

to

proceed,

vis

a

vis

beverages?

beverage：MiddleEnglish,from

OldFrench

bevrage,from

beivre,todrink,from

Latin

bibere;

distress：MiddleEnglish

distressen,from

OldFrench

destresser,from

destresse；

custom：MiddleEnglish

custume,from

OldFrench

costume,from

Latin

cōnsuētūdō,cōnsuētūdin-proceed：MiddleEnglish

proceden,from

OldFrench

proceder,from

Latin

prōcēdere

:

prō-,forward26Inordertoknowtheoriginofaword,consultthefollowingdictionaries:1.Chambers20thCenturyDictionary2.CollinsEnglishDictionary3.TheConciseOxfordDictionary4.LongmanDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage5.Webster’sNinthNewCollegiateDictionary(韦氏新大学词典第9版)刑事诉讼契约受抚养人子嗣法庭许可承诺ChargeDeedDependantissueLeaveundertakingRegister(语域)isconcernedwiththeuser’suseoflanguage.Suchvarietiesdonotdependonthepeoplewhousethelanguage,butontheoccasionwhenitisused.语域是语篇依据不同的交际场合,为实现某一交际目的而产生的一种功能变体，它是多种参数（语篇语场、方式和基调）的综合体现，并不只是一种单纯的语篇方式变体。Field(语场):Itisconcernedwithwhatishappening,includingthesubjectmatter,theevents,happenings,going-ons,thecontent,etc.Tenor(基调):Itisconcernedwithwhoistakingpartintheexchangeofmeaning—therelationshipbetweenthespeakerandthelistener,theirrelativestatus,theirattitude,andtheirrolerelations,suchasteacher/student,boss/worker.Mode(方式):Itisconcernedwithhowtheinteractionisconducted,thatiswhetheritiswrittenorspoken,orwhetheritisexpressedbyphonicsubstanceorgraphicsubstance.Fieldofdiscourse(话语范围):语场（field）：话语范围，是话语涉及的主题内容，如果话题有变，语言的内容自然随之而变化。这些变化，体现在语法中的物性系统(transitivity)、语态系统(voice)。

Intermsoffield,wordsofdifferentdomains,suchaslaw,mathematics,physics,dailylife,linguistics,etc.maymanifestaparticularstyleoftext.TechnicalEnglish：如法律英语，医学英语

non-technicalEnglish：如寒暄、私人信件Tenorofdiscourse(话语基调):usedifferentexpressionsaccordingtothedifferentlistenersorrolerelationsbetweenthespeakerandthelistener.语旨（tenor）：语言基调，是指话语发放者与接收者的关系，如作家与读者。我们可以从三方面观察人际关系的变异对语言的影响，即“地位”(Status,Power)、接触(Contact)、感情(AffectiveInvolvement)。语式（mode）：话语方式，是指语篇的语言载体形式，即话语交际的媒介。它主要分为两大类：口语形式与书面形式。语式的变化主要反映在语法的主位系统(theme)、资讯结构(informationunit)和各类衔接成分(cohesion)上。e.g.a.Door!b.Shutthedoor(willyou)(please)?c.Icoulddowithoutthedraughtfromthatdoor.d.Maywehavethedoorshut(please)?e.Iwonderifyouwouldmindclosingthedoor.f.I’msorrytotroubleyou,butcouldIaskyoutoclosethedoorforme,please.‘Close’(Latinword)ismoreformalthan‘shut’(Anglo-Saxonword).Modalverbs:could,may,wouldPolitewords:please,sorry,trouble,wonder,mind2.2.2ClassificationofwordsCommoncorewordsSunchairbookWordsusedindifferentvarietiesRegionalDialect:Londondialect,CantoneseSocialdialect:dialectsofage,race,socialstructure,Temporaldialect:OldEnglish,Chaucer’sEnglish,ShakespeareEnglish,modernEnglishP20TheColorPurpleBlackEnglish:Maryreallygoodgirl.Theywasasleep.Idonetoldyoualready.Don’tnobodysaynothing.NatashagotoUnitedStates.2.2.3WordImplications1).WordswithemotivecoloringApartfromtheirreferentialmeanings,wordscarrywiththememotivemeaningsandcanbeusedtoexpresspeople’sfeelings,likesanddislikes,affectionandattitude,etc.Broadlyspeaking,theemotivemeaningsofwordsfallintothreekinds:--neutralmeaningwithnoemotioninvolved;--complimentary/commendatorymeaningwithpositiveemotion,and--derogatorymeaningwithnegativeemotion.Theseemotionalcoloringsarebuiltintowordsandevenremovedfromcontext,manywordsareinherentlychargedwithemotiveandattitudinalmeanings.E.g.Table,chair,true,false–neutralpretty,lovely,tasty–positiveugly,cowardice,murder–negative39Inordertoavoidusingwordswithundesirableassociationspeopleturntoeuphemisms.(Page24)E.g.seniorcitizen–oldpeoplenewlysingle—divorcedmemorialpark—graveyardfuneraldirector–undertaker402)Wordswithconnotativemeaning(内涵意义)Connotativemeaningreferstoallkindsofassociationswordsmayevoke,particularlyincertainemotional,

situationalcontexts,overandabovethebasicorcentralreferential/denotativemeaning（概念意义）ofwords.Connotativemeaningisunstable,varyingconsiderablyaccordingtoculture,historicalperiod,andtheexperienceoftheindividual.FamilyPropagandaHitler、Judaspeach：ayounglady/长寿Red：violence，evil/囍，婚礼White：pure,thecolorofheaven/葬礼Meaningincontext词的涵义与上下文“ayounghealthychildwellnursedisatayearoldamostdelicious,nourishing,andwholesomefood,whetherstewed,roasted,baked,orboiled...”

Baby：weak，loveable；newlife，hope2.2.4Playwithmeaning:rhetoricaldevices

1)Meaningtransference(simile,metaphor,personification,synecdoche,metonymy)2)Meaningextensionandcontraction(hyperbole,litotes/meiosis)3)Contradictioninlogic(oxymoron,paradox)4)Meaningconversion(irony)5)Playonhomonymy(pun)Figuresofspeech(辞格)arewaysofmakingourlanguagefigurative.Whenweusewordsinotherthantheirordinaryorliteralsensetolendforcetoanidea,toheighteneffect,ortocreatesuggestiveimagery,wearesaidtobespeakingorwritingfiguratively.Rhetoricaldevicesmakeyourspeeches,essays,etc.moreinterestingandlivelyandhelpyoutogetandkeepyourreaders’/listeners’attention.

Meaningtransference

(simile,metaphor,personification,synecdoche,metonymy)Inmeaningtransference,themeaningofonewordcanbetransferredtoanotherbymeansofcomparison.Thecomparisoncanbeovertorcovert.Theovertcomparisoniscalledsimile(aislike/asb),thecovertcomparisoniscalledmetaphor(aisb).Simileisafigureofspeechwhichmakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelementshavingatleastonequalityorcharacteristicincommon.Tomakethecomparison,wordslikeas,as…as,asifandlikeareusedtotransferthequalityweassociatewithonetotheother.Metaphorislikeasimile,alsomakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelements,butunlikeasimile,thiscomparisonisimpliedratherthanstated.

e.g.1)Myloveislikearedredrose.(RobertBurns)2)Iwanderedlonelyasacloud.(W.Wordsworth)3)Heisaspoorasachurchmouse,andachurchmouselikehimeatslikeahorse.

4)Hispresenthungerawokeandgnawedathim.(JackLondon)

Personificationisafigureofspeechthatendowsaninanimatething(e.gobjects,animals,ideas,etc.)withhumanfeatures,suchashumanemotion,humanlifeandactions,etc.e.g.thedancingdaffodials;thethirstycropsMoneytalks.themoansoftheautumnwind

Synecdoche(提喻)isarhetoricaldevicewhichusesapartofthingtorepresentthewhole,orthewholetorepresentthepart.e.g.Thecasewasdefendedbyeloquentlips.Manyhandsmakelightwork.Theycametoliveunderthesameroof.It(thevolleyballmatch)wasaclosecontest.Intheend,Chinawon.Metonymy(借喻/借代)isarhetoricaldevicewhichusesthecircumstantialelements,suchasaplace,role,representativethingsymbolicofaparticularroleorpost.e.g.todefythecrown(kingorqueen)fromthecradletothegrave(birth-death)tobepromotedtothebench(judge)Hehasaneyeforbeauty.Hetooktothebottlewhenhewasjustateenager.2)Meaningextensionandcontraction

(hyperbole,litotes/meiosis)

Hyperbole(夸张)isarhetoricalfigurewhichstrechesthemeaningofawordtoitsupperlimitintermsoftheactualfact.(thedeliberateuseofoverstatementorexaggerationtoachieveemphasis)E.g1)Iwasscaredtodeath.Heputared-hotboiledpotatodownmyback.(O.Henry)2)Belindasmiled,andalltheworldwasgay.(AlexanderPope)3)IloveOphelia:fortythousandbrotherscouldnot,withalltheirquantityoflovemakeupmysum.(W.Shakespeare)Litotesormeiosis(含蓄渲染)

Ontheotherhand,themeaningofawordcanbecontractedtoitslowerlimitcomparedtotheactualthingorevent,andthefigureusedhereiscalledlitotesormeiosis.(understatement

forrhetoricaleffect,especiallywhenexpressinganaffirmativebynegatingitscontrary).e.g.Iwasnotalittleupset.(﹦Iwasveryupset.)Wedidn’ttryinvain.(﹦wesucceeded.)BloodwasgushingoutofhisrightlegandIgrewmoreandmoreworried.“Don’tworry!It’sjustalittlescratch,”hesaid,tryingtoassureme.3)Contradictioninlogic

(oxymoron,paradox)Paradox(悖论/似是而非的隽语)isafigureofspeechconsistingofastatementorpropositionwhichonthefaceofitseemsself-contradictory,absurdorcontraryto