大学英语四级考试阅读理解辅导课件

吕晓军大学英语四级长篇阅读部分吕晓军吕晓军大学英语四级长篇阅读部分吕晓军一、试卷描述

四级的试卷结构、测试内容、测试题型、分值比例和考试时间如下表所示：

一、试卷描述

四级的试卷结构、测试内容、测试题型、分值比基本考试流程9：009：10播放考场指令9：109:40作文（30分钟）9：4010：10听力（30分钟）10:10听力结束后完成剩余考项。（70分钟）基本考试流程9：009：10播放考场指令长篇阅读Directions:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.Answerthequestionsbymarkingthe

correspondingletteronAnswerSheet2.分析：字数未变，题型由选择和填空改为匹配类型。10个题目与X个段落。段落数与题目数不一定相等，所以可能几个题目来自于同一段落，也可能有的段落用不着。10个题目往往不是原文，而是对段落大意的概括或者是对某一句话的paraphrase。题目顺序与文章段落顺序并不绝对一致。以往题型重在细节定位，偏向微观；如今题型重在把握大意，偏向宏观。选择题改为匹配题，减少了单个题目的迷惑性，增加了对文章整体理解的要求。难点不在选项，而在文章本身。长篇阅读Directions:长篇阅读考察能力：要求考生运用略读和查读(寻读)的技能从篇章中获取信息。略读考核学生通过快速阅读获取文章主旨大意或中心思想的能力。查读(寻读)考核学生利用各种提示，如数字、大字单词、段首或句首词等，快速查找特定信息的能力。区别：略读往往不能定位到句子,解决宏观问题；寻读往往要定位到句子，解决微观问题；略读难度要稍高于寻读。平均词汇：1000平均阅读速度:100词/分10秒/句（实验）测验&体验问题：1.读懂选项2.在有限时间内读懂全文大意，明白其逻辑结构，更重要的，理解每一段的段落大意。长篇阅读考察能力：要求考生运用略读和查读(寻读)的技能从篇章做题步骤两套方案1.通读全文，把握文章的主旨大意和整体脉络结构。尤其是每段的第一、第二句和结尾句。2.准确理解题目的内容，标出关键词。关键词多为：名词（短语），数字，专有名词。3.定位并阅读原文。做题步骤两套方案1.通读全文，把握文章的主旨大意和整1.方法略读法2.信息了解文章结构3.困难克服阅读障碍如何快速高效阅读全文？1.方法略读法如何快速高效阅读全文？略读法略读有下列四个特点：1.以极快的速度阅读文章，寻找字面上或事实上的主要信息和少量的阐述信息。（重复字）2.可以跳过某个部分或某些部分不读。（哪些部分,英语文章的着眼点在什么地方）3.理解水平可以稍低一些，但也不能太低。（50%-60%）4.根据文章的难易程度和需要达到目的，不断灵活地调整阅读速度。（匹配题型，找对位置即理解大意即可。）大学英语四级考试阅读理解辅导课件略读可以运用下列技巧：1.以一般阅读速度，阅读文章开头的一、二段，力求抓住文章大意、背景情况、作者的文章风格、口吻或语气等。2.阅读段落的主题句和结论句。抓住主题句就掌握了段落大意，然后略去细节不读，以提高略读速度。3.要利用文体细节，如：文章的标题、副标题、小标题、斜体词、黑体词、脚注、标点符号等，对文章进行预测略读。预测略读要了解作者的思路和文章模式，以便把握大意、有关的细节及其相互关系。（庖丁解牛）4.运用意群视读，不要在只言片语上纠缠，也不追求对所有细节都理解，只要能以最快的速度掌握文章大意即可。5.注意转折词和序列词。常见的转折词有however,moreover,inaddition等；序列词有firstly,secondly,atlast等。略读可以运用下列技巧：以一般阅读速度，阅读文章开头的一、二段，力求抓住文章大意、背景情况、作者的文章风格、口吻或语气等。

预测阅读

UniversitiesBranchOutAsneverbeforeintheirlonghistory,universitieshavebecomeinstrumentsofnationalcompetitionaswellasinstrumentsofpeace.Theyaretheplaceofthescientificdiscoveriesthatmoveeconomiesforward,andtheprimarymeansofeducatingthetalentrequiredtoobtainandmaintaincompetitiveadvantage.Butatthesametime,theopeningofnationalborderstotheflowofgoods,services,informationandespeciallypeoplehasmadeuniversitiesapowerfulforceforglobalintegration,mutualunderstandingandgeopoliticalstability.以一般阅读速度，阅读文章开头的一、二段，力求抓住文章大意、背2.阅读段落的主题句和结论句。抓住主题句就掌握了段落大意，然后略去细节不读，以提高略读速度。Inresponsetothesameforcesthathavedriventheworldeconomy,universitieshavebecomemoreself-consciouslyglobal:seekingstudentsfromaroundtheworldwhorepresenttheentirerangeofculturesandvalues,sendingtheirownstudentsabroadtopreparethemforglobalcareers,offeringcoursesofstudythataddressthechallengesofaninterconnectedworldandcollaborative(合作的)researchprogramstoadvancescienceforthebenefitofallhumanity.大学英语四级考试阅读理解辅导课件

HerbalmedicineiscommontoallracesandpeoplesAsian,Chinese,Egyptian,Greek,Roman,Indianandothers.AChineseherbalwrittenin2500B.C.listed365herbs.PapyrifromEgyptdatedto1550B.C.revealedaknowledgeof700plantmedicines,manyofwhichareknownandusedtoday:elder,juniper,gentian,fennel,linseed,myrrhandpeppermint.DuringtheGreekandRomancivilizations,Hippocrates,Galen,Dioscorides,Theophrastusandmanyotherphysiciansextendedherbalknowledgeprovidingdetailedmedicinaldescriptions.FollowingtheadventofprintingcamemanygreatEuropeanherbals,oneofthemostfamousbeingGerard’sherbalprintedin1636whichgavethemedicinalusesofabout3800plants.主题句HerbalmedicineiscommonRadioAdvertisingonradiocontinuestogrow.Radioisoftenusedinconjunctionwithoutdoorbill-boards(广告牌)andtheInternettoreachevenmorecustomersthantelevision.Advertisersarelikelytouseradiobecauseitisalessexpensivemediumthantelevision,whichmeansadvertiserscanaffordtorepeattheiradsoften.Internetcompaniesarealsoturningtoradioadvertising.Radioprovidesawayforadvertiserstocommunicatewithaudiencemembersatalltimesoftheday.Consumerslistentoradioontheirwaytoschoolorwork,atwork,onthewayhome,andintheeveninghours.Twomajorchanges—satelliteandInternetradio—willforceradioadvertiserstoadapttheirmethods.Bothoftheseradioformsallowlistenerstotuneinstationsthataremoredistantthanthelocalstationstheycouldreceiveinthepast.Asaresult,radiowillincreasinglyattracttargetaudienceswholivemanymilesapart.4.Advertisingonradiocontinuestogrowbecause_______.

A)morelocalradiostationshavebeensetupB)moderntechnologymakesitmoreentertainingC)itprovideseasyaccesstoconsumersD)ithasbeenrevolutionizedbyInternetradioRadio

BythetimethefirstEuropeantravelersontheAmericancontinentbegantorecordsomeoftheirobservationsaboutIndians,theCherokeepeoplehaddevelopedan

advancedculturethatprobablywasexceededonlybythecivilizedtribesoftheSouthwest：MayanandAztecgroups．ThesocialstructuresoftheCherokeepeopleconsistedofaformofclan(氏族)kinship(亲属关系)inwhichthereweresevenrecognizedclans．Allmembersofaclanwereconsideredbloodbrothersandsistersandwereboundbyhonortodefendanymemberofthatclanfromwrong．Eachclan,theBird,Paint，Deer,Wolf，Blue，LongHair,andWildPotatowasrepresentedinthecivilcouncilbyacounselororcounselors．Thechiefofthetribewasselectedfromoneoftheseclansanddidnotinherithisofficefromhiskinsmen．Actually,thereweretwochiefs,aPeacechiefandaWarchief．ThePeacechiefservedwhenthetribewasatpeace,buttheminutewarwasdeclared，theWarchiefwasincommand．Selectthestatementwhichbestexpressesthemainideaoftheparagraph．A.TheCherokeechiefwasdifferentinwartimethaninpeacetime．B.BeforethearrivaloftheEuropeanstheCherokeeshaddevelopedawell-organizedsociety．C.TheMayansandtheAztecswerepartoftheCherokeetribe．D.SeveralIndiancultureshaddevelopedadvancedcivilizationsbeforeEuropeansarrived.BythetimethefirstMediaselectionforadvertisements（2008.6）……Television……Newspaper……Radio……Magazines……Out-of-homeadvertising……Internet……Directmail……3.要利用文体细节，如：文章的标题、副标题、小标题、斜体词、黑体词、脚注、标点符号等，对文章进行预测略读。预测略读要了解作者的思路和文章模式，以便把握大意、有关的细节及其相互关系。Mediaselectionforadvertisem4.运用意群视读，不要在只言片语上纠缠，也不追求对所有细节都理解，只要能以最快的速度掌握文章大意即可。Asneverbefore/intheirlonghistory,/universitieshavebecomeinstruments/ofnationalcompetition/aswellas/instrumentsofpeace./Theyaretheplaceofthescientificdiscoveries/thatmoveeconomiesforward,/andtheprimarymeans/ofeducatingthetalent/requiredtoobtainandmaintaincompetitiveadvantage.4.运用意群视读，不要在只言片语上纠缠，也不追求对所有细节关键词阅读KeywordWefindthatbrightchildrenarerarelyheldbackbymixed-abilityteaching.Onthecontrary,boththeirknowledgeandexperienceareenriched.Wefeelthattherearemanydisadvantagesinstreamingpupils.Itcanhaveabadeffectonboththebrightandnot-so-brightchild.大学英语四级考试阅读理解辅导课件ListeninginWefindthatbrightchildrenarerarelyheldbackbymixed-abilityteaching.Onthecontrary,boththeirknowledgeandexperienceareenriched.Wefeelthattherearemanydisadvantagesinstreamingpupils.Itcanhaveabadeffectonboththebrightandnot-so-brightchild.Wefindthatbrightchildrenarerarelyheldbackbymixed-abilityteaching.Onthecontrary,boththeirknowledgeandexperienceareenriched.Wefeelthattherearemanydisadvantagesinstreamingpupils.Itcanhaveabadeffectonboththebrightandnot-so-brightchild.ListeninginWefindthatbrigh5.注意转折词和序列词。常见的转折词有however,moreover,inaddition等；序列词有firstly,secondly,atlast等。UniversitiesBranchOutAsneverbeforeintheirlonghistory,universitieshavebecomeinstrumentsofnationalcompetitionaswellasinstrumentsofpeace.Theyaretheplaceofthescientificdiscoveriesthatmoveeconomiesforward,andtheprimarymeansofeducatingthetalentrequiredtoobtainandmaintaincompetitiveadvantage.Butatthesametime,theopeningofnationalborderstotheflowofgoods,services,informationandespeciallypeoplehasmadeuniversitiesapowerfulforceforglobalintegration,mutualunderstandingandgeopoliticalstability.5.注意转折词和序列词。常见的转折词有however,m文章7/81.题材体裁2.结构布局文章7/81.题材体裁文章题材、体裁题材：各种各样体裁：说明文、议论文文章题材、体裁题材：各种各样

题材（what）

阅读理解题材广泛，涵盖了人文科学、社会科学和自然科学，包括人物传记，社会文化，日常生活，科普知识，风土人情等，但所涉及的背景知识是学生基本具备的。文章的语言难度适中，无法猜测而又影响理解的关键词用汉语注明词义。近几年的试题中，社会生活方面的文章所占比例逐渐上升，而科普类文章则有所下降。题材（what）阅读理解题材广泛，涵盖了人文科学、社熟悉文章的题材

1）题材即内容。四级阅读理解文章的内容有三大类：

A社会问题方面。如家庭、婚姻、伦理、犯罪、青少年问题、妇女问题、种族问题等。议论

B人文科学方面。涉及到政治、经济、法律、历史、文化、习俗、教育、娱乐、人物、语言等。说明议论

C自然科学方面。这类题材大多是科普知识，如医学、海洋、地理、地质、遗传、天文、动植物、电子技术、空间技术等。说明

熟悉文章的题材体裁四级考试阅读体裁多样化，包括记叙文，说明文，议论文等，其中说明文和议论文所占比重较大。科普文章（题材）说明文（体裁）社会生活（题材）议论文（体裁）教育…夹叙夹议学会快速区分说明文和议论文体裁四级考试阅读体裁多样化，包括记叙文，说明文，议论文等，其说明文和议论文的主要区别说明文是一种以说明为主要表达方式的文体。它是对客观事物的性状、特点、功能和用途等等做科学的说明的。它既不像记叙文那样重在记叙、描写和抒情，也不像议论文那样，重在阐明主张，批驳谬论。说明文通过说明客观事物，使人增长知识和技能客观，不掺杂个人意见。议论文亦称说理文、论说文，就是讲道理、论是非。作者通过事实

材料和逻辑推理来阐明自己的观点，表明赞成什么或反对什么主观，阐述个人意见。

说明文和议论文的主要区别说明文是一种以说明为主要表达方式的文

Intimesofeconomiccrisis,Americansturntotheirfamiliesforsupport.IftheGreatDepressionisanyguide,wemayseeadropinourskyhighdivorcerate.Butthiswon’tnecessarilyrepresentanincreaseinhappymarriages.Inthelongrun,theDepressionweakenedAmericanfamilies,andthecurrentcrisiswillprobablydothesame.

WetendtothinkoftheDepressionasatimewhenfamiliespulledtogethertosurvivehugejoblosses,By1932.whennearlyone-quarteroftheworkforcewasunemployed,thedivorceratehaddeclinedbyaround25%from1929Butthisdoesn’tmeanpeopleweresuddenlyhappierwiththeirmarriages.Rather,withincomesdecreasingandinsecurejobs,unhappycouplesoftencouldn’taffordtodivorce.Theyfearedneitherspousecouldmanagealone.

Today,giventhejoblossesofthepastyear,fewerunhappycoupleswillriskstartingseparatehouseholds,Furthermore,thehousingmarketmeltdownwillmakeitmoredifficultforthemtofinancetheirseparationsbysellingtheirhomes.

Afterfinancialdisastersfamilymembersalsotendtodowhatevertheycantohelpeachotherandtheircommunities,A1940book.TheUnemployedManandHisFamily,describedafamilyinwhichthehusbandinitiallyreactedtolosinghisjob“withtirelesssearchforwork.”Hewasalwaysactive,lookingforoddjobstodo.

TheproblemisthatsuchanimpulseishardtosustainAcrossthecountry,manysimilarfamilieswereunabletomaintaintheinitialboostinmorale(士气).Forsome,thehardshipsoflifewithoutsteadyworkeventuallyoverwhelmedtheirattemptstokeeptheirfamiliestogether.Thedivorcerateroseagainduringtherestofthedecadeastherecoverytookhold.

MillionsofAmericanfamiliesmaynowbeintheinitialstageoftheirresponsestothecurrentcrisis,workingtogetherandsupportingoneanotherthroughtheearlymonthsofunemployment.

Today’seconomiccrisiscouldwellgenerateasimilarnumberofcoupleswhoserelationshipshavebeenirreparably(无法弥补地)ruined.Soit’sonlywhentheeconomyishealthyagainthatwe’llbegintoseejusthowmanybrokenfamilieshavebeencreated.

2012年6月IntimesofeconomiccPeoplearebeinglured(引诱)ontoFacebookwiththepromiseofafun,freeservicewithoutrealizingthey’repayingforitbygivinguptoadsofpersonalinformation.Facebookthenattemptstomakemoneybysellingtheirdatatoadvertisersthatwanttosendtargetedmessages.

MostFacebookusersdon’trealizethisishappening.Eveniftheyknowwhatthecompanyisupto,theystillhavenoideawhatthey’repayingforFacebookbecausepeopledon’treallyknowwhattheirpersonaldataisworth.

Thebiggestproblem,however,isthatthecompanykeepschangingtherulesEarlyonyoukeepeverythingprivate.Thatwasthegreatthingaboutfacebookyoucouldcreateownlittleprivatenetwork.Lastyear.Thecompanychangeditsprivacyrulessothatmanythingsyoucity.Yourphoto,yourfriends’names-wereset,bydefault(默认)tobesharedwitheveryoneontheInternet.

AccordingtoFacebook’svice-presidentElliotSchrage,thecompanyissimplymakingchangestoimproveitsservice,andifpeopledon’tshareinformationTheyhavea“lesssatisfyingexperience”.

SomecriticsthinkthisismoreaboutFacebooklookingtomakemoremoney.Inoriginalbusinessmodel,whichinvolvedsellingadsandputtingthenAtthesideofthepagestotallyWhowantstotookatadswhenthey’reonlineconnectingwiththeirfriends?

TheprivacyissuehasalreadylandedFacebookinhotwaterinWashington.InApril.SenatorCharlesSchumercalledonFacebooktochangeitsprivacypolicy.HealsourgedtheFederalTradeCommissiontosetguidelinesforsocial-networkingsites.“Ithinkthesenatorrightlycommunicatedthatwehadnotbeenclearaboutwhatthenewproductswereandhowpeoplecouldchoosetousethemornottousethem,”Schrageadmits.

IsuspectthatwhateverFacebookhasdonesofartoinvadeourprivacy,it’sonlythebeginning.WhichiswhyI’mconsideringdeactivating(撤销)myaccount.Facebookisahandysite,butI’mupsetbytheideathatmyinformationisinthehandsofpeopleIdon’tThat’stoohighapricetopay.

PeoplearebeinglBoys’

schools

are

the

perfect

place

to

teach

young

men

to

express

their

emotions

and

involve

them

in

activities

such

as

art,

dance

and

music.

Far

from

the

traditional

image

of

a

culture

of

aggressive

masculinity

(阳刚),

the

absence

of

girls

gives

boys

the

chance

to

develop

without

pressure

to

conform

to

a

stereotype.

a

US

study

says，“Boys

at

single-sex

schools

were

said

to

be

more

likely

to

get

involved

in

cultural

and

artistic

activities

that

helped

develop

their

emotional

expressiveness,

rather

than

feeling

they

had

to

conform

to

the

“boy

code”

of

hiding

their

emotions

to

be

a

“real

man”.

The

findings

of

the

study

so

against

received

wisdom

that

boys

do

better

when

taught

alongside

girls.

Tony

Little,

headmaster

of

Eton,

warned

that

boys

were

being

faded

by

the

British

education

system

because

it

had

become

too

focused

on

girls.

He

criticized

teachers

for

failing

to

recognize

that

boys

are

actually

more

emotional

than

girls.

The

research

argued

that

boys

often

perform

badly

in

mixed

schools

because

they

become

discouraged

when

their

female

peers

do

better

earlier

in

speaking

and

reading

skills.

But

in

single-sex

schools

teachers

can

tailor

lessons

to

boys’

learning

style,

letting

them

move

around

the

classroom

and

getting

them

to

compete

in

teams

to

prevent

boredom,

wrote

the

study’s

author,

Abigail

James,

of

the

University

of

Virginia.

Teachers

could

encourage

boys

to

enjoy

reading

and

writing

with

“boy-focused”

approaches

such

as

themes

and

characters

that

appeal

to

them.

Because

boys

generally

have

more

acute

vision

learn

best

through

touch,

and

are

physically

more

active,

they

need

to

be

given

“hands-on”

lessons

where

they

are

allowed

to

walk

around.

“Boys

in

mixed

schools

view

classical

music

as

feminine

(女性的)

and

prefer

the

modem

genre

(类型)

in

which

violence

and

sexism

are

major

themes,

”James

wrote.

Single-sex

education

also

made

it

less

likely

that

boys

would

feel

they

had

to

conform

to

a

stereotype

that

men

should

be

“masterful

and

in

charge”

in

relationships.

“In

mixed

schools

boys

feel

compelled

to

act

like

men

before

they

understand

themselves

well

enough

to

know

what

that

means,

”

the

study

reported.

2011年12月Boys’

schools

are

the

perfecIt’s

an

annual

argument.

Do

we

or

do

we

not

go

on

holiday?

My

partner

says

no

because

the

boiler

could

go,

or

the

roof

fall

off

and

we

have

no

savings

to

save

us.

I

say

you

only

live

once

and

we

work

hard

and

what’s

the

point

if

you

can’t

go

on

holiday.

The

joy

of

a

recession

means

no

argument

next

year

-

we

just

won’t

go.

Since

money

is

known

to

be

one

of

the

things

most

likely

to

bring

a

relationship

to

its

knees,

we

should

be

grateful.

For

many

families

the

recession

means

more

than

not

booking

a

holiday

A

YouGov

poll

of

2,

000

people

found

22%

said

they

were

arguing

more

with

their

partners

because

of

concerns

about

money.

What’s

less

clear

is

whether

divorce

and

separation

rates

rise

in

a

recession

-

financial

pressures

mean

couples

argue

more

but

make

splitting

up

less

affordable.

A

recent

research

shows

arguments

about

money

were

especially

damaging

to

couples.

Disputes

were

characterized

by

intense

verbal

(

言语上的)

aggression,

tended

to

be

repeated

and

not

resolved

and

made

men,

more

than

women,

extremely

angry.

Kim

Stephenson,

an

occupational

psychologist,

believes

money

is

such

a

big

deal

because

of

what

it

symbolizes,

which

may

be

different

things

to

men

and

women.

"People

can

say

the

same

things

about

money

but

have

different

ideas

of

what

it’s

for."

he

explains.

"They’ll

say

it’s

to

save

to

spend,

for

security,

for

freedom,

to

show

someone

you

love

them."

He

says

men

are

more

likely

to

see

money

as

a

way

of

buying

status

and

of

showing

their

parents

that

they’ve

achieved

something.

"The

biggest

problem

is

that

couples

assume

each

other

know

what’s

going

on

with

their

finances,

but

they

don’t.

There

seems

to

be

more

of

a

taboo

(禁忌)

about

talking

about

money

than

about

death.

But

you

both

need

to

know

what

you’re

doing,

who’s

paying

what

into

the

joint

account

and

how

much

you

keep

separately.

In

a

healthy

relationship,

you

don’t

have

to

agree

about

money,

but

you

have

to

talk

about

it."

It’s

an

annual

argument.

Do

weSeveralrecentstudieshavefoundthatbeingrandomly(随机地)assignedtoaroommateofanotherracecanleadtoincreasedtolerancebutalsotoagreaterlikelihood(可能性)ofconflict.Recentreportsfoundthatlodgingwithastudentofadifferentracemaydecreaseprejudiceandcompelstudentstoengageinmoreethnicallydiversefriendships.AnOhioStateUniversitystudyalsofoundthatblackstudentslivingwithawhiteroommatesawhigheracademicsuccessthroughouttheircollegecareers.Researchersbelievethismaybecausedbysocialpressure.InaNewYorkTimesarticle,SamRoakye—theonlyblackstudentonhisfreshmanyearfloor—saidthat"ifyou'resurroundedbywhites,youhavesomethingtoprove."Researchersalsoobservedproblemsresultingfrompairinginterracialstudentsinresidences.Accordingtotworecentstudies,randomlyassignedroommatesofdifferentracearemorelikelytoexperienceconflictssostrainedthatoneroommatewillmoveout.AnIndianaUniversitystudyfoundthatinterracialroommateswerethreetimesaslikelyastwowhiteroommatestonolongerlivetogetherbytheendofthesemester.GraceKao,aprofessoratPennsaidshewasnotsurprisedbythefindings."Thismaybethefirsttimethatsomeofthesestudentshaveinteracted,andlived,withsomeoneofadifferentrace,"shesaid.AtPenn,studentarenotaskedtoindicateracewhenapplyingforhousing."Oneofthegreatthingsaboutfreshmanhousingisthat,withsomeexceptions,theprocessthrowsyoutogetherrandomly,"saidUndergraduateAssemblychairmanAlecWebley."Thisisthedefinitionofintegration.""I'veexperiencedroommateconflictsbetweeninterracialstudentsthathavebothbrokendownstereotypesandreinforcedstereotypes,"saidonePennresidentadvisor(RA).TheRAoftwoyearsaddedthatwhilesomeconficts"providedmoremulticulturealacceptanceandmelding(融合),"therewerealso"jarringculturalconfrontations."TheRAsaidthattheseconflictshavealsooccurredamongroommatesofthesamerace.Kaosaidshecautionsagainstforminganygeneralizationsbasedonanyoneofthestudies,notingthatmorebackgroundcharacteristicsofthestudentsneedtobestudiesandexplained.2010年6月SeveralrecentstudieshavefoGlobalwarmingiscausingmorethan300,000deathsandabout$125billionineconomiclosseseachyear,accordingtoareportbytheGlobalHumanitarianForum,anorganizationledbyKofiAnnan,theformerUnitedNationssecretarygeneral.Thereport,tobereleasedFriday,analyzeddataandexistingstudiesofhealth,disaster,populationandeconomictrends.Itfoundthathuman-influencedclimatechangewasraisingtheglobaldeathratesfromillnessesincludingmalnutrition(营养不良)andheat-relatedhealthproblems.Butevenbeforeitsrelease,thereportdrewcriticismfromsomeexpertsonclimateandrisk,whoquestioneditsmethodsandconclusions.Alongwiththedeaths,thereportsaidthatthelivesof325millionpeople,primarilyinpoorcountries,werebeingseriouslyaffectedbyclimatechange.Itprojectedthatthenumberwoulddoubleby2030.RogerPielkeJr.,apoliticalscientistattheUniversityofColorado,Boulder,whostudiesdisastertrends,saidtheForum'sreportwas"amethodologicalembarrassment"becausetherewasnowaytodistinguishdeathsoreconomiclossesrelatedtohumandrivenglobalwarmingamidthemuchlargerlossesresultingfromthegrowthinpopulationsandeconomicdevelopmentinvulnerable(易受伤害的)regions.Dr.Pielkesaidthat"climatechangeisanimportantproblemrequiringourutmostattention."Butthereport,hesaid,"willharmthecauseforactiononbothclimatechangeanddisastersbecauseitissodeeplyflawed(有瑕疵的)"However,SorenAnderasen,asocialscientistatDalbergGlobalDevelopmentPartnerswhosupervisedthewritingofthereport,defendedit,sayingthatitwasclearthatthenumberswereroughestimates.Hesaidthereportwasaimedatworldleaders,whowillmeetinCopenhageninDecembertonegotiateanewinternationalclimatetreaty.Inapressreleasedescribingthereport,Mr.Annanstressedtheneedforthenegotiationstofocusonincreasingtheflowofmoneyfromrichtopoorregionstohelpreducetheirvulnerabilitytoclimatehazards,whilestillcurbingtheemissionsoftheheat-trappinggases.Morethan90%ofthehumanandeconomiclossesfromclimatechangeareoccurringinpoorcountries,accordingtothereport.GlobalwarmingiscausingmoreThroughoutthislong,tenseelection,everyonehasfocusedonthepresidentialcandidatesandhowthey’llchangeAmerica.Rightlyso,butselfishly,I’mmorefascinatedbyMichelleObamaandwhatshemightbeabletodo,notjustforthiscountry,butformeasanAfrican-Americanwoman.AsthepotentialFirstLady,shewouldhavetheworld’sattention.AndthatmeansthatforthefirsttimepeoplewillhaveachancetogetupcloseandpersonalwiththetypeofAfrican-Americanwomantheysorarelysee.

Usually,thelivesofblackwomengolargelyunexamined.Theprevailingtheoryseemstobethatwe’reallhot-temperedsinglemotherswhocan’tkeepaman.Evenintheworldofmake-believe,blackwomenstillcan’tescapethestereotypeofbeingeye-rolling,oversexedfemalesraisedbyournever-married,alcoholic(酗酒的)mothers.

Theseimageshavehelpeddefinethewayallwomenareviewed,includingMichelleObama.Beforesheevergetsthechancetocommittoacause,charityorfoundationasFirstLady,hermosturgentandperhapsmostcomplicateddutymaybesimpletobeherself.

Itwon’tbeeasy.Becausefewmainstreampublicationshavedonein-depthfeaturesonregularAfrican-Americanwomen,littleisknownaboutwhoweare,whatwethinkandwhatwefaceonaregularbasis.Forbetterorworse,Michellewillrepresentusall.

Justasshewillhavehercritics,shewillalsohavemillionsoffanswhousuallyhavelittleinterestintheFirstLady.ManyAfrican-Americanblogshavewrittenaboutwhatthey’dliketoseeMichellebringtotheWhiteHouse—mainlyshowingtheworldthatablackwomancansupporthermanandraiseastrongblackfamily.Michellewillhavetoworktopleaseeveryone—animpossibletask.ButformanyAfrican-Americanwomenlikeme,justalittleofherpoise(沉着),confidenceandintelligencewillgoalongwayinchanginganimagethat’sbeenaroundforfartoolong.2009年12月Throughoutthislong,tenseelWhennextyear’scropofhigh-schoolgraduatesarriveatOxfordUniversityinthefallof2009,they’llbejoinedbyanewface;AndrewHamilton,the55-year-oldprovost(教务长)ofYale,who’llbecomeOxford’svice-chancellor—apositionequivalenttouniversitypresidentinAmerica.

Hamiltonisn’ttheonlyeducatorcrossingtheAtlantic.SchoolsinFrance,Egypt,Singapore,etc,havealsorecentlymadetop-levelhiresfromabroad.Highereducationhasbecomeabigandcompetitivebusinessnowadays,andlikesomanybusinesses,it’sgoneglobal.Yetthetalentflowisn’tuniversal.High-levelpersonneltendtoheadinonlyonedirection:outwardfromAmerica.

ThechiefreasonisthatAmericanschoolsdon’ttendtoseriouslyconsiderlookingabroad.Forexample,whentheboardoftheUniversityofColoradosearchedforanewpresident,itwantedaleaderfamiliarwiththestategovernment,amajorsourceoftheuniversity’sbudget.“Wedidn’tdoanyglobalconsideration,”saysPatriciaHayes,theboard’schair.TheboardultimatelypickedBruceBenson,a69-year-oldColoradobusinessmanandpoliticalactivist(活动家)whoislikelytodowellinthemaintaskofmodernuniversitypresidents:fund-raising.Fund-raisingisadistinctivelyAmericanthing,sinceU.S.schoolsrelyheavilyondonations.Thefund-raisingabilityislargelyaproductofexperienceandnecessity.

ManyEuropeanuniversities,meanwhile,arestillmostlydependentongovernmentfunding.Butgovernmentsupporthasfailedtokeeppacewithrisingstudentnumber.Thedeclineingovernmentsupporthasmadefunding-raisinganincreasingnecessaryabilityamongadministratorsandhashiringcommitteeshungryforAmericans.

Inthepastfewyears,prominentschoolsaroundtheworldhavejoinedthetrend.In2003,whenCambridgeUniversityappointedAlisonRichard,anotherformerYaleprovost,asitsvice-chancellor,theuniversitypubliclystressedthatinherpreviousjobshehadoverseen“amajo