密炼工程教育课件

ContentsElastomersCarbonBlackandrelatedTechniquesSilicaandrelatedTechniquesChemicals1.Elastomers

POLYMERIrregularstructure(amorphous)Regularstructure(crystalline)Tm<RTNaturalrubberRubberPlasticPlasticTg<RTPolybutadieneTg>RTPolystyrenePolymethyl-methacrylateTm>RTTg>RT

NylonTg<RT

Polypropylene-.GeneralPurposeRubber(GPR)FiveGPRsarehydrocarbonsconsistingsolelyofcarbonandhydrogen.-.NaturalRubber-.Styrene-butadieneRubber-.ButylRubber-.PolybutadieneRubber-.EthylenepropyleneRubberGPRsarelargeuseinhighvolumerubbergoodssuchastires,hoses,andbelting.-.SpecialPurposeRubber(SPR)-.Butadiene-acrylonitrileRubber.-.NeopreneRubber.-.PolysulfideRubber.Thesespecialpolymersareusedwheresuchpropertiesashighresistancetooilorsolventarerequired.RubberTypesNR(Naturalrubber)Chemicalstructure:PolyisoprenerubberLatex&DryrubberTypes1)RSS(Ribbedsmokedsheet)2)SMR-CV60(Viscositystabilizedrubber)3)TSR-20(Technicallyspecifiedrubber)4)STR-20/105)SMR-20/106)SIR-20/10Characteristics-.BroadMWD:30K–107,.Tg=-73oC-.Crystallizesuponstrainingandatlowtemperature(Maxrateisaround-25oC)-.Highgreenstrength,ExcellentmechanicalstrengthunderseverdeformationsHighresilience,Shearmechanic-chemicaldegradation,Poorozoneandoxygenresistance**Naturallyoccurringguttapercha:trans-1,4polyisoprene(Tg:-58oC)

NRtypesandmanufacturingprocess

CV(ConstantViscosityRubber)USS(Un-smokedSheetRubber)Processing1.FieldLatex:DRC(dryrubbercontent)measurement2.Sieving(about60MeshSieves)3.ToaddHNStowatersolution(about1.5kg/1000kgDRC):Viscositycontrol.4.Toaddformicacidtowatersolution(2%):Coagulation5.Mixing(8-24hours)6.Crusher7.SameasTSR-20processing.1.FieldLatex:DRC(dryrubbercontent)measurement2.Tomake15%watersolution(about15%DRC)3.Sieving(about60MeshSieves)4.Toaddformicacidoraceticacidtowater(0.05%,about4.5PH)5.CoagulationitinAlbathduring2~hhours.6.ToSheet(about5mmthickness)7.Toeliminatewater(~lessthan5%)8.Tosailittodealer.9.TomakerRSS#1~5orSTR-10/20*RSS(RibbedSmokedSheet):washing,dryingandsmokingtopreventdecayoreliminatefungusbyprotein.Etc.1.ConstantViscosity2.HighCost1.un-evenviscosity2.Normalcost.HNS(Hydroxylamineneutralsulfate)isthestabilizerofNRviscosityduringstorage.EpoxidizedNR-.Straincrystallizable,oilresistance,lowairpermeability,-.IncreaseTgwithincreasingEpoxidizedcontent.HydrohalogenationofNR-.UseforpackingfilmandrubbertometaladhesiveChlorinationofNR-.ChemicalandheatresistancecoatingDeproteinizedNR-.Reducedwaterabsorption-.Increaseelectricalresistivity.Skimrubber-.EasyprocessingandfastcuringbecausehighproteincontentModifiedNaturalRubberSR(Syntheticrubber)ChemicalstructureTypes1)SBR(Styrene-Butadienerubber)2)BR(Polybutadienerubber)3)IR(Polyisoprenerubber)

Styrene-ButadienerubberPolybutadienerubberPolyisoprenerubber

SR(Syntheticrubber)

IIR(Polyisobutyleneisoprenecopolymer)/Halobutyl(Chlorobutyl,Bromobutyl)

▶Composition:Isobutylene(97~99.5%),Isoprene(3~0.5%),Bromine(2.1%),Chlorine(1.2%)EPDM(Ethylenepropylenedienemonomer)

CH3

｜--[--CH2--CH2--]--[--CH--CH2--Diene--]--mn

DIENE

:ENB(5-ethylenenorbonene)DCPD(dicyclopentadiene)HD(1,4-hexadiene)SyntheticProcessofEmersionReaction(SBR,NBR,HSR)1,3-ButadieneStyrene/AcrylonitrilePolymerizationBalingBlendingEmulsifierDryingOilShortStopSalt,AcidStabilizerCoagulation▶Initiator:Redoxcatalysis▶Continuouspolymerization▶ReactionTemperature:5∼10℃StyreneButadieneRubber(SBR)

-.Mostcommon:23.5%,Tg=-55oC(freeradicalemulsionPZN)-.Mw=300K-400K-.SolutionSBR=>BuLicatalyst=>Nonpolarsolvent(increaseButadieneaddition)=>addethersoramines(increase1,2butadiene)Neoprene(Polychloroprene)-CR

=>2-chlorobutadiene=>Mostlytrans1,4,Tg=-50oC=>IfPolarClincreases,weatheringresistance(O2,O3)LowpermeabilityHeatresistanceSolventandflameresistanceAdhesiontopolarsubstancese.g.metalClincreasesinterchaininteractionpromotingcrystallization.SyntheticPolyisoprene(IR)

-.Anionicpolymerizationwithbutyllithium=>92-95%cis1,4-polyisoprene-.CoordinationpolymerizationwithZiegler-Nattacatalyst=>trialkylAl/TiCl4(ratioimportantforhighcis1,4IR)=>PooragingpropertiesthanButylLibasedIRBecauseofcatalystresidue.-.IRhaslessgreenstrengthandtackthanNRPolybutadiene(BR)-.cis-1,4polybutadiene:Tg=-103oC-.atactic,vinylBR,Tg=-3oC-.NarrowMWDandlinearBRexhibitlowhysteresis,highresilienceandgoodabrasionresistance,butshowpoormixing,lowgreenelongation,highcoldflowanddon'tbandonmill.ButylRubber

-.Isobutylene-isoprene(1-2%)copolymer-.Tg=-70oC-.Cationicpolymerization=>catalyzedbyAlCl3inmethylchlorideat-100oC-.UnusuallylowresilienceforhavingsuchalowTg

-.Excellentagingproperties-.Quiteimpermeabletogas-.Butylrubbercanbechlorinated(about1%)forincreasingcompatibilitywithNRorSBRandalsoenhancingcuringrateEthylenePropylenerubber(EPR,EPDM)

-.Lowestdensityrubber-.Tg=-70oC-.Thirdmonomer:nonconjugatedmonomer-.E/Pratio=50/50to75/25-.Excellentresistancetoweathering,o2,o3-.CanbemadepartiallycrystallineforhighgreenstrengthPolysulfiderubber-.About80%sulfurbyweight-.ClCH2CH2Cl+Na2S4---->-(-CH2CH2S4-)-+2NaCl-.Bestresistancetoketone,estersandmostsolvents-.Lowpermeability-.Usedforfueltanksolvent,fuelhoselinerandgasketsChlorosulphonatedpolyethylene(Hypalon)

-.25-45%Cl-.1-1.4%sulfur-.Extremelystablechemically-.GoodcolorretentionafterUVexposure-.O3andflameresistance-.ThemoreCl,thehigherdensityandimproved-oilresistance-.ThelessCl,thebetterlowtemperatureflexandheat-aging.

SiliconeRubbers

-Tg=-127oC-.Used0.5%vinylmonomerforcure-.Organic-inorganicnature:excellentagingathightemperature-.Lowstrengthandhighresilience

MicrostructureofSolutionSBRSolutionpolymerizationprocesscancontrolthemicrostructureofStyrene-ButadieneCopolymer(SBR)IsomersofButadieneUnitinsolutionSBRnVinylCisTransCURECHARACTERISTICSSlowerCureRateHigherMarchingModulusLowermax.TorqueatoptimumcureHigherVinylContentsTime(min.):13%Vinyl:40%Vinyl:73%VinylTorque(lb.inch)MarchingModulusRatio=(T60-Tmin.)/(T15-Tmin.)×1001020304050607080510152025303540Y=1.7694+0.437*X(R2=0.9768)VinylContent(%)EndofCure(min.)VinylContent(%)MarchingModulusRatio(%)Y=-4.365+0.473*X(R2=0.9939)EndofCureMarching

ModulusBoundRubber(%)Vinylcontent(%)INITIAL1dayaging3dayagingTensileStrength(kgf/cm2)Vinylcontent(%)TearStrength(kgf/inch)Vinylcontent(%)INITIAL1dayaging3dayaging1020304050607080303234363840WearLoss(mg)Vinylcontent(%)BoundRubbervsUltimateStrength(T.S.,T.R.,WEAR)IndexofPhysicalProperties●:TOTAL▼:MONO&DI-SULFIDE■:POLYSULFIDER2=0.8947R2=0.9950R2=0.9847CROSSLINKDENSITY&TYPEVinylContent(%)CrosslinkDensity◈TestMethod::SwellingMethods◈InteractionParameter

1020304050607080-50-40-30-20-10010Vinylcontent(%)Tg(℃)TgvsVinylContentY=-46.4+0.620*X(R2=0.9408)10203040506070800.02.0e-54.0e-56.0e-58.0e-51.0e-41.2e-4Vinylcontent(%)CrackGrowthRate(mm/cycle)CrackGrowthRateY=1.8486e-5+1.6585e-6*X(R2=0.9467)-101-0.30.00.30.60.91.21.5Vinyl=13%73%30%67%TearingEnergyvsPre-cutSizeThelowervinylcontent,thehighercrackresistanceAtverylowvinylcontent(13%)twodifferentslopesobserved(similarbehaviorofcrystallinepolymer).LogC0(mm)LogT(kJ/m2)IndexofPhysicalPropertiesP.PofS-SBRwithX%VinylINDEXOFP.P=――――――――――――――――――P.PofS-SBRwith13%VinylIncreasingVinylContentsReactivityofPolymerMainChain(Backbone)DownWhy?

DecreasingReactiveAllylicHydrogeninCis&TransUnitAllylicHydrogenVinylicHydrogenReactivityRelativelyHighLowAct.Energy(△E)88kcal/mol108kcal/molReactiveHydrogenSlowCureRate─CH-CH2───CH2-CH──CH2-CH=CH-CH2─()0.25()m()n

CHCH2E*(ComplexModulus)Tanδ(E”/E’)AstheVinylContentincreases,ChainrigidityincreasesduetobulkyvinylgroupinthemainchainresultinginhigherTg.Temperature(℃)Temperature(℃)Tanδ(E”/E’)E*(X1010dyne/cm2)VinylcontenteffectofBRonTg

Tg,oC%1,2substitution(Vinyl)0-20-40-60-80-100

20406080100Isobutylene-BasedElastomersLowPermeabilityinIsobutylene-BasedPolymersEfficientpackinginisobutylene-basedpolymersleadstotheirlowfractionalfreevolumesandlowairpermeabilitySamedependenceofpermeabilityonT-TgasotherdienerubbersbutwithsignificantlylowerpermeabilityvaluesAmongisobutylene-basedpolymers,permeabilityfollowsBIMS<BIIR~BrSBB<PIBBroadTgandHighDampinginIsobutylene-BasedPolymersBroadglasstransitioninisobutylene-basedpolymersLowTgretainedforgoodlowtemperatureproperties-50oCdynamictransitionduetolocalsegmentalmotions(-65oCDSCTg)Hightangentdelta(-30oC-0oC)forbetterwinter/wettractionpotentialtransitionsduetolocaltorsionalmotionsandchainsegmentalrelaxationPIBhasthemostsymmetricandcompactmonomerstructurewhichminimizestheintermolecularinteractionsandcontributestoitsuniqueviscoelasticpropertiesIsobutyleneElastomerCompoundsIsobutylene-basedelastomershaveexcellentimpermeability,highdamping,andgreatozoneandagingresistancepronetowearandscuffhigherTg’sthanthatofBRandNRlowergreenstrengththanNRBlendsareemployedforpropertyandcostoptimizationinnerliner,suchas80/20BIIR/NR(foradhesionandgreenstrength)sidewall,suchas50/40/10BIMS/BR/NR(forozoneresistance,adhesion,co-curability,andscuffresistance)tread,suchas25/35/40BIMS/NR/BR(forwearresistance,wet,andsnowtraction)PhysicalpropertiesoffilledelastomerblendsdependonblendmorphologyBlendcomposition,Phasesize,shape,andcontinuityCurestatedistribution,Fillerphasepartition,Interfacialadhesion

ElastomersandtheircharacteristicsEffectsofpolymersoncuredproperties

2.CarbonBlackandrelatedTechniques▶Reinforcingtype.CarbonBlack.Silica.ZincOxide.MagnesiumCarbonate▶Extendingtype.CalciumCarbonate.Bariumsulfate.TalcandsoapstoneEveryElatomerisnotgoodenoughthatverymanythingsaremadefromitwithoutreinforcement.ManufactureofCarbonblackCarbonblack-.Particulatefillersincreasestrength10foldormoreforamorphouselastomers.-.Requireparticleofhighspecificsurfacearea,I.e.smallsize=>Lessthan1m=>Upperlimit:about400m2/cm3-.Carbonblack,silica,treatedcornstarch.**Carbonblackisincompletecombustionofhydrocarbonsorbythermalcracking.Furnaceblack:Gasorfueloilisburnedinexcessairandwaterquenched=>Surface:lowoxygencontent,neutraloralkaline=>Size:100-1000AoThermalblack:Oilandnaturalgasiscrackedintheabsenceofoxygenatahotrefractorysurface=>Size:1000-5000AoASTMdesignationNseries:normalcuringSseries:slowcuringParticleSizeforRubberReinforcementParticlesizeEffects

Particles>5000nmDegradephysicalpropertiesofrubberParticlesbetweenLittleeffectontensilestrength1000~5000nmlargevolumescanbeusedwithlittledegradationofrubber.Particles<1000nmReinforceParticles<1nmRealreinforcingagents

FunctionalGroupsofCarbonBlackSurfaceThesurfaceofcarbonblackiscomplexandnotclear

DimensionalClarificationofC/BGradesHydrodynamicTheories

E=Eo(1+2.5)

where=volumefractionbyGuth

RF(Reinforcingfactor)=E/Eo=(1+2.5)

E=Eo(1+2.5+14.12)bySmallwood

E=Eo(1+0.67+1.62f22)

wheref=shapefactor

Tokita’sFormulaThepeakofabrasionresistanceappearsatlowcarbonblackloading,whenthecarbonblackhashighCDBPandnarrowaggregatesizedistribution.GeneralpropertiesofCarbonblack

-.NseriesactivateacceleratedsulfurvulcanizationbypromotingcleavageofS-NbondinsulfenamidesorpromoteevolutionofH2S-.C/Bdecreasescorchtime,butincreasecurerate.-.C/Btendstoreducereversion.

-.C/Bseemtohavelittleeffectoncrosslinks-.C/Bhaveantioxidantactivity(Quinonicsurfacegroups)Particlesize1)Structure(aggregate)=CDBP2)AggregateSizeDistribution=Dst,Tint3)SurfaceActivityTheASTMValueofCarbonBlackN110N115N121N125N220N234N299N326N330N335N339N347N351N358N375N472N550N589N630N660N774N990I2No.DBPCDBPN2SATINT300%MCTAB145160121117121120108828292909068849025043100363629-11311313210411412512472102110120124120150114178121180789072439896112810010010569889410110097112971148411462756240126128121126111119104838288938773889614542763536299143145132132119126108848388969073871002704280383529912412312112311512411311210311011010310099115-------

0-0.2+3.3+0.6+0.9+2.3+3.3-1.7+1.7+3.3+5.2+3.1+3.7+5.4+2.9-1.8+1.7+1.3-1.2-0.1-1.4-5.5

RubberPropertyStructureParticlesizeIncreaseDecreaseMixingTempIncreaseIncreaseDispersionImprovesDecreaseViscosityIncreaseIncreaseGreenStrengthIncreaseIncreaseScorchsafetyDecreaseDecreaseTensileDecrease(Slightly)IncreaseElongationDecreaseDecreaseHardnessIncreaseIncreaseTearResistanceDecreaseIncreaseCompressionsetIncrease(Slightly)IncreaseResilienceDecrease(Slightly)DecreaseHeatbuild-upIncreaseIncreaseAbrasionResistanceIncrease(Slightly)IncreaseRelationshipbetweencarbonblackloadingandphysicalpropertiesofrubbercompound.ParticleSize

Structure

C/BloadingUn-curedrubberVulcanizedrubberMixingtimeDispersionMill-BaggingViscosityScorchtimeDie-SwellHardness300%ModulusTensilestrengthTearstrengthAbrasionpropertiesReboundHeatBuild-upCompoundpropertiesC/Bbasicproperties

ItemsAbrasionGripcut&ChipRollingresistancePhysicalpropertiesAbrasiontanδ↑tanδ↑,Modulus↓tanδ↓SurfaceArea,N2SA↑↑↑↓Structure,DBPSeverity:↑↑↓↑SurfaceActivity,N2SA/IA↑↘↘↑ASDTintSharp↑Sharp↗Sharp↗Broad↘ConsiderationHeatBuild-upViscosityProcessProcessAbrasionAbrasionApplicationN234,N103N103N220N375,CD2045

<Micro-StructureofCarbonBlackSurface>

SurfaceModelofneo-BlackCOOHCOConventionalneo-BlackSoftBondingpolymerSoftBonding=polymer-like=Lowtanδ,LowE’HardBondingCarbonBlackCOOHCOCarbonBlackClassificationofC/BfortirecomponentsTBRPCRTreadUndertreadSidewallCarcassBeltInnerlinearApex/RimflangeBasestripN234,N375,N330N660N550N660N326,N351N550N351,N375N351N103,N220,N234N351N351N330N330N660N330,N351N351ComponentsType3.SilicaandrelatedTechniquesDefinitionTypesReinforcingagent:Silica,HardclayFillingagent:Softclay,CaCO3,Ca(OH)2,TALC.Requiredproperties.GooddispersityoffillerNoeffectofpossibility.Noeffectagainstwater,chemicals,thermalandsun-light.Highfillingoffillerincompound.LowcostInorganicfiller1)Reinforcingagentisusedforimprovinghardness,tensilestrength,tearstrengthandabrasionresistant2)Fillingagentisusedforreducingcost,improvingpossibilityandincreasingrubbervolumewithoutdeterioratingphysicalproperties.Currentsituation

GeneralinformationofSilicaChemicalstructureTypes1)Rawsilica2)Silanecoupledsilica3)Newsilica(Highdispersible)Properties1)Advantage:ImprovementofR/R&WettractionLowH.B.UandgoodCUT&CHIPExcellentSnow&Icetraction2)Dis-advantage:Poordispersityandprocessingproblems.Silicavs.CarbonblackSiO2+-(-Six(OH)y-)n-NaturalSilicaSyntheticSilica--AmorphoustypeFumedsilica(pyrogenicprocess)--AnhydroussilicaElectricarcsilica(Pyrogenicprocess)Fusedsilica

Silicagel(Wetprocess)Precipitatedsilica(Wetprocess)---Hydratedsilica

Precipitatedsilica

Na2CO3H2O/H2SO4

Highpuritysand==>Siliconoxide======>Silicateglass(SiO2/Na2O)==========>SiO2

(SiO2/Na2O)aq+2H2SO4SiO2+Na2SO4+H2O

PolymerizationNucleationGrowthAggregationConsolidation

Manufacturingmethodofsilica

Manufacturingmethodofsilica

SandH2Ooven1400℃dissolutionmixingchamberSodiumcarbonate

DilutionLIQUIDSILICATEVITROUSSILICATESiO2inpowderstoragegrindingcompactingmicronisationH2SO4SprayDryingslurry

SiO2+H2OcakeprecipitationfiltrationwashingliquefactionGeneralpropertiesofsilicaHighLowAffinitywithPolymerNon-PolarPolarPolarityCARBONBLACKSILICACONTENTSStructureLowHighFiller-FillerInteractionPhysicalRelationChemicalBonding(withSilaneCouplingAgent)Polymer-FillerBondingMediumHighCostCouplingReactionofSilica/Silane/PolymerSilanolGroupofSilicaBis-(3-EthoxySilylpropyl)-Tetrasulfane(Si-69)SiOHSiOHSiOHSiOHSiOH+C2H5OSiOC2H5OC2H5(CH2)3S4(CH2)3SiOC2H5OC2H5OC2H5-

C2H5OHIntermediate

CouplingAgent

TESPT(SI-69)Bis-(3-EthoxySilylPropyl)-Tetrasulfane

MercaptSilane

-MercaptopropyltrialkoxySilane

TCPTS(SI-264)3-ThioCyantoPropylTriethoxySilane

CSPTES3-ChloropropylTroexhoxySilane

VTES(SI-225)TrialkoxyVinylSilane

PerformancecomparisonofSilicavs.CarbonBlackCompoundsCARBONSILICACONTENTS100105WetTraction100110RollingResistance10097WearProperties0℃tanδHydrophilic-OHGroupHysterisysDispersionPolymerHighLowLowS-SBRLowHighHighE-SBR-60-50-40-30-20-100102030405060708090SilicaComp’dCBComp’dWetTractionRegionR.R.RegionTanDelta

ComparisonofSilicavs.CarbonBlackCompoundEfficiencyProcessingCostAbrasionSNOWWETR.R.ClassificationWorseBetter

“GreenTireConcept”introducedintoEuropeanMarket.Thiscanbeachievedmainlywithsilica/silanesystemandaspecialsolutionSBRpolymertoovercomethetrade-offprobleminperformancesamongwetgrip,rollingresistanceandabrasion.PoorinteractionofsilicawithelastomerleadstothecarefulselectionofmicrostructureofsolutionSBRtogetoptimumreinforcement.BACKGROUNDWetgripAbrasionresistanceR/RSilica+Si69ASTMC/BSilicaApplicationforGreenTireControl1.2phrsilaneTensilestrength(kg/cm2)171234300%modulus(kg/cm2)67154Elongation,%500384ShoreAhardness6156Rebound6770HeatBuild-up2515BoundRubber3045PICO(mg)0.0350.029Recipe:SBR1502100,Hi-Sil23360,Oil10,SnO4,Stearicacid1,Antioxidant2,Wax2TMTD4.5Silane:-MercaptopropyltrialkoxySilane

Effectofsilanecouplingagentontheboundrubberformationandphysicalpropertiesofsilicafilledrubber

DefinitionTypesReinforcingagent:Silica,HardclayFillingagent:Softclay,CaCO3,Ca(OH)2,TALC.Requiredproperties.GooddispersityoffillerNoeffectofpossibility.Noeffectagainstwater,chemicals,thermalandsun-light.Highfillingoffillerincompound.LowcostInorganicfiller1)Reinforcingagentisusedforimprovinghardness,tensilestrength,tearstrengthandabrasionresistant2)Fillingagentisusedforreducingcost,improvingpossibilityandincreasingrubbervolumewithoutdeterioratingphysicalproperties.Currentsituation

NaturalSilicaSyntheticSilica--AmorphoustypeFumedsilica(pyrogenicprocess)--AnhydroussilicaElectricarcsilica(Pyrogenicprocess)Fusedsilica

Silicagel(Wetprocess)Precipitatedsilica(Wetprocess)---Hydratedsilica

Precipitatedsilica

Na2CO3H2O/H2SO4

Highpuritysand==>Siliconoxide======>Silicateglass(SiO2/Na2O)==========>SiO2

(SiO2/Na2O)aq+2H2SO4SiO2+Na2SO4+H2O

PolymerizationNucleationGrowthAggregationConsolidation

Manufacturingmethodofsilica

Manufacturingmethodofsilica

SandH2Ooven1400℃dissolutionmixingchamberSodiumcarbonate

DilutionLIQUIDSILICATEVITROUSSILICATESiO2inpowderstoragegrindingcompactingmicronisationH2SO4SprayDryingslurry

SiO2+H2OcakeprecipitationfiltrationwashingliquefactionGeneralinformationofSilicaChemicalstructureTypes1)Rawsilica2)Silanecoupledsilica3)Newsilica(Highdispersible)Properties1)Advantage:ImprovementofR/R&WettractionLowH.B.UandgoodCUT&CHIPExcellentSnow&Icetraction2)Dis-advantage:Poordispersityandprocessingproblems.Silicavs.CarbonblackSiO2+-(-Six(OH)y-)n-GeneralpropertiesofsilicaHighLowAffinitywithPolymerNon-PolarPolarPolarityCARBONBLACKSILICACONTENTSStructureLowHighFiller-FillerInteractionPhysicalRelationChemicalBonding(withSilaneCouplingAgent)Polymer-FillerBondingMediumHighCostMATERIALOVERVIEW4SILICAC/BPrimaryStructureSurfaceChemistryFiller-FillerInteractionStrong(poordispersion)WeakInteractionwithelastomerWeakStrongSilanols:isolatedGeminal,Vicinal

HydrophilicPhenol,carboxylketone,quinoneHydrophobic30nm(N2SA:170m2/g)20nm(N220(N2SA:120m2/)

PerformancecomparisonofSilicavs.CarbonBlackCompoundsCARBONSILICACONTENTS100105WetTraction100110RollingResistance10097WearProperties0℃tanδHydrophilic-OHGroupHysterisysDispersionPolymerHighLowLowS-SBRLowHighHighE-SBR-60-50-40-30-20-100102030405060708090SilicaComp’dCBComp’dWetTractionRegionR.R.RegionTanDelta

ComparisonofSilicavs.CarbonBlackCompoundEfficiencyProcessingCostAbrasionSNOWWETR.R.ClassificationWorseBetter

“GreenTireConcept”introducedintoEuropeanMarket.Thiscanbeachievedmainlywithsilica/silanesystemandaspecialsolutionSBRpolymertoovercomethetrade-offprobleminperformancesamongwetgrip,rollingresistanceandabrasion.Poorinteractionofsilicawithelastomerleadsto