英语词汇学复习要点(不过就难啊)

1.Motivation分类：onomatopoeicmotivation拟声理据，morphologicalmotivation形态理据,semanticmotivation语义理据etymologicalmotivation词源理据.Typesofmeaning:grammatical~&lexical~;conceptual~&associative~(connotative~,stylistic~,affective~,collocative~,)Associativemeaning:1)associativemeaningisthesecondarymeaningsupplementedtotheconceptualmeaning.2)Itdiffersfromtheconceptualmeaninginthatitisopen-endedandindeterminated.3)Itisliabletotheinfluenceofsuchfactorsasculture,experience,religion,geographicalregion,classbackground,education,etc.4)Associativemeaningcomprisesfourtypes:connotative,stylistic,affective,andcollocative.Polysemyisacommonfeaturepeculiartoallnaturallanguagethatonewordhastwoormoresensesormeanings.Diachronicapproachisanapproachtopolysemywhichstudieshowawordderiveditsdifferentmeaningsfromitsprimarymeaninginthecourseoftime.同形同音异义关系Homonymyisoneofthefeaturesofwordsthatawordisdifferentinmeaningfromanother,buteitheridenticalbothinsoundandspellingoridenticalonlyinsoundorspellingwiththeotherHomonymsgenerallyfallintothreeclasses:perfecthomonyms(samename);homographs(samespelling)andhomophones(somesound).Perfecthomonymsarethosewordsidenticalbothinsoundandspelling,butdifferentinmeaning,e.g.bear/bea/(n)alargeheavyanimal;bear/bea/(v)toputupwith.Homographsarethewordsidenticalonlyinspellingbutdifferentinsoundandmeaning,e.g.saw//(v)toscatterseeds;sow/sau/(n)femaleadultpig.Homophonesrefertothewordsidenticalonlyinsoundbutdifferentinspellingandmeaning,e.g.dear/dia/(n)alovedperson;deer/dia/(n)akindofanimal.同形同音异义词与多义词的区别Perfecthomonymsandpolysemantsarefullyidenticalwithregardtospellingandpronunciation.Thiscreatestheproblemofdifferentiation.Thefundamentaldifferencebetweenhomonymsandpolysemantsliesinthefactthattheformerreferstodifferentwordswhichhappentosharethesameformandthelatteristheoneandsamewordwhichhasseveraldistinguishablemeanings.Oneimportantcriterionistoseetheiretymology,i.e.homonymsarefromdifferentsourceswhereasapolysemantisfromthesamesourcewhichhasacquireddifferentmeaningsinthecourseofdevelopment.Thesecondprincipalconsiderationissemanticrelatedness.Thevariousmeaningsofapolysemantarecorrelatedandconnectedtoonecentralmeaningtoagreaterorlesserdegree,e.g.neck(See6.1Polysemy).Ontheotherhand,meaningsofdifferenthomonymshavenothingtodowithoneanother.Indictionaries,apolysemanthasitsmeaningsalllistedunderoneheadwordwhereashomonymsarelistedasseparateentries.同义关系Synonymsarewordswhichsharethesameornearlythesamemeaningwitheachotherbutdifferentinsoundandspelling.Thereareabsolutesynonymsandrelativesynonymswhichresultfromborrowing,dialectsandregionalEnglish,figurativeandeuphemisticuseofwords,coincidencewithidiomaticexpressions.Thereexiststhedifferencebetweenoramongsynonymsintermsoftheirdenotation,connotationorapplication.Absolutesynonymsorcompletesynonymsarewordswhichareidenticalinmeaninginallitsaspects.Relativesynonymsornear-synonymsaresimilarornearlythesameindenotation,butembracedifferentshadesofmeaningordifferentdegreesofagivenquality.SourcesofSynonymsBorrowing2)DialectsandregionalEnglish3)Figurativeandeuphemisticuseofwords4)Coincidencewithidiomaticexpressions如何区分同义词？1Differenceindenotation2Differenceinconnotation3DifferenceinapplicationWhatarethecharacteristicsofantonyms?Antonymsareclassifiedonthebasisofsemanticopposition2)Awordwhichhasmorethanonemeaningcanhavemorethanoneantonym.3)Antonymsdifferinsemanticinclusion.4)Contrarytermsaregradableantonyms,differingindegreeofintenisty,soeachhasitsowncorrespondingopposite.8・上下义关系:Hyponymydealswiththerelationshipofsemanticinclusion.Thatis,themeaningofamorespecificwordisincludedinthatofanothermoregeneralword.Superordinatesrefertosomegeneralwords;subordinatesdenotethosemorespecificwords.Hyponymycanbedescribedintermsoftree-likegraphs,withhigher-ordersuperordinatesabovethelowersubordinates.Buttheirstatuseitherassuperordinateorsubordinateisrelativetootherterms.Forexample,horse,dog,pigaresubordinatesinrelationtoanimal,butsuperordinatesofmare,houndandboar,Animalitselfbecomesasubordinateofcreature.Andcreatureinturnbecomes词义变化的种类Therearefivetypesofmeaning,changes:extension,narrowing,degradation,elevation,andtransferamongwhichextensionandnarrowingarethemostcommon.Changesinmeaningcanbeaccountedforfromextra-linguisticfactors(historicalreason,classreason,andpsychologicalreason)andintra-linguisticfactors(shortening,theinfluxofborrowing,andanalogy).词义的扩大Extensionisaprocessbywhichawordwithaspecializedsenseisgeneralizedtocoverabroaderorless词义的缩小Narrowingisaprocessbywhichawordofwidermeaningacquiresaspecializedsense；词义的升格Elevationisaprocessbywhichawordmovesfromaderogatoryorneutralsensetoaneutraland/orappreciativesense；词义的降格Degradationisaprocessbywhichawordofreputationslidesintoapejorativeuse,；词义的转移Transferisaprocessbywhichaworddenotingonethingchangestorefertoadifferentbutrelatedthing.Paperservesasanexample.ThiswordformerlydenotedanAfricanplantpapyrus,whichwasonceusedtomakepaper.Inmoderntimes,paperismadefromrags,wood,strawandthelike,buttheproducthasretainedthesamename.Thereisassociatedtransfer.Thereareotherkindsoftransfer,suchas,concretetoabstract,abstracttoconcreteandtransferofsensation.语境的种类:非语言语境。语言语境：词汇语境和语法语境。Therearetwotypesofcontexts:linguisticcontextandextra-linguistic(ornon-linguisticcontext).Extra-linguisticcontextreferstothosesituationsandfeatureswhicharenotdirectlyapartofthelanguageinusebutwhicheithercontributeinconveyingamessageorhaveaninfluenceonlanguageuse.LinguisticorIntra-linguisticcontextisfurthersubdividedintolexicalcontextandgrammaticalcontext.Bylexicalcontextwemeanthewordsthatoccurtogetherwiththewordinquestion.Bygrammaticalcontextwemeanthatthemeaningsofawordmaybeinfluencedbythestructureinwhichitoccurs.语境的作用：Threemajorfunctionsofcontext:eliminationofambiguity,indicationofreferents,provisionofcluesforinferringword-meaning.Contextanbesummedupasfollows:1)definition2)explanation3)example4)synonymy5)Antonymy6)hyponymy7)relevantdetails8)wordstructure英语习语的特点Thecharacteristicsofidiomsincludesemanticunityandstructuralstability.英语习语的分类Accordingtothecriterionoftheirgrammaticalfunctions,weclassifythemintoidiomsnominalinnature,idiomsadjectivalinnature,idiomsverbalinnature,idiomsadverbialinnature,andsentenceidioms.Thestylisticfeaturesarecharacterizedwithcolloquialisms,slang,andliteraryexpressions.英语习语的使用Theuseofidiomsinvolvestheirstylisticfeatures,rhetoricalfeatures,andvariationsofidioms.英语习语的修辞色彩Therhetoricalfeaturesofidiomsarerepresentedwithphoneticmanipulation(alliteration头韵法andrhyme叠韵),lexicalmanipulation(reiteration复用，repetition重复andjuxtaposition反义词叠用),figuresofspeech(simile明喻,metaphor暗喻,metonymy转喻,synecdoche借代,personification拟人,euphemism委婉)15・Metonymy和Synecdoche，修饰有何区别？Bothmetonymyandsynecdocheinvolvesubstitutionofnames,yettheydifferinthattheformerisacaseofusingthenameofonethingforanothercloselyassociatedwithitandthelatteristhatofsubstitutingpartforthewholeandviceversa.二.串讲内容第一章Lexicology这门课算哪一种学科的分支:Lexicologyisabranchoflinguistics,inquiringintotheoriginsandmeaningsofwords.Lexicology和那些重要的学科建立了联系：Morphology2)Semantics3)Stylistics4)Etymology5)Lexicography3■研究lexicology的两大方法:1)Diachronicapproach:历时语言学2)Synchronicapproach:共时语言学e.g.wife纵观历时语言学的方法论，woman词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式？Woman的词义的变化算Narrowingorspecialization4.Whatisword?词具有哪些特点？词的特点也就是对词的名词解释。1)Awordisaminimalfreeformofalanguage;2)Asoundunityoragivensound;3)aunitofmeaning;4)aformthatcanfunctionaloneinasentenee.以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释5•词的分类(classificationofaword)词根据发音可以分为哪两种词？或者说词根据拼写可以分为哪两类词simplewords2)complexwords单音节词例子：e.g.Manandfinearesimple多音节词例子：e.g.Management,misfortune,blackmailmanagement可以次划分为manage和-mentmisfortune可以次划分为mis-和fortuneblackmail次划分为black和mailWhatistherelationshipbetweensoundandmeaning?Thereis‘nologicalrelationshipbetweenthesoundandactualthing.e.g.dog.CatTherelationshipbetweenthemisconventional.Indifferentlanguagesthesameconceptcanberepresentedbydifferentsounds.Whatisrelationshipbetweensoundandform?Thewrittenformofanaturallanguageisthewrittenrecordoftheoralform.Naturallythewrittenformshouldagreewiththeoralform,suchasEnglishlanguage.ThisisfairlytrueofEnglishinitsearlieststagei.e.OldEnglishWiththedevelopmentofthelanguage,moreandmoredifferencesoccurbetweenthetwo.Whatarethegreatchangesthatcausesillogicalrelationshiporirregularitybetweensoundandform?TheinternalreasonforthisisthattheEnglishalphabetwasadoptedfromtheRomans,whichdoesnothaveaseparatelettertorepresenteachsoundinthelanguagesothatsomelettersmustdodoubledutyorworktogetherincombination.Anotherreasonisthatthepronunciationhaschangedmorerapidlythanspellingovertheyears,andinsomecasesthetwohavedrawnfarapart.Athirdreasonisthatsomeofthedifferenceswerecreatedbytheearlyscribes.Finallycomestheborrowing,whichisanimportantchannelofenrichingtheEnglishvocabulary.要记住以上四句话中的关键词：1)influencedbyRomans2)Pronunciationchanged3)earlyscribes4)borrowing你能不能举出外来语对英语发音,拼写造成不一致的例子有哪些？e.g.stimulus(L),fiesta(Sp),eureka(Gr),kimono(Jap)外来语对英语造成的最大的影响就是soundandform'不一致。Whatisvocabulary?Vocabularyreferstothetotalnumberofthewordsinalanguage,butitcanstandforallthewordsusedinaparticularhistoricalperiod.Vocabularyalsoreferstoallthewordsofagivendialect,givenbook,agivendisciplineandthewordspossessedbyanindividualperson.Whatistheclassificationofwords?Howtoclassifywordsinlinguistics?Threecriteria:1)Byuseoffrequency2)Bynotion3)ByoriginByuseoffrequency可划分为：1)Thebasicwordstock2)NonbasicwordvocabularyBynotion可划分为：1)Contentword2)FunctionalwordContentwordsarealsoknownasnotionalwords.(Contentwords的另Ll称)Functionalwordsarealsoknownasemptywords,orformwords.(Functionalwords的另Ll称)Functionalwordspossessesacharacteristicofbasicwordstock,i.e.stabilityWhatarethecharacteristicsofbasicwordstock?1)Allnationalcharacter2)Stability3)Productivity4)Polysemy5)Collocability要把握住'Allnationalcharacter词，就是和我们日常生活息息相关的，最普通词13.WhichconstitutesthelargernumberamongEnglishvocabularyc,ontentorfunctionalwords?Answer:ContentwordsWhatisnativewords?Answer:(1)Byorigin,Englishwordscanbeclassifiedintonativewordsandborrowedwords.(2)NativewordsarewordsbroughttoBritaininthefifthcenturybytheGermantribes:theAngles,theSaxons,andtheJutes,thusknowasAnglo-Saxonwords.(3)WordsofAnglo-Saxonoriginaresmallinnumber,amountingtoroughly50,000to60,000,buttheyformthemainstreamofthebasicwordstockandstandatthecoreofthelanguage14.什么叫borrowedwords?Answer:(1)wordstakenoverfromforeignlanguagesareknowasborrowedwordsorloanwordsorborrowingsinsimpleterms.(2)ItisestimatedthatEnglishborrowingsconstitute80percentofthemodernEnglishvocabulary(3)TheEnglishlanguagehasvastdebts.Inanydictionarysome80%oftheentriesareborrowed.第二章：TheIndo-EuropeanLanguageFamilyItisassumedthattheworldhasapproximately3,000(someputit5,000)languages,whichcanbegroupedintoroughly300languagefamiliesonthebasisofsimilaritiesintheirbasicwordstockandgrammar.'Indo-European'两大分支：I.Easternset2.WesternsetEasternset:Balto-Slavic,Indo-Iranian,ArmenianandAlbanianWesternset:Celtic,Italic,Hellenic,Germanic.InthewesternSet,GreekisthemodernlanguagederivedfromHellenic.Celt：icScottish,Irish,Welsh,BretonThefiveRomancelanguages,namely,Portuguese,Spanish,French,Italian,RumanianallbelongtotheItalic.TheGermanicfamilyconsistsofthefourNorthernEuropeanLanguages:Norwegian,Icelandic,DanishandSwedish,whicharegenerallyknownasScandinavianlanguages.ThenthereisGerman,Dutch,FlemishandEnglish.WithVikings'invasion,manyScandinavianwordscameintotheEnglishlanguage.Itisestimatedthatatleast900wordsofScandinavianoriginhavesurvivedinmodernEnglish.OldEnglishhasavocabularyofabout50,000to60,000words.ItwasahighlyinflectedlanguagejustlikemodernGerman.ModernEnglishbeganwiththeestablishmentofprintinginEngland古英语最大的模糊性的概念来自于(scripts)古英语正因为出现印刷术才打破了(earlyscripts)Soundandform真正达到统一是在什么时期？.Soundandformreachedtheirconcordin(ModernEnglishperiod)如果从词汇变化的角度而言，ModernEnglish又可以细划分为earlyperiod,modernperiod.现代英语早期阶段属于哪一种文化现象的发展时期EarlymodernEnglishappearedintheRenaissanceModernEnglishperiod有什么样的外来语的进入？TheLatinwordsswarmedintoEnglishinearlymodernEnglishperiod现代英语时期，英语词汇大量丰富还有另外一个原因是(colonization)TherichnessofModernEnglishinvocabularyalsoarisesfrom(Colonization)TheEnglishlanguagehasevolvedfromasyntheticlanguagetothepresentanalyticlanguageThreemainsourcesofnewwords:1)TherapiddevelopmentofmodernscienceandtechnologySocial,economicandpoliticalchanges;3)Theinfluenceofotherculturesandlanguage5.ModesofVocabularyDevelopment1)creation2)semanticchange3)borrowing2)Semanticchange(还包括外来词的Semanticloans)Elevation,degradation,extension,narrowing,transfer外来词可以被称作borrowedwords,因此borrowedwordsarealsoknownasloanedwords.恢复古英语的用词是美国英语的一大特色RevivingarchaicorobsoletewordsalsocontributestothegrowthofEnglishvocabularythoughquiteinsignificant.ThisisespeciallytrueofAmericanEnglish.英语从syntheticlanguage发展到presentanalyticallanguage是在英语的哪一个阶段完成的？答案：ModernEnglishperiod在英语发展过程在哪个阶段出现三语鼎立的现象？French,Latin,EnglishinMiddleEnglishperiod8.OldEnglish和MiddleEnglish最大的strikingdistinction存在于哪一个方面?答案：OldEnglishwasalanguageoffullendings,MiddleEnglishwasoneofleveledendings.文艺复兴时期，哪两种文化得到了复兴，这对英语词汇的丰富具有什么样的影响?答案：Greek,Romanculture某些希腊词被引入到了英语是在什么阶段?答案：ModernEnglish—-Vr.第三章ThesmallestunitintheEnglishlanguagerefersto(morphemes)TheminimalfreeformintheEnglishlanguagerefersto(word)Morphemes:Theminimalmeaningfulunitsinalanguageareknownasmorphemes.Inotherwords,themorphemesisthesmallestfunctioningunitincompositionofwordsAllomorphs:Thealternativemorphsareknownasallomorphs,e.g.themorphemeofplurality{-s}hasanumberofallomorphsindifferentsoundcontext,e.g.incatsinbags,matchesItcanberealizedbythechangeofaninternalvowelasinfoot-feet,man-men,goose-geeseorbyzeromorphsasindeer-deer,fish-fishwhatarethetypesofmorphemes?答案：Freemorphemesandboundmorphemes。Freemorphemes:1)Freemorphemesareindependentofothermorphemesandareconsideredtobefree.2)Thesemorphemeshavecompletemeaningsinthemselvesandcanbeusedasfreegrammaticalunitsinsentences.3)Theyareidenticalwithrootwords,aseachofthemconsistsofasinglefreerootwords,aseachofthemconsistsofasinglefreeroot4)freemorphemesarefreeroots.boundmorphemes:1)Morphemeswhichcannotoccurasseparatewordsarebound..2)Theyareboundtoothermorphemestoformwords.3)Boundmorphemesincludetwotypes:boundrootandaffixaffix分为两类：inflectionalandderivationalaffixes.Inflectionalaffixes:Affixesattachedtotheendofwordstoindicategrammaticalrelationshipsareinflectional,thusknownasinflectionalmorphemes.Derivationalaffixes:1)derivationalaffixesareaffixesaddedtoothermorphemestocreatenowwords.2)Derivationalaffixescanbefurtherdividedintoprefixesandsuffixes.root:1)arootisthebasicformofawordwhichcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity.theroot,whetherfreeorbound,generallycarriesthemaincomponentofmeaninginaworda'rootisthatpartofawordformthatremainswhenallinflectionalandderivationalaffixeshavebeenremovedstem:1)astemmayconsistofasinglerootmorphemeasinironoroftworootmorphemesasinacompoundlikehandcuff.Itcanbearootmorphemeplusoneormoreaffixationalmorphemesasinmouthful,underestimate.Therefore,astemcanbedefinedasaformtowhichaffixesofanykindcanbeadded.第四章:1.在英语中,主要的构词法分为哪几种?答案：有七种:1)Affixation2)Compounding3)conversion4)shortening5)clipping6)acronymy7)blending有三种最常用:affixation,compoundingandconversion由专有名词变为普通名词是词义变化的哪一种？答案：Extension由普通名词变为专有名词是词义变化的哪一种模式?答案：NarrowingAffixation又被称为什么?它分为哪两类？答案：AffixationisalsoknownasderivationAffixationfallsintotwosubclasses:prefixationandsuffixation要点：有哪些前缀属于什么样的类另Ll：a-,non,ir:negativeprefixesde-,dis-(既属于negative,也属于reversativeprefixes)mal-,pseudo-,mis-:pejorativeprefixessuper,sur-,extra：prefixesofdegreeorsizeanti-,contra-,counter-,pro-:prefixesoforientationandattitudetrans-,fore-tele-:locativeprefixesfore-,post-:prefixesoftimeandorderbi-,uni-,semi-:numberprefixespan-,vice-:miscellaneousprefixessuffixation:1.Nounsuffixes1)Denominalnouns2)Deverbalnouns3)De-adjectivenouns:ity,-ness,4)Nounandadjectivesuffixes注意Compounding,acoronymy,blending,conversion,clipping的名词解释.复合词分为哪三类:1)solid2)hyphenated3)openwhatarethecharacteristicsofcompounds?Whatarethedifferencebetweencompoundsandfreephrases?答案：1)phoneticfeatures2)Semanticfeatures3)Grammaticalfeatures最常见的三种词性:1)Nouncompound2)Adjectivecompounds3)verbcompounds在名词性复合词中有哪几种有多产性,哪两种不具有多产性?在形容性复合词当中,哪三类有多产性?动词性复合词是靠哪两种方法复合在一起的？名词解释:ConversionConversionistheformationofnewwordsbyconvertingwordsofoneclasstoanotherclass.Functionalshift=conversionZero-derivation(选择或填空要点)Adjectivetonoun:(1)fullconversion(2)partialconversion形容词转为动词分为哪两类？答案：由Adjectivetoverbs:(1)Transitive(2)Intransitive‘blending'分为哪四类合成词？1.head+tail2.head+head3.head+word4.word+tail绝大多数blending都是什么词性?答案：nouns，Theoverwhelmingmajorityofblendsarenouns;veryfewareverbsandadjectivesareevenfewer.截短法clipping分为哪四类？答案：Therearefourcommontypesofclipping:1)Frontclipping2)Backclipping3)Frontandbackclipping4)Phraseclipping要注意clipping的例子有一个特殊变化：fridge(refrigerator截短之后在i,g中间加一个d),还有拼写发生变化，比如说：coke(cocacola)什么是acronymy?AcronymyistheprocessofformingnewwordsbyjoiningtheinitiallettersofneamesofsocialandpoliticalorganizationsorspecialnounphrasesandtechnicaltermsAcronymy包含两类：1)initialisms(不发音)e.g.BBC,VOA,TB2)acronyms(形成新的发音)e.g.CORE,TEFLWordsfrompropernames有四大类:1.Namesofpeoplee.g.bobby:Namesofpeople2.Namesofplacese.g.champagne,rugby3.Namesofbookse.g.utopia4.Tradenamese.g.cabal12.以下的词采用哪种构词法？e.g.diagnosis---?diagnose:(先有诊断的名词,后有了诊断的动词,这种构词被称作)backformationbloomers(它的构词法满足哪一种词法):属于Wordsfrompropernames中的NamesofpeopleVJ-day:(这种构词法是由哪一种构成的)属于Initialisms中的AcronymsPop:(采用哪一种构词法构成的):clippingSitcom:blendingFORTRAN:head+headBath名(词)bathe(动词)Bath和bathe存在一种什么关系?(Conversion)重点句：Conversionisalsoknownasfunctionalshift.Noun+v-ing,这类词构成的词是什么词？答案：compoundingRecord-breaking,它是属于复合法中的哪一种？答案：Adjectivescompounds请说出Adjectivescompounds中多产性强的有几类？答有三类1)n+v-ing2)n+a3)n+v-edup-bringing是属于哪一类构词法构成的词？答案：nouncompounds(adv+v-ing)复合词与自由短语的最大的区另是什么?答案：区另也就是复合词的特点:1)Phoneticfeatures2)Semanticfeatures3)Grammaticalfeaturesredmeat,greenhorn,它们是复合词的哪一个特点构成的词?答案：Semanticfeatures(也就是从构词上推不出它的涵义)Compounding又被称作什么法？答案：composition由compounding或composition构成的词被称作什么？答案：compounds复合词分为几类？分另举例加以说明？答案：分为三类：solid,hyphenated,opensolid:blackmail,blackmarkethyphenated:brother-in-law,open:greenhorn,greenhand当形容词转为动词时分为几类:Adjectivestoverbs答案:有三类:1)Bothtransitiveandintransitive2)Onlytransitive3)Onlyintransitive由人的行为所造成的结果进行转类之后，转成了什么词性?答案：verbtonoune.g.catch形容词可不可以转类，转成名词分为几个类别?答案：分为两类：1)fullconversione.g.black,white2)partialconversione.g.therich,thepoor名词再变成名词分为几类？分别举例说明？答案：1)Concrete2)abstracte.g.host:(可加-ess变成具体名词)friend:(加-ship可变成抽象名词)Awordisunityofsoundandmeaning(trueorfalse)答案：true(可从word的四个特点看出)27.判断对错：1．Conversionmeanstransferofawordfromoneclasstoanther.(trueorfalse)答案：true2．Therelationshipbetweenawordsymbolanditsmeaningismostlyarbitraryandconventional.(答案：true3.awordusedindifferentcontextsmaycontrastwithdifferentantonyms.(trueorfalse)答案：true4.anallomorphisanyofthevariantformsofmorphemes.(trueorfalse)答题：falseAwordwhichhasmorethanonemeaningcanhavemorethanoneantonym.E.g.fast(fast在不同的语境中对应着不同的概念)28.Chineseisournativelanguage,butwecannotsaytheChineseisour?.a)mothertongueb)firstlanguagec)motherlanguaged)officiallanguage答案：C)motherlanguage(不存在的一种说法)以下的哪一个词isnotanexpressionusedbyAmerican?A)tubeB)barC)MailboxD)Congress答案：tube(只有英国人把地铁叫tube,美国人把它叫作subway,underground)‘smog'它是‘smoke,fog'合在一起形成的词，它是采用了下面哪一种构词法？A)clippingB)compoundingC)blendingD)backformation答案：C)blending以下的词哪些属于：A)simplewordB)compoundwordC)derivedwordD)shortenedform.e.g.goldmine(compoundword)bike(shortenedform)process(derivedword:cess是一个不可分割的boundroot，pro它是一个前缀)supermarket(derivedword)language(simpleword)driver(derivedword)dorm(shortenedform,clipping)modernize(derivation)blackboard(compound)bus(shortenedform)(omnibus)第五章：WordMeaningThemeaningsof‘Meaning'指的是哪三个层次的内容?意义中的含义的三个层次的划分:Whatarethemeaningsof、Meaning'?1)Reference(有reference的词必然具有sense,也必然具有Concept)2)Concept(能够形成Concept的词必然有reference)3)Sense(有sense的词未必具有concept,也未必具有reference)(Conjunction,prepositions,adverbs,它们都是具有sense的词,但是未必具有reference,也未必具有concept,例如：if,but,probably:它们有sense,但没有concept)WhatistherelationshipbetweenthereferenceandthethingoutsidetheIanguage?等同于：Whatisrelationshipbetweensoundandform)答:ArbitraryandconventionalConcept:1.Meaningandconceptarecloselyconnectedbutnotidentical.Theyarebothrelateddirectlytoreferentsandarenotionsofthewordsbutbelongtodifferentcategories.2.Concept,whichisbeyondlanguage,istheresultofhumancognition,reflectingtheobjectiveworldinthehumanmind.Conceptisuniversaltoallmenalikeregardlessofculture,race,languageandsoon.4.aconceptcanhaveasmanyreferringexpressionsastherearelanguagesintheworld.Sense:1.‘sense'denotestherelationshipsinsidethelanguage.‘Thesenseofanexpressionisitsplaceinasystemofsemanticrelationshipswithotherexpressionsinthelanguage.'2.Sincethesenseofanexpressionisnotathing,itisoftendifficulttosaywhatsortofidentityitis.Itisalsoanabstraction.*3.Everywordthathasmeaninghassense(noteverywordhasreference)Whatarethetypeofmotivation？1)Onomatopoeicmotivation2)MorphologicalMotivation3)SemanticMotivation4)EtymologicalMotivation。someofthewordswheneditedwithprefixesandsuffixes,itwillbecomeanothernewword,eithernewinmeaningornewinsense,thismotivationiscalled(morphologicalmotivation)Compoundsaretotallydifferentinthemeaningbeforeitwascarriedoutwithdifferentelements,sothemeaningofacompoundcannotbededucedfromcomponentconstitutedthiscompound,thismotivationiscalled(morphologicalmotivation)peninoldEnglish,referstothefeather,butwiththedevelopmentoftechnology,fountainwasinvented,butthenameofthismaterialwaskeptuptothisday,peoplestillusedthepentorefertowrittingtool,thismotivationiscalled(etymologicalmotivation)Conceptualmeaningalsoknowas(denotativemeaning)10.laconicanswer(简短回答),laconic的形成是属于哪一种理据(etymologicalmotivation)11.pingpongball,cuckoo是靠哪一种理据形成的新词?答案:OnomatopoeicMotivation问题:atthefootofmountain,themouthofrivei;此时采用了哪一种理据构成？答案：Semanticmovtivation论述题：1.Whatarethetypesofmotivation?2.Whatarethetypesofmeaning?按大的分支来分分为:(1)grammaticalmeaning(2)Lexicalmeaning分析题:*'Thedogischasingacat',analyzethesentencebasedongrammaticalmeaning.Lexicalmeaningitselfhastwocomponents:conceptualmeaningandassociativemeaning.语法意义上分析没考过,但从词汇意义上分析考过)语法意义指一个词的词性,句中充当的成份,句子的时态,单复数形式等.1)'Dog,cat'arenouns,and'chase'istransitiveverb.2)Thesentenceisusedinpresentcontinuoustense.3)'Thedog,acat'aresingularform.问题:Thepenismightierthansword?请从语法意义的角度上分析这句话?Both'penandsword'arenouns.'mightier'isanadjective,and'than'ispreposition.Thesentenceisinsimplepresenttense.这是现在时中采用的哪一种语法结构?'Mightierthan'iscomparativedegree.'penandsword'areinsingularform.'Thepen'issubject,and'sword'functionsasanobjecttopreposition'than'.'mightier'ispredictive16.重点名词解释:Conceptualmeaning:1)Conceptualmeaning(alsoknownasdenotativemeaning)isthemeaninggiveninthedictionaryandformsthecoreofword-meaning.2)Beingconstantandrelativelystable,conceptualmeaningformsthebasisforcommuniationasthesamewordhasthesameconceptualmeaingtoallthespeakersofthesamelanguage17.Associativemeaning:(一定要把它的四种分支答上)1)associativemeaningisthesecondarymeaningsupplementedtotheconceptualmeaning.2)Itdiffersfromtheconceptualmeaninginthatitisopen-endedandindeterminated.3)Itisliabletotheinfluenceofsuchfactorsasculture,experience,religion,geographicalregion,classbackground,education,etc.4)Associativemeaningcomprisesfourtypes:connotative,stylistic,affective,andcollocative.问题:Connotativemeaningisnotthesametoeverybody,everysituationandeverytime,analyzethestatement?答案：e.g.Achildisprejudicedagainst,oftenjeeredat,beatenorscoldedathome,thenhometohisisnothingbut'ahell',henceunfavourableconnotatitions,问题：某些贬义词是不是任何时候都是贬义词？答案：e.g.Aphraselike'sonofa*****'whichnormallyhasanassociativemeaningofcrudevulgaritymayconveytheconnotationof'friendliness'and'intimacy'usedbetweentwoclosefriendswhentheymeetaftersomeprolongedperiodoftime.问题:Stylisticmeaning根据字典上的划分有几种划分?根据TheFiveClocks划分,有几种划分?答案:Insomedictionaries,stylisticfeaturesareclearlymarkedas'formal','informal','literary','archaic',slang'.MartinJoosinhisbookTheFiveClockssuggestsfivedegreesofformality:'frozen','formal','consultative','casual'and'intimate'.问题:在日常生活中，人们把文体只简单地划分为哪三类?答案:1)formal2)neutral3)informal注意:要把书中89页中例子[22][23]分析要记好.在情感意义affectivemeaning,考试往往要落脚在affectivemeaning的两个分类：(年年affectivemeaning例子都考)(1)appreciativemeaning(2)pejorativemeaningCollocativemeaning中的例子要记好:pretty,handsomeGreen搭配的例子记好:greenonthejob,greenfruit,greenwithenvy,green-eyedmonster.问题：Blackmail从发音的角度被划分成什么词，从理据的角度被划分成什么词?答案:ComplexMorphologicalmotivation问题：有reference的词必然具有senseandconcept(正确)有sense的词一定具有reference.(错误)Thewordwhichhavemeaningdoesnothavenecessarilyreference.问题：'Forget,forgot,forgetting,forgotten,forgets这是从哪一个角度来界定这个词的分支?答案：Grammaticalmeaning问题：‘frozen,‘formal',‘consultative',‘casual'and‘intimate'这五个词是总结了什么的划分，是根据什么的划分?答案：stylisticmeaning,是根据TheFiveClockswrittenbyMartinJoos.问题:Butindailylife,wealwaysreferto(formal),(neutral),(informal).问题：'Prettyboy,prettywoman,prettygarden,prettygarden,prettycar，'请解释这些词的意义一样不一样？如果不一样请加以理论分析？答案:Collocativemeaning,whenprettyisusedtomodifydifferentnounsbothanimateandinanimate,theircollocativemeaningaretotallydifferent.问题：Tabletenniscanbereplacedbypingpongballandthenameofthebirdisalsocalledcuckoo,whichcanalsobereusedtorefertothesoundofthebird,sotheirtwowordsare(onomatopoeically)motivated.问题：'Unexpected,expectation,expecting',thesethreewordsare(morphologically)motivated.问题：'Hopeless,jobless,dislike',这三个词是靠什么motivated.(morphologicallymotivated)问题：'Eastorwest,homeisbest'and'thereisnoplacelikehome'.这两话是使用了什么样的意义构成的？答案：Connotativemeaning第六章：SenseRelationsandSemanticFieldpolysemy,homonymy,synonymy,antonymyandhyponymy.(五种关系的名词解释要记住)TwoApproachestoPolysemy：1)Diachronicapproach2)SychronicapproachTwoProcessesofDevelopmentradiation(1)radiationisasemanticprocessinwhichtheprimarymeaningstandsatthecentreandthesecondarymeaningsproceedoutofitineverydirectionlikerayes.(2)themeaningareindependentofoneanother,butcanallbetracedbacktothecentralmeaning.e.g.face,neckconcatenation(1)meaning‘linkingtogether',isthesemanticprocessinwhichthemeaningofawordmovesgraduallyawayfromitsfirstsensebysuccessiveshiftsuntil,inmaycases,thereisnotasignofconnectionbetweenthesensethatisfinallydevelopedandthatwhichthetermhadatthebeginning.(2)Inplaintermsthemeaningreachedbythefirstshiftmaybeshiftedasecondtime,andsoonuntilintheendtheoriginalmeaningistotallylost.e.g.treacle3：Inthelinguisticstudy,whatarethesenserelationsandwhatarethetypesofsenserelations答案：Awordwhichisrelatedtotheotherwordsisrelatedtotheminsense,soitiscalledsensesemanticrelations.typesofsenserelations：polysemy,homonymy,synonymy,antonymyandhyponymy(.五种关系的名词解释要记住)问题：有的时候在英语中存在着一种语言不共容的现象，那就是反义词的不共容的现象，那么这种不能够相互溶合，这样的词在反义词当中被称作什么词。比如说：dead,alive,它们之间的反义关系是什么样的一种关系？答案：Contradictoryterms它们之间形成的语义关系被称作antonymy问题：Contradictoryterms有一个最大的特点是什么？答案：Mutuallyexclusiveandarenon-gradable,Theycannotbeusedincomparativedegreesanddonotallowadverbsofintensitylikeverytoqualifythem.问题：反义词存在不存在一种包容现象？答案：表明twopoles,twoextremes,的反义词，它们之间存在一种包容现象，这种包容现象被称作(Middleground)e.g.huge/tiny(它们之间存在着big,small,quitebig,quitesmall)e.g.young/old这类反义词被称为(Contraryterms)问题：fast这个词，它表示紧的概念时，它和loose是一组反义词，表示快的概念时，它和slow是一组反义词，这样的一种语义关系算什么样的语义关系？答案：polysemy问题：分析deer,dear这两个词是什么样的词？答案：Homophone重点：homonyms有哪三个类别的划分？1)perfecthomonymse.g.bank,bear2)homographse.g.bow,sow3)homophonese.gdear,deerright,write,rite重点：OriginsofHomonyms1)Changeinsoundandspelling2)Borrowing3)Shortening问题：shortening可以表现在哪些分支结构构成上？1)Acronymy2)Homonymy3)Narrowing4)Idioms重点问题：Homonymy和Polysemy的区别？Rh