清华大学出版社成本会计资料课件

LearningObjective1Explainundercostingandovercostingofproductsandservices.Undercostingand

OvercostingExampleJose,Roberta,andNancyorderseparateitemsforlunch.Jose’sorderamountsto $14Robertaconsumed 30Nancy’sorderis 16Total $60Whatistheaveragecostperlunch?Undercostingand

OvercostingExample$60÷3=$20JoseandNancyareovercosted.Robertaisundercosted.LearningObjective2Presentthreeguidelinesforrefiningacostingsystem.ExistingSingleIndirect-

CostPoolSystemExampleKoleCorporationmanufacturesanormallens(NL)andacomplexlens(CL).Kolecurrentlyusesasingleindirect-costratejobcostingsystem.Costobjects:80,000(NL)and20,000(CL).ExistingSingleIndirect-

CostPoolSystemExampleNormalLenses(NL)Directmaterials $1,520,000Directmfg.labor 800,000Totaldirectcosts $2,320,000Directcostperunit:$2,320,000÷80,000=$29ExistingSingleIndirect-

CostPoolSystemExampleComplexLenses(CL)Directmaterials $920,000Directmfg.labor 260,000Totaldirectcosts $1,180,000Directcostperunit:$1,180,000÷20,000=$59ExistingSingleIndirect-

CostPoolSystemExampleAllIndirectCosts$2,900,00050,000DirectManufacturingLabor-HoursINDIRECT-COSTPOLLINDIRECTCOST-ALLOCATIONBASE$58perDirectManufacturingLabor-HourExistingSingleIndirect-

CostPoolSystemExampleIndirectCostsDirectCostsCOSTOBJECT:NLANDCLLENSESDIRECTCOSTSDirectMaterialsDirectManufacturingLaborExistingSingleIndirect-

CostPoolSystemExampleKoleuses36,000directmanufacturinglabor-hourstomakeNLand14,000directmanufacturinglabor-hourstomakeCL.Howmuchindirectcostsareallocatedtoeachproduct?ExistingSingleIndirect-

CostPoolSystemExampleNL:36,000×$58=$2,088,000CL:14,000×$58=$812,000Whatisthetotalcostofnormallenses?Directcosts$2,320,000+Allocatedcosts$2,088,000=$4,408,000Whatisthecostperunit?$4,408,000÷80,000=$55.10ExistingSingleIndirect-

CostPoolSystemExampleWhatisthetotalcostofcomplexlenses?Directcosts$1,180,000+Allocatedcosts$812,000=$1,992,000Whatisthecostperunit?$1,992,000÷20,000=$99.60ExistingSingleIndirect-

CostPoolSystemExampleNormallensessellfor$60eachandcomplexlensesfor$142each.

Normal

ComplexRevenue $60.00 $142.00Cost 55.10

99.60Income $4.90 $42.40Margin 8.2% 29.9%RefiningaCostingSystemDirect-costtracingIndirect-costpoolsCost-allocationbasisRefiningaCostingSystem1.DesignofProductsandProcessTheDesignDepartmentdesignsthemoldsanddefinesprocessesneeded(detailsofthemanufacturingoperations).RefiningaCostingSystem2.ManufacturingOperationsLensesaremolded,finished,cleaned,andinspected.3.ShippingandDistributionFinishedlensesarepackedandsenttothevariouscustomers.LearningObjective3Distinguishbetweenthetraditionalandtheactivity-basedcostingapproachestodesigningacostingsystem.Activity-BasedCostingSystemFundamentalCostObjectsActivitiesCostsofActivitiesAssignmenttoOtherCostObjectsCostof:ProductServiceCustomerActivity-BasedCostingSystemAcross-functionalteamatKoleCorporationidentifiedkeyactivities:Designproductsandprocesses.Setupmoldingmachine.Operatemachinestomanufacturelenses.Maintainandcleanthemolds.Activity-BasedCostingSystemSetupbatchesoffinishedlensesforshipment.Distributelensestocustomers.Administerandmanageallprocesses.Activity-BasedCostingSystemNo.ofSetupHoursLensesNLLensesCLLensesOtherCostAllocationBaseProductCostObjectsNo.ofShipmentsParts-SquarefeetSetupDesignShippingActivityIndirectCostPoolActivity-BasedCostingSystem

NL

CLQuantityproduced 80,000 20,000No.produced/batch 250 50Numberofbatches 320 400Setuptimeperbatch 2hours 5hoursTotalsetup-hours 640 2,000Totalsetupcostsare$409,200.Activity-BasedCostingSystemWhatisthesetupcostpersetup-hour?$409,200÷2,640hours=$155Whatisthesetupcostperdirectmanufacturinglabor-hour?$409,200÷50,000=$8.184Activity-BasedCostingSystemAllocationusingdirectlabor-hours:NL:$8.184×36,000 = $294,624CL:$8.184×14,000 = $114,576Total $409,200Allocationusing

setup-hours:NL:$155×640 = $99,200CL:$155×2,000 = $310,000Total $409,200LearningObjective4Describeafour-partcosthierarchy.CostHierarchiesAcosthierarchyisacategorizationofcostsintodifferentcostpools.Costdriversbases(cost-allocationbases)Degreesofdifficultyindeterminingcause-and-effectrelationshipsCostHierarchiesABCsystemscommonlyuseafour-partcosthierarchytoidentifycost-allocationbases:1. Outputunit-levelcosts2. Batch-levelcosts3. Product-sustainingcosts4. Facility-sustainingcostsOutputUnit-LevelCostsTheseareresourcessacrificedonactivitiesperformedoneachindividualunitofproductorservice.EnergyMachinedepreciationRepairsBatch-LevelCostsTheseareresourcessacrificedonactivitiesthatarerelatedtoagroupofunitsofproduct(s)orservice(s)ratherthantoeachindividualunitofproductorservice.Setup-hoursProcurementcostsProduct-SustainingCostsTheseareoftencalledservice-sustainingcostsandareresourcessacrificedonactivitiesundertakentosupportindividualproductsorservices.DesigncostsEngineeringcostsFacility-SustainingCostsTheseareresourcessacrificedonactivitiesthatcannotbetracedtoindividualproductsorservicesbutsupporttheorganizationasawhole.Generaladministration–rent–buildingsecurityLearningObjective5Costproductsorservicesusingactivity-basedcosting.Implementing

Activity-BasedCostingIdentifycostobjects.NLCLIdentifythedirectcostsoftheproducts.DirectmaterialDirectlaborMoldcleaningandmaintenanceStep1Step2Implementing

Activity-BasedCostingCleaningandmaintenancecostsof$360,000aredirectbatch-levelcosts.Why?Becausethesecostsconsistofworkers’wagesforcleaningmoldsaftereachbatchoflensesisrun.Implementing

Activity-BasedCosting NormalLenses(NL) CostHierarchy

Description

CategoryDirectmaterials Unit-level $1,520,000Directmfg.labor Unit-level 800,000Cleaningandmaint. Batch-level 160,000Totaldirectcosts $2,480,000Implementing

Activity-BasedCosting ComplexLenses(CL) CostHierarchy

Description

CategoryDirectmaterials Unit-level $920,000Directmfg.labor Unit-level 260,000Cleaningandmaint. Batch-level 200,000Totaldirectcosts $1,380,000Implementing

Activity-BasedCostingSelectthecost-allocationbasestouseforallocatingindirectcoststotheproducts.(1) (2) (3)Activity

CostHierarchy

TotalCostsDesign Product-sustaining $450,000SetupsBatch-level $409,200Operations Unit-level $637,500Step3Implementing

Activity-BasedCostingIdentifytheindirectcostsassociatedwitheachcost-allocationbase.Overheadcostsincurredareassignedtoactivities,totheextentpossible,onthebasisofacause-and-effectrelationship.Step4Implementing

Activity-BasedCostingComputetherateperunit. (1) (5)

NL

CL

TotalSetup-hours: 640 2,000 2,640Step5$409,200÷2,640=$155Implementing

Activity-BasedCostingComputetheindirectcostsallocatedtotheproducts.NL: $155×640= $99,200CL: $155×2,000= 310,000Total $409,200Step6Implementing

Activity-BasedCostingComputethecostsoftheproducts.NLandCLwouldshowthreedirectcostcategories.Step71. Directmaterials2. Directmanufacturinglabor3. CleaningandmaintenanceImplementing

Activity-BasedCostingNLandCLwouldshowsixindirectcostpools.1. Design2. Moldingmachinesetups3. Manufacturingoperations4. Shipmentsetup5. Distribution6. AdministrationLearningObjective6Useactivity-basedcostingsystemsforactivity-basedmanagement.Activity-BasedManagementABMdescribesmanagementdecisionsthatuseactivity-basedcostinginformationtosatisfycustomersandimproveprofits.ProductpricingandmixdecisionsCostreductionandprocessimprovementdecisionsDesigndecisionsProductPricingand

MixDecisionsABCgivesmanagementinsightintothecoststructuresformakingandsellingdiverseproducts.Itprovidesmoreaccurateproductcostinformationandmoredetailedinformationoncostsofactivitiesandthedriversofthosecosts.CostReductionandProcess

ImprovementDecisionsManufacturinganddistributionpersonneluseABCsystemstofocusoncost-reductionefforts.Managerssetcost-reductiontargetsintermsofreducingthecostperunitofthecost-allocationbase.DesignDecisionsManagementcanidentifyandevaluatenewdesignstoimproveperformancebyevaluatinghowproductandprocessdesignsaffectactivitiesandcosts.Companiescanworkwiththeircustomerstoevaluatethecostsandpricesofalternativedesigns.LearningObjective7Compareactivity-basedcostingsystemsanddepartment-costingsystems.ABCandDepartment

Indirect-CostRatesManycompanieshaveevolvedtheircostingsystemfromusingasinglecostpooltousingseparateindirect-costratesforeachdepartment:DesignManufacturingDistributionABCandDepartment

Indirect-CostRatesWhy?Becausethecostdriversofresourcesineachdepartmentorsubdepartmentdifferfromthesingle,company-wide,cost-allocationbase.ABCsystemsareafurtherrefinementofdepartmentcostingsystems.LearningObjective8Evaluatethecostsandbenefitsofimplementingactivity-basedcostingsystems.BenefitsofABCSystemsSignificantamountsofindirectcostsareallocatedusingonlyoneortwocostpools.Allormostcostsareidentifiedasoutputunit-levelcosts.Productsmakediversedemandsonresourcesbecauseofdifferencesinvolume,processsteps,batchsize,orcomplexity.BenefitsofABCSystemsProductsthatacompanyiswell-suitedtomakeandsellshowsmallprofitswhileproductsforwhichacompanyislesssuitedshowlargeprofits.Complexproductsappeartobeveryprofitableandsimpleproductsappeartobelosingmoney.BenefitsofABCSystemsOperationsstaffhavesignificantdisagreementswiththeaccountingstaffaboutt