机械专业英语课件

Warmingupexercises1.材料2.金属3.复合材料4.硬度5.超导体6.冶金7.碳8.奥氏体9.浸蚀10.回火11.退火12.退火13.渗碳1.puremetal2.intermetalliccompound3.plasticdeformation4.stainlesssteel5.meltingtemperature6.heattreatment7.solidsolution8.

hypoeutectoidsteel9.lever-law10.iron—carbondiagramUnit3CastingProcessesI.NewwordsandphrasesⅠ)Newwords•casting铸造,铸件•cavity型腔•bronze青铜•brass黄铜•pattern木模•sprue直浇道•core型芯•riser冒口•cope上箱•drag下箱•vent通气孔•dendrite树枝状结晶•tolerance公差•Unit3CastingProcessesⅡ)phrases

sandcasting砂型铸造•investmentcasting熔模铸造•centrifugalcasting离心铸造•moldcavity铸型型腔•coreprint芯头Unit3CastingProcesses

gatingsystem浇铸系统pouringcup浇口杯

surfacefinish表面质量partingsurface分型面two-partmold两厢造型

Unit3CastingProcessesbuilt-up混合的•alignmentpin定位销•wall-thickness壁厚•IDinsidediameter内径•ODoutsidediameter外径Unit3CastingProcessesII.

GuideforReading

Afterreviewingtheprintedmaterial,thestudentswilllearntheessentialsofthevariousmetalcastingprocessesusedinindustrytoday.•1.Thebasicprinciplesofcastingareexplained.•2.Thethreeprimarycastingmethodsaredetailed.•3.Moldandpatternconstructionisshown.Pleasewatchthevideoandanswerthefollowingquestions.Pleasepaytoattentiontothesekeywords:Pattern,injectionmolding;assemble;waxpost;runnersystem;pouringcup;shellmold;dip;slurry;smoothness;subsequentdip;furnace;autoclave;moisture;curedceramics;preheatedtopouring;ferrousandnon-ferrousmetals;solidify;closetolerance;Thinwall;andsmoothfinishes.1.Howtomakethepattern?2.Whyassemblethepatternonwaxpost?3.Explainthemainstepsofinvestmentcasting.4.Pleaseillustratethemainadvantagesofinvestmentcasting.Castingprocessisamanufacturingprocessinwhichmoltenmetalispouredorinjectionandallowedtosolidifyinasuitablyshapedmoldcavity.Duringoraftercooling,thecastpartisremovedfromthemoldandthenprocessedfordelivery

（交货）.Castingprocessesandcastmaterialtechnologiesvaryfromsimpletohighlycomplex.Materialandprocessselectiondependsonthepart’scomplexityandfunction,theproduct’squalityspecification,andtheprojectedcostlevel.Castingsarepartsthataremadeclosetotheirfinaldimensionsbyacastingprocess.Withahistorydatingback6000years,thevariouscastingprocessesareinastateofcontinuousrefinementandevolutionastechnologicaladvancesarebeingmade.Sandcastingisusedtomakelargerparts(typicallyiron,butalsobronze,brassandaluminum).Moltenmetalispouredintoamoldcavityformedoutofsand.Theprocessesofsandcastingarediscussedinthissection,includingpatterns（模样）,sprues（浇口）andrunners（浇道）,designconsideration,andcastingallowance（余量、公差）.（chippingallowance，fittingallowance，grindingallowance）Thecavityinthesandisformedbyusingapattern(anapproximateduplicateoftherealpart),whicharetypicallymadeoutofwood,sometimesmetal.Thecavityiscontainedinanaggregate（骨料、集料）housedinaboxcalledflask（砂箱）.Core（型芯）

isasandshapeinsertedintothemoldtoproducetheinternalfeaturesofthepartsuchasholesorinternalpassages.Coresareplacedinthecavitytoformholesofthedesiredshapes.Coreprint（型芯座）istheregionaddedtothepattern,core,ormold

thatisusedtolocateandsupportthecorewithinthemold.Ariser（冒口）isanextravoidcreatedinthemoldtocontainexcessivemoltenmaterial.The（another）purposeofthisistofeedthemoltenmetaltothemoldcavityasthemoltenmetalsolidifiesandshrinks,andtherebypreventsvoidsinthemaincasting.Inatwopartmold,whichistypicallyofsandcasting,theupperhalf,includingthetophalfofthepattern,flask,andcoreiscalledcope(上砂箱)andlowerhalfiscalleddrag（下砂箱）,asshowninfig.3.1.Thepartinglineorthepartingsurfaceislineorsurfacethatseparatesthecopeanddrag.Thedragisfirstfilledpartiallywithsand,andthecoreprint,thecores,andthegatingsystem（浇注系统）areplacednearthepartingline.Thecopeisthenassembled（assembleamachine）

tothedrag,andthesandispouredoncopehalf,coveringthepattern,coreandthegatingsystem.Thesandiscompactedbyvibrationandmechanicalmeans.Next,thecopeisremovedfromthedrag,andthepatterniscarefullyremoved.Theobjectistoremovethepatternwithoutbreakingthemoldcavity.Thisisfacilitated（容易进行）bydesigningadraft（拔模斜度）,aslightangularoffset（偏差，tooloffset刀具轴向偏差）fromtheverticaltotheverticalsurfaceofthepattern.Thisisusuallyaminimumof1.5mm,whicheverisgreater.Therougherthesurfaceofthepatternis,themorethedrafttobeprovided.Themoltenmaterialispouredintothepouringcup（浇口杯）,whichispartofthegatingsystem（浇注系统）thatsuppliesthemoltenmaterialtothemoldcavity.Theverticalpartofthegatingsystemconnectedtothepouringcupisthesprue（浇道）,andthehorizontalportioniscalledtherunnerandfinallytothemultiple

pointswhereitisintroducedtobemoldcavitycalledthegates.Additionallythereareextensionstothegatingsystemcalledventsthatprovidethepartforthebuilt-upgasesandthedisplacedairtoventtotheatmosphere.

Multi-multifunction,multidirectional,multimedia.Thecavityisusuallymadeoversizetoallowforthemetalcontractionasitcoolsdowntoroomtemperature.Thisisachievedbymakingthepatternoversize.Toaccountfortheshrinking,thepatternmustbemadeoversizebythesefactorsontheaverage.Thesearelinearfactorsandapplyineachdirection.Theseshrinkageallowances(收缩余量)areonlyapproximate,becausetheexactallowanceisdeterminedbytheshapeandsizeofthecastings.Inaddition,differentpartsofthecastingsmightrequiredifferentshrinkageallowances.Sandcastingsgenerallyhavearoughsurfacesometimeswithsurfaceimpurities,andsurfacevariations.Amachining(finish)allowanceismadeforthistypeofdefect.Ingeneral,typicalstagesofsandcastingoperationinclude:Patternsaremade.Thesewillbetheshapeusedtoformthecavityinthesand.Coresmayalsobemadeatthistime.Thesecoresaremadeofbondedsandthatwillbebrokenoutofthecastpartafteritiscomplete.Sandismulled(混砂mixed)thoroughlywithadditives（添加剂）suchasbentonite（膨润土）toincreasebondingandoverallstrength.Sandisformedaboutpatterns,andgates,runners,risers,ventsandpouringcupsareaddedasneeded

.Acompactionstageistypicallyusedtoensuregoodcoverageandsolidmolds.Coresmayalsobeaddedtomakeinternalfeaturesforthecastpart.Alignmentpins（定位销）mayalsobeusedformatingthemoldslater.Chills（冷铁）maybeaddedtocoollargemassesfaster.Thepatternisberemoved,andmoldsmaybeputthroughabakingstage（烘烤）toincreasestrength.

省略句主语和主句一致，动词中be.Moldhalvesarematedandpreparedforpouringmetal.Metalispreheatedinafurnace（炉）orcrucible（坩埚）untilisabovetheliquidstemperatureinasuitablerange.Theexacttemperaturemaybecloselycontrolleddependingontheapplication.Degassing（排气）,andothertreatmentprocessesmaybedoneatthistime,suchasremovalofimpurities.(熔渣slag).Someportionofthismetalmayberemeltedscrap（废料或碎屑）frompreviouslycastparts—10%isreasonable.Asthemoltenmetalcools(minutestodays),themetalwillshrinkandthevolumewilldecrease.Duringthistimemoltenmetalmaybackflow（回流）fromthemoltenriserstofeedthepartandmaintainthesameshape.Oncethepartsstarttosolidifysmalldendrites（树枝晶）ofsolidmaterialforminthepart.Duringthistimemetalpropertiesarebeingdetermined,andinternalstressesaregenerated.Ifapartisallowedtocoolslowlyenoughataconstantratethanthefinalpartwillberelativelyhomogenous（homo-同质的）andstressfree.（省略）Oncetheparthascompletelysolidifiedbelowtheeutecticpoint（共晶点）itmayberemovedwithnoconcernforfinalmetalproperties.Atthispointthesandissimplybrokenup,andthepartremoved.Atthispointthesurfaceofthepartwillhaveaquantityofsandadheringtothesurface,andsolidcoresinside.Abulkoftheremainingsandandcorescanberemovedbystrikingthepartmechanically.Investment(熔模铸造)castingItmeansthelostwaxprocess（失蜡工艺）.Itisoneoftheoldestmanufacturingprocesses.TheEgyptiansuseditinthetimeofthepharaohs(法老)tomakegoldjewelry(hencethenameInvestment)some5000yearsago.Intricateshapescanbemadewithhighlyaccuracy.Itcanbeusedtomakepartsthatcannotbeproducedbynormalmanufacturingtechniques,suchasturbine（涡轮机）bladesthathavecomplexshapes,orairplanepartsthathavetowithstandhightemperatures.

Themoldismadeofthepatternusingwaxorsomeothermaterialsthatcanbemeltedaway.Thiswaxpatternisdippedinrefractory（难熔的，耐热的）slurry（泥浆）,whichcoatsthewaxpatternandformsaskin.Thisprocessshouldberepeatedforseveraltimestoachieverobustthickness.Afterthis,theentirepatternisplacedinanovenandthewaxismeltedaway.Finally,moltenmetalispouredintothemold.Thewaxpatternitselfismadebyduplicatingusingastereolithography（平板印刷术）orsimilarmodel,whichhasbeenfabricatedusingacomputersolidmodelmaster.

Dependingonthefineness（精密度）ofthefinishdesiredadditionalcoatingsofsillimanite（硅线石）andethylsilicate（硅酸盐，硅酸乙酯）maybeapplied.Themoldthusproducedcanbeuseddirectlyforlightcastings,orbereinforcedbyplacingitinalargercontainerandreinforcingitmoreslurry.Unit4ForgingProcessesI.NewwordsandphrasesⅠ)Newwords•anvil砧铁•shape成型•steam蒸汽•compressedair压缩空气•hydraulic水力的,水压的•elongation拉伸•lateral横向的,侧面的•upsetting镦粗•shorten缩短,变短•axially轴向的•ram压头,撞锤•ingot铸锭•recrystallizationUnit4ForgingProcesses•stationary固定的•blocker预锻模•undercut下陷,凹陷•fillet园角•rib肋板,加强板•lubricantn.滑润剂Ⅱ)phrases•compressiveforce压力•

hammerblow锤击•forginghammer锻锤•semimechanize半机械化•forgingpress锻床•handforging手工锻•open-dieforging开模锻造•close-dieforging闭模锻造

•impressiondieforging模锻•precisionforging精密锻造Unit4ForgingProcesses•rollforging滚锻•swaging模锻•draftangle模锻斜度•massproduction大规模生产•finishedproduct成品,产品•bottomdie底模•topdie顶模•dropforging落锤锻造•finishingoperation最后[完成]工序•coatingoperation涂渍操作Unit4ForgingProcesses•blockerforging预锻•dieimpression模槽•leafspring板簧,片(弹)簧•gearblank齿轮坯料,齿轮毛坯•sharpcorner尖角•pressforging压锻•upsetforging锻压•crosssectionn.横截面•recrystallizationtemperature再结晶温度Unit4ForgingProcessesII.

GuideforReading

Thebasicsofforgingtechnologyareexplained.•Openandcloseddieforgingmethodsaredetailed.•featureofforgingisexplained.Hello,Chicago.IfthereisanyoneouttherewhostilldoubtsthatAmericaisaplacewhereallthingsarepossible,whostillwondersifthedreamofourfoundersisaliveinourtime,whostillquestionsthepowerofourdemocracy,tonightisyouranswer.It'stheanswertoldbylinesthatstretchedaroundschoolsandchurchesinnumbersthisnationhasneverseen,bypeoplewhowaitedthreehoursandfourhours,manyforthefirsttimeintheirlives,becausetheybelievedthatthistimemustbedifferent,thattheirvoicescouldbethatdifference.It'stheanswerspokenbyyoungandold,richandpoor,DemocratandRepublican,black,white,Hispanic,Asian,NativeAmerican,gay,straight,disabledandnotdisabled.Americanswhosentamessagetotheworldthatwehaveneverbeenjustacollectionofindividualsoracollectionofredstatesandbluestates.Weare,andalwayswillbe,theUnitedStatesofAmerica.It'stheanswerthatledthosewho'vebeentoldforsolongbysomanytobecynicalandfearfulanddoubtfulaboutwhatwecanachievetoputtheirhandsonthearcofhistoryandbenditoncemoretowardthehopeofabetterday.It'sbeenalongtimecoming,buttonight,becauseofwhatwedidonthisdateinthiselectionatthisdefiningmomentchangehascometoAmerica.Keywordstostudy:DistinctionofMfromN…Distinct–adj.bedistinctfromMinN…在N方面与M显著不同Opendieforgingisdistinctfromclosedieforgingintheformofforging.Distinctive—adj.Distinguish—v.AttachMtoN把M连接到N上Attachment附件，辅助装置Universalattachment万能附件Resistantadj.resistance,resisting,resistivity.Heatresistivity耐热性Valuableinvaluablepainting,valueless轴Axes(pluralofaxis)axisaxletree车轴，轮轴，shaft转动轴spindle主轴GuidetothevideoOpen-dieforgingisperformedoningots,billets,barsorapre-form.Deformation.Workpiece;shapedie;restrict;metalflow;resultin;lengthening;crosssection;upsetingregionalongthelength;bulging;multipleimpact;incrementally;advance;lengthwiseLongitudinalaxis;rotate;hollow;considerable;machining;achievefinalshape.科技英语翻译—术语的翻译科技文章文体的特点是:准确、严密、清晰、精练。在科技翻译中,准确是第一要素,而对于科技术语翻译的准确性尤显突出。如果为追求译文的流畅而牺牲准确,不但会造成科技信息的丢失,还可能引起误解,造成严重后果。各个不同的学科领域都有一些特殊的技术术语,它们具有专业性强和意义单一等特点。在这些技术术语当中,有一些是专有名词(propernouns),例如:Ampere(安培),Faraday(法拉第)。还有一些是通过不同的构词法形成的技术术语,常见的包括:(1)通过复合法(Compounding)构成的技术术语,例如:fallout(辐射微尘,原子尘),doghouse(高频高压电源屏蔽罩,调谐箱);(2)通过缀连法/缀合法(Affixation)构成的技术术语,例如:cofunction(余函数),thermalization(热化,热能化);(3)通过缩合法(Blending)构成的技术术语,例如:gravisphere(=gravity+sphere引力层),comsat(=communication+satellite通讯卫星);(4)通过首字母缩略法(Acronym)构成的技术术语,例如:radar(=radiodetectingandranging雷达),laser(=lightamplificationstimulatedbyemissionofradiation激光);(5)通过截短法(Clipping)构成的技术术语(多用于口语体),例如:flu(=influenza流行性感冒),fax(=facsimile传真)。

常用的否定前缀：Anti-;counter-,contra-,de-,dis-,in-,il-,im-,mis-,non-,un-;其他：bi-,di-,co-,cross-,electro-,ferro-,hydro-,inter-,iso-,macro-,mal-,mono-,multi-,photo-,semi-,super-,tele-,thermo-;后缀：-ics,-meter,-fold,Exercises:反恐怖主义；双相；余函数；十字线；钢筋混凝土；流体力学；互锁装置；等应力；宏观效应；失调；单向的；多种经营；光电开关；遥控作用；百倍的；电压表。1.意译法:在大多数情况下,对于在科技文章中出现的、通过复合、派生等构词方式如形成的技术术语,一般采用此方法进行翻译,而翻译的基础是对原文的思想内容有充分的理解。例如:

Atransformerisadeviceusedtotransferelectricenergyfromonecircuittoanother,especiallyapairofmultiplywound,inductivelycoupledwirecoilsthateffectsuchatransferwithachangeinvoltage,current,

phase,orotherelectriccharacteristic.

变压器是一种把电能从一个电位转移到另一个电位的装置。尤指一对多组缠绕在一起且互相感应的配对电线圈,通过电压、电流、相位或其他的电特性改变产生这样一种电能的转换。

再比如:micromotor(微电机),autocoder(自动编码器),superconductor(超导体),等等。

2.音译法:对于像计量单位、科技发明、材料、化学品名称等这样的技术术语,一般应使用音译法进行翻译。例如:

Inductanceismeasuredinhenries/henrys.

电感是用亨利作单位来度量的。

再比如:ohm(欧姆),calorie(卡路里),joule(焦耳),nylon(尼龙),Vaseline(凡士林),micabond(米卡邦德〈一种绝缘材料〉),sonar(声纳),quark(夸克),logic(逻辑),等等。

3.意译、音译共用法:对于有些技术术语来说,它们既有意译名,又有音译名,二者同时使用。翻译时,选择任何一个都可以。但我们应该注意到这样一种趋势,那就是意译逐渐取代音译。例如:

vitamin:维生素(意)/维他命(音)penicillin:青霉素/盘尼西林

engine:发动机/引擎microphone:话筒/麦克风

combine:联合收割机/康拜因laser:激光/莱塞

4.形译法:此方法多用于用字母表示其外形的技术术语的翻译,可以选用近似该字母形状的汉语来翻译;也可保留原英文字母不作翻译,但保留的字母有时表示形状,有时表示概念,应注意区分。例如:

T--square:丁字尺U-steel:槽形钢

O-ring:O型环A-frame:A型架

P/Nregion:P区(电子不足区)/N区(电子剩余区)

Lelectron:L层电子(原子核第二层电子)

Exercises:T-beam;V-belt;I-section;T-joint;U-nut.三、准技术术语的翻译

准技术术语一般都具有一项或多项普通词义,当将他们用在某一学科领域中时,他们又具有独特的专业词义,并为该专业领域所广泛接受,具备该专业的独特性。以下列举一些机械专业中,借用普通名词作专业术语的例子:

1.借用动物名称的专业术语

cat(猫/履带拖拉机),fish(鱼/接合板,夹板),cock公鸡旋塞，吊车,pig猪金属锭块,dog狗挡块，止动爪,monkey(猴子/活动扳手,起重机小车),fox(狐狸/绳索)

2.借用物品名称的专业术语

coat(外衣/镀层),cap(帽子/轴承盖,罩壳),bed(床/底座,机床身),bench(长凳/拉床,钳工台),shoe鞋子闸瓦，履带片,cup杯子皮碗，轴套,house房子箱体，罩,disk唱片硬磨盘,desk书桌控制屏3人体器官名称的专业术语

eye(眼/孔环),ear(耳/吊钩)mouth(口/开度),finger(手指/测厚规)

句型背诵：Tothose--tothosewhowouldteartheworlddown:Wewilldefeatyou.Tothosewhoseekpeaceandsecurity:Wesupportyou.AndtoallthosewhohavewonderedifAmerica'sbeaconstillburnsasbright:Tonightweprovedoncemorethatthetruestrengthofournationcomesnotfromthemightofourarmsorthescaleofourwealth,butfromtheenduringpowerofourideals:democracy,liberty,opportunityandunyieldinghope.Eliminatingproblemsbytransferringtheblametoothersisoftencalledscape-goating.

用怪罪别人的办法来解决问题通常被称为寻找替罪羊。由机器来完成造型问题被称为机器造型。

Themechanismbywhichbraincellsstorememoriesisnotclearlyunderstood.

大脑细胞储存记忆的机理并不为人明白。热处理强化机制并不为人所明白。

Anarchismisatermdescribingaclusterofdoctrinesandattitudeswhoseprincipalunitingfeatureisthebeliefthatgovernmentisbothharmfulandunnecessary.

无政府主义这个词描述的是一堆理论和态度，它们的主要共同点在于相信政府是有害的，没有必要的。

Scientistsdonotknowwhydinosaursbecameextinct,butsometheoriespostulatethatchangersingeography,climate,andsealevelswereresponsible.

科学家不知道恐龙为何绝种了，但是一些理论推断是地理，气候和海平面的变化造成的。

Televisionismorethanjustelectronics;itisameansofexpression,aswellasavehicleforcommunication,andassuchbecomesapowerfultoolforreachingotherhumanbeings.

电视不仅仅是一件电器；它是表达的手段和交流的载体并因此成为联系他人的有力工具。

Televisionthemostpervasiveandpersuasiveofmoderntechnologies,markedbyrapidchangeandgrowth,ismovingintoanewera,aneraofextraordinarysophisticationandversatility,whichpromisestoreshapeourlivesandourworld.

电视，这项从迅速变化和成长为标志的最普及和最有影响力的现代技术，正在步入一个新时代，一个极为成熟和多样化的时代，这将重塑我们的生活和世界。

Artificialflowersareusedforscientificaswellasfordecorativepurposes.Theyaremadefromavarietyofmaterials,suchaswayandglass,soskillfullythattheycanscarcelybedistinguishedfromnaturalflowers.

人造花卉即可用于科学目的，也可用于装饰目的，它们可以用各种各样的材料制成，臂如蜡和玻璃；其制作如此精巧，几乎可以以假乱真。

Insectswouldmakeitimpossibleforustoliveintheworld;theywoulddevourallourcropsandkillourflocksandherds,ifitwerenotfortheprotectionwegetfrominsect-eatinganimals.

昆虫就将会使我们无法在这个世界上居住；如果我们没有受到以昆虫为食的动物的保护，昆虫就会吞嚼掉我们所有的庄稼并杀死我们饲养的禽兽。

Unit6InjectionmoldingI.NewwordsandphrasesⅠ)Newwordsthermoplastics热塑性塑料•thermosetting热硬化性的•fluidity流性,流度.•viscosity粘度,粘性elastic-viscosity•viscousadj.粘性的,粘滞的,胶粘的resinn.树脂vt.涂树脂于•elastomern.弹性体,人造橡胶Ubiquitousadj.到处存在的,(同时)普遍存在的•synonymousadj.同义的•extruder挤压机•pressurizevt.增压,密封,使...加压•plungern.活塞pistonrheologyn.[物]流变学,流变能力differentiate

v.区别,区分,微分运算Differentiatingequation,differentiatingamplifierDifferentialadj.crystalline晶体的amorphous无定型的opaquen.不透明物adj.不透明的,不传热的,solvent溶剂abrasiveness磨损性,磨蚀性(abrasion磨损)Abradev.abrasiven.a,pelletn.小球granularadj.由小粒而成的,粒状的nozzle管口,喷嘴maintenancen.维护,保持,生活费用,扶养Maintainv.maintainMontoN…把M固定在N上reciprocating

往复的,来回的,交替的,互换的,摆动的reciprocatingcircuit,reciprocatingvalue,reciprocatingpump.Variablenora.dependentvariable;independentvariable;complexvariable;random~;~gear;Ⅱ)phrases•crosslink横向连接,交联•molecularweight分子量•cycleofoperation(裂化过程中)连续运转周期••reciprocatingscrewinjectionmachine往复式螺杆注压机•cycletime周期,周期时间•matforming毡片成形•organicsolvent有机溶剂

II.

GuideforReading

①.Whatisthedefinitionofinjectionmolding?②.Whatkindofpolymerscanbeusedininjectionmolding?③.Whatistheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofinjectionmolding?科技英语翻译3—被动语态英语中被动语态的使用范围极为广泛,尤其是在科技英语中,被动语态几乎随处可见,凡是在不必、不愿说出或不知道主动者的情况下均可使用被动语态,因此,掌握被动语态的翻译方法,对于硕士研究生入学考试的复习与应考是极为重要的,因为在硕士研究生入学考试中，英译汉文章的内容多以科普文章为主。对于英语原文的被动结构,我们一般采取下列的方法:1.翻译成汉语的主动句。英语原文的被动结构翻译成汉语的主动结构又可以进一步分为几种不同的情况。

(1)英语原文中的主语在译文中仍做主语。在译文中使用“加以”,“经过”,“用……来”等词来体现原文中的被动含义。例如:

例1.Inotherwordsmineralsubstanceswhicharefoundonearthmustbeextractedbydigging,boringholes,artificialexplosions,orsimilaroperationswhichmakethemavailabletous.

换言之,矿物就是存在于地球上,但须经过挖掘、钻孔、人工爆破或类似作业才能获得的物质。

例2.Nuclearpower'sdangertohealth,safety,andevenlifeitselfcanbesummedupinoneword:radiation.

核能对健康、安全,甚至对生命本身构成的危险可以用一个词—辐射来概括。

(2)将英语原文中的主语翻译为宾语,同时增补泛指性的词语(人们,大家等)作主语。例如:

例1.Itcouldbearguedthattheradioperformsthisserviceaswell,butontelevisioneverythingismuchmoreliving,muchmorereal.

可能有人会指出,无线电广播同样也能做到这一点,但还是电视屏幕上的节目要生动、真实得多。

例2.Television,itisoftensaid,keepsoneinformedaboutcurrentevents,allowsonetofollowthelatestdevelopmentsinscienceandpolitics,andoffersanendlessseriesofprogrammeswhicharebothinstructiveandentertaining.

人们常说,电视使人了解时事,熟悉政治领域的最新发展变化,并能源源不断地为观众提供各种既有教育意义又有趣的节目。

另外,下列的结构也可以通过这一手段翻译:

Itisassertedthat…有人主张……

Itisbelievedthat…有人认为……

Itisgenerallyconsideredthat…大家(一般人)认为

Itiswellknownthat…大家知道(众所周知)……

Itwillbesaid…有人会说……

(3)将英语原文中的by,in,for等做状语的介词短语翻译成译文的主语,在此情况下,英语原文中的主语一般被翻译成宾语。例如:

例1.Arightkindoffuelisneededforanatomicreactor.

原子反应堆需要一种合适的燃料。

例2.Bytheendofthewar,800peoplehadbeensavedbytheorganization,butatacostof200BelgianandFrenchlives.

大战结束时,这个组织拯救了八百人,但那是以二百多比利时人和法国人的生命为代价的。

例3.Anditisimaginedbymanythattheoperationsofthecommonmindcanbebynomeanscomparedwiththeseprocesses,andthattheyhavetobeacquiredbyasortofspecialtraining.

许多人认为,普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维过程相比,而且认为这些思维过程必须经过某种专门的训练才能掌握。

(4)翻译成汉语的无主句。例如:

例1.Bythisprocedure,differenthoneyshavebeenfoundtovarywidelyinthesensitivityoftheirinhibittoheat.

通过这种方法分析发现不同种类的蜂蜜的抗菌活动对热的敏感程度也极为不同。

例2.Manystrangenewmeansoftransporthavebeendevelopedinourcentury,thestrangestofthembeingperhapsthehovercraft.

在我们这个世纪内研制了许多新奇的交通工具,其中最奇特的也许就是气垫船了。

另外,下列结构也可以通过这一手段翻译:

Itisreportedthat…据报道……

Itissaidthat…据说……

Itissupposedthat…据推测……

Itmaybesaidwithoutfearofexaggerationthat…可以毫不夸张地说……

Itmustbeadmittedthat…必须承认……

Itmustbepointedoutthat…必须指出……

Itwillbeseenfromthisthat…由此可见……

2.译成汉语的被动语态。英语中的许多被动句可以翻译成汉语的被动句。常用“被”,“给”,“遭”,“挨”,“为……所”,“使”,“由…”,“受到”等表示。例如:

例1.Thesesignalsareproducedbycollidingstarsornuclearreactionsinouterspace.

这些讯号是由外层空间的星球碰撞或者核反应所造成的。

例2.Thebehaviourofafluidflowingthroughapipeisaffectedbyanumberoffactors,includingtheviscosityofthefluidandthespeedatwhichitispumped.

流体在管道中流动的情况,受到诸如流体粘度、泵送速度等各种因素的影响。

例3.Overtheyears,toolsandtechnologythemselvesasasourceoffundamentalinnovationhavelargelybeenignoredbyhistoriansandphilosophersofscience.

工具和技术本身作为根本性创新的源泉多年来在很大程度上被科学史学家和科学思想家们忽视了。

Unit8GrindingSomewordsrelevanttothemachinetoolsDrillingmachines钻床drills钻头Electricdischargemachines(EDM)电火花机Electricpowertools电动刀具boringmachines电脑数控镗床CNCEDMwire-cuttingmachines电脑数控电火花线切割机床engravingmachines雕刻机grindingmachines磨床lathes车床machinetoolfittings机床配件millingmachines铣床Planingmachine龙门刨床boringmachine镗床

verticalmillingmachine

horizontalmillingmachine

ListeningcomprehensionI''dratherbeasparrowthanasnail

I''dratherbeahammerthananail

Away,I''drathersailaway

Likeaswanthat''shereandgone

Amangetstieduptotheground

Hegivestheworlditssaddestsound

I''dratherbeaforestthanastreet

I''dratherfeeltheearthbeneathmyfeet

Afterreviewingthisprintedmaterial,theviewerwill：gainknowledgeandunderstandingoftheprimaryindustrialgrindingprocesses.•cylindrical,internal,centerlessandsurfacegrindingaredemonstrated•typesofabrasivesandbondingmethodsareshown1.Grindingisamaterialremovalandsurfacegenerationprocessusedtoshapeandfinishcomponentsmadeofmetalsandothermaterials.Theprecisionandsurfacefinishobtainedthroughgrindingcanbeuptotentimesbetterthanwitheitherturningormilling.2.Grindingemploysanabrasiveproduct,usuallyarotatingwheelbroughtintocontrolledcontactwithaworksurface.Thegrindingwheeliscomposedofabrasivegrainsheldtogetherinabinder.Theseabrasivegrainsactascuttingtools,removingtinychipsofmaterialfromthework.Astheseabrasivegrainswearandbecomedull,theaddedresistanceleadstofractureofthegrainsorweakeningoftheirbond.Thedullpiecesbreakaway,revealingsharpnewgrainsthatcontinuecutting.Therequirementsforefficientgrindinginclude:

（1）abrasivecomponentswhichareharderthanthework

（2）shock-andheat-resistantabrasivewheels

（3）abrasivesthatarefriable.Thatis,theyarecapableofcontrolledfracturing科技英语翻译—常用句型的表达方法Pattern1.只有…..才能…..Only…can(will,isitpossible)….Onlywhen…can(will,isitpossible)…只有通过输电线路，电力才能输送到需要的地方去。Onlythroughpowerlinescanelectricpowerbetransmittedtowhereitisneeded.我们只有把这个车间腾出来，才能安放这台机器。Onlybyemptyingthisworkshop,isitpossibleforustohousethismachine.2.要…（必须….）Itisimperative(necessary,essential)to…必须采取各种措施处理工厂排出的废水和废气Itisnecessarytotakemeasurestotreatwastegasesandwasterwatergivenoffbyfactories.为了使生产大幅上升，必须发展科学技术。Inordertoraiseproductiononalargescale,itisessentialtodevelopscience