《英语修辞学》第十章课件

EnglishRhetoricByChenPing

ChapterTenSemanticFiguresofSpeech1EnglishRhetoricByChenPingC10.1Simile10.2Metaphor10.3Metonymy10.4Synecdoche

10.5Antonomasia10.6Personification10.7Parody仿拟/戏仿10.8Synesthesia10.9TransferredEpithetContentsofThisChapter210.1SimileContentsofThi10.1Simile

DefinitionTwoconceptsortwosimilarthingsareimaginativelyanddescriptivelycomparedbecausetheyhaveatleastonequalityorcharacteristicincommonorinresemblance.Thecommonestconnectivesare“like”and“as”.ItisoneofthecommonestfiguresofspeechinEnglish.(2)Fourbasicdemands:Ithasthecomparativewordssuchas“like”,“as”or“asif”,etc.Twothingsinvolvedincomparison:tenorandvehicle.ThetwothingsmustbesubstantiallydifferentThetwothingsshouldbesimilarinatleastonequality.310.1SimileDefinition(2)FourE.g.1)JimlookslikehisbrotherBilly.2)Jimandhisbrotherareaslikeastwopeas.3)Mycarrunsasfastasthetrain.4)Arealfriendislikeamirrorthatcanhelpyouseeanydirtonyourface.5)Lifewaslikeajourneyfullofpitfalls(陷阱,圈套).6)Recordsfelllikeripeapplesonawindyday.4E.g.1)Jimlookslikehisbr(3)Classification:Functionally,simileisclassifiedinto:descriptive(描述型明喻),illuminative(启示型明喻)andillustrative(说明型明喻).Descriptivesimile:

attempttodrawimagesofpeople,things,etc.,throughfigurativecomparison.E.g.Herlipswerered,herlockswereyellowasgold.Poplookedsounhappy,almostlikeachildwho’slosthispieceofcandy.Thebigblackflieshituslikebombs.5(3)Classification:Descriptive2)Illuminativesimile:trytogivedeeperinsightintopersons,things,ideas,evenproblems,throughsuggestiveassociation,ortothrowlightonwhatwouldotherwisebeinconceivabletoordinarypeople.E.g.Hewaslikeacockwhothoughtthesunhadrisentohearhimcrow.

Whathappenedtoadreamdeferred(postponed)?Likearaisin(葡萄干)inthesun?Orfester(化脓)likeasore?Doesitstinklikearottenmeat?62)Illuminativesimile:try3)Illustrative说明型oftenusedinscientific,technologicalwriting.E.g.Whatistennis?Tennisislikeapingponggamescaleduptoasizablecourt.Itsfunctionistoexplainabstractorcomplicatedideasorthingsunfamiliartoyouinsimple,concreteideas,orthingsfamiliartoyou.73)Illustrative说明型oftenusedi

Intermsofstructure,simileisdividedinto:closedsimileandopensimile.

Accordingtothecomparativewords,simileisdividedinto:“like”,“as”,“as…as”,“as…,so…”,“may(might)aswell…as”,“asif/though”,“what”,“more…than”,“remindof”,“compare...to…”,“resemble”,etc..E.g.Iamhungryasahorse.

Yourunlikearabbit.Sheishappyasaclam.Heissneakyasasnake.Thecloudswerefluffy

likecottonwool.Thebabywaslikeanoctopus,grabbingatallthecansonthegrocerystoreshelves.8Intermsofstructure,similMyhandwritinglooksasifaswarmofants,escapingfromaninkbottle,hadwalkedoverasheetofpaperwithoutwipingtheirlegs.Readingistothemindwhatexerciseistothebody.Whatsaltistofood,thatwitandhumoraretoliterature.Ahomewithoutloveisnomorethanabodywithoutsoul.Kingsandbearsoftenworrytheirkeepers.国王跟狗熊一样，总使照料者坐立不安。伴君如伴虎。9MyhandwritinglooksasifasThequalitythatsimilesmustpossess:FreshnessOriginalityTherepeatedlyusedsimilesshouldbeavoided:E.g.ascoldasice;asgoodasgold;asstrongasanox;ascunningasafox;10Thequalitythatsimilesmust

Lotsofclichésaresimiles.Theyarefuntouse,butdon’toverusetheminyourwriting!

E.g.Evenifyouarebusyasabeaver,it’snotascuteasabuttonorasAmericanasapplepietooveruseclichés.Itshouldbeasplainasthenoseonyourface!美国人很喜欢吃applepie。Applepie是一种用烤箱制作的甜点心，它的外面是一层面粉，里面是用苹果做的馅儿。中文有时把applepie翻成“苹果排”。美国人喜爱吃applepie是他们刚从欧洲移居到美洲来以后就开始了。每个家庭主妇都经常做苹果排。为了说明applepie是美国生活的一个特点，人们常说:“AsAmericanasapplepie.”这句话的意思是：就像苹果派一样具有美国特色。11Lotsofclichésaresimiles.10.2MetaphorDefinition:Metaphoruseswordstoindicatesomethingdifferentfromtheirliteralmeaning----onethingisdescribedintermsofanothersoastosuggestalikenessoranalogybetweenthem.Differencebetweenmetaphorandsimile:insimilethecomparisonisexplicit,whileinmetaphorthecomparisonisimplied.E.g.

Theworldisastage.Thetheoryistotallybasedonsolidfoundation.Aromancewasbudding.Theeconomyisoverheating.Sheexploded.1210.2MetaphorDefinition:E.g.1(2)Classification:

Visiblemetaphor:boththeprimaryterm(tenor)andthesecondaryterm(vehicle)arepresentinthesentence,“XisY”.E.g.ThepillowwasacloudwhenIputmyheaduponitafteralongday.NooneinvitesHaroldtopartiesbecausehe’sawetblanket（扫兴的人或物）.E.g.Inoticetearswellingupinhereyes.Embarrassedatournoisychildren,wesheepishlytriedtosneakintothediningroom,hopingnottobenoticedbyothers.Thetemperaturefelltoamurderous-40℃.13(2)Classification:E.g.InotiStructure:

Thesignifiedisthesignifier.本体是喻体。Thetheoryisabuilding.Theromancewasaplant.Theeconomyismachinery.Shewasacontainer.Mytearsisawell.Wearesheep.Thetemperatureisamurderer.14Structure:ThesignifiedisthInvisiblemetaphor:Theprimarytermispresent,butthesecondarytermisnot.Thesecondarytermispresentbuttheprimarytermisnot.E.g.Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested.Themachinesittingatthatdeskwasnolongeraman;itwasabusyNewYorkbroker.15Invisiblemetaphor:E.g.SomeBelieveitornot,youusemetaphorsandsimileseverydayofyourlife!Somewordsaremetaphorsallbythemselves.E.g.Shewasabrightstudent.Weallknowthat“bright”referstolight.Butinthissentencewearecomparingintelligencetolight.It’sametaphor!16Believeitornot,youusemet2．Metaphor1)名词型Alltheworldisastage,andallthemenandwomenmerelyplayers.——WilliamShakespeare2）动词型Theboywolfeddownthefood.3）形容词型Shehasaphotographicmemoryfordetail.4）“of”型Thebridgeoffriendship/thevalleyofdespair/aflowerofagirl/afoxofaman/thesnakeoftraffic(隐喻/暗喻)172．Metaphor1)名词型(隐喻/暗喻)17(3)Threepurposesofmetaphor:DescriptionIlluminationIllustration(4)Multi-aspectmetaphors:

Sustainedmetaphor:theprimarytermissuccessivelycomparedtotwoormoresecondaryterms.

Extendedmetaphor:aninitialcomparisonismadeandthendeveloped.18(3)ThreepurposesofmetaphorE.g.

Alltheworld’sastage,Andallthemenandwomenmerelyplayers;Theyhavetheirexitsandtheirentrances,Andonemaninhistimeplaysmanyparts,Hisactsbeingsevenages……(W.Shakespeare)E.g.Poetryisthescentoftherose,thelighteninginthesky,thegleamofthefly,thesoundofthesea.19E.g.Alltheworld’sastage,(5)MixedmetaphorandDeadmetaphor:

Mixedmetaphor:twoormoreincongruouscomparisonruntogether.Deadmetaphor:referstothosewhichhavebeenusedforsolongthattheyhavelosttheirfigurativestrengthandbecomelifeless.MixedMetaphorE.g.Theseedsofrebellionwerekindledinsecret.Iskimmedoverthebooktotastethetoneofit.Suchmetaphorsshouldbeavoidedbecausetheyresultinincongruityofimagesandinconsistencyinlogic.20(5)MixedmetaphorandDeadmeDeadmetaphors:Ametaphorshouldmeetthreerequirements:FreshnessandoriginalityAptnessConsistencySomemetaphorshavebeenusedforsolongthattheyhavetheirfigurativestrengthandbecomelifeless.Theyarecalleddeadmetaphors.E.g.“I'mdeadtired”“She'stheappleofmyeye”“Heworemedown”“I'mheartbroken”“browofthehill”“Strongasanox”“headteacher”“branchesofgovernment”“toloseface”“lendahand”“seedsofdoubt”21Deadmetaphors:2110.3MetonymyDefinition:Involvingthesubstitutionofthenameofonethingforthatofanother.Forexample,thenameofareferentissubstitutedbythenameofanattributeorentityrelatedinsomesemanticwayorbyspatialproximityorbyotherreasons.E.g.crown/sceptre-----kingorqueenbottle-------alcoholicdrinkssword--------waranddestructionthecamp--------thetroops2210.3MetonymyDefinition:E.g.2(2)SourcesofMetonymyBodypartNameofapersonNameofaclearsignofanobjectorapersonNameofaplaceInstrumentorcontainerTrademarkorbrandLocation23(2)SourcesofMetonymy23E.g.

Thepenismightierthanthesword.Grayhairsshouldberespected.Heistoofondofthebottles.IhaveneverreadJamesJoyce.

Sheisfarfromthecradle.Whatislearnedinthecradleiscarriedintothegrave.

Hispursewouldnotallowhimthatluxury.24E.g.24E.g.HereadsShakespeare.AntonRubinsteinwasrenownedforhisrenditionofTchaikovsky.YesterdayIsawapipesmokingJohnBullastrideabicycle.WepayUncleSamwithourtaxes.ThatoldgoatthinksheisarealRomeo.

那个老色鬼自以为是罗密欧。

25E.g.HereadsShakespeare.25JohnBull“约翰牛”，是英国人或英国的绰号。其中也有一个典故：英国18世纪有位讽刺杂文作家叫约翰·阿布什诺特(JohnArbuthnot,1667—1735)，他于1725年出版了一本叫《约翰·布尔的历史》(TheHistoryofJohnBull)的书。作者在书中创造了一个矮胖愚笨的绅士形象(即JohnBull)，用以讽刺当时辉格党(“自由党”的前身)在长期的西班牙王位继承战争(WaroftheSpanishSuccession)中所扮演的角色。由于书中JohnBull这一形象塑造得相当成功，简直就是当时当权者的影子，所以，它就成英国或英国人的绰号。UncleSam“山姆大叔”，是人们对“美国”“美国人”或“美国政府”的一种诙谐称呼。据说在1812年的英美战争时，美国的军事供应品的箱子上都印着U.S.的字样(UnitedStates第一个字母的缩写)，而当时在美国特罗城(Troy)有一位专门检查政府军用品订货的官员，名叫塞缪尔·威尔逊(SamuelWilson)，他的朋友平日都叫他为“山姆大叔”(UncleSam)，由于UncleSam这两个词的第一个字母缩写也是U.S.，所以特罗城的人便开玩笑说，这些军用品箱子都是山姆大叔的。后来这个笑话传开了，“山姆大叔”便成了“美国”、“美国人”或“美国政府”的绰号。26JohnBull“约翰牛”，是英国人或英国的绰号。其中也(3)DifferencesbetweenmetaphorandmetonymyMetaphorcanbeconvertedintosimile,whilemetonymycannot;Metaphorappealstothereaders’imaginationforsimilaritybetweenthetwodifferentobjects,whilemetonymyappealstothereader’simaginationfortheassociationofideasitprovokes.E.g.Alltheworldisastage.Sheisapeacock.Thekettleisboiling.HelikestoreadHemingway.27(3)Differencesbetweenmetaph10.4Synecdoche

Definition:Afigurebywhichamorecomprehensivetermisusedforalesscomprehensiveorviceversa;aswholeforpartorpartforwhole,genusforspeciesorspeciesforgenus,etc.Afigureofspeechbywhichapartisputforthewhole,thewholeforapart,thespeciesforthegenus,thegenusforthespecies,orthenameofthematerialforthethingmade.(2)VarioustypesofSynecdoche:Thepartforthewhole:E.g.2810.4SynecdocheDefinition:(2)Thewholeforthepart:Theabstractfortheconcrete,ortheconcretefortheabstract:Thespeciesforthegenus,orthegenusforthespecies:Nameofthematerialforthethingmade:29Thewholeforthepart:29(3)DistinctionbetweenMetonymyandSynecdocheWithsynecdoche,therelationshipbetweenthetwothingsinvolvedispart-and-whole:thatis,onethingisapartoftheother.Whereas,withmetonymy,thetwothingsinvolvedarecompletelydifferent.E.g.Herheartruledherhead.Hepaidtheworkers$5perhead.30(3)DistinctionbetweenMetonyFindoutfromthefollowingsentencestheexamplesofmetonymyandsynecdoche.Thebestpensoftheday();Tohaveanearformusic();Manyhandsmakelightwork.()Twoheadsarebetterthanone.()Thehallapplauded.()Thoseblueeyeswalkedintotheoffice(?).Thepenismightierthanthesword.()MMSSMMM31Findoutfromthefollowingse10.5AntonomasiaDefinition:Itisthereplacementofaproperbyacommonnoun.E.g.TheIronDuke------theDukeofWellingtonTheIronLady-------MargretThacherTheAlmighty--------GodanOdyssey----------alongandadventurousjourneyShefollowedherwayofOdysseystepbystepandgottothetopofheapinthesection.她沿着一条充满艰难险阻的道路一步一步地奋斗，终于得到了这个部门的最高位置。3210.5AntonomasiaDefinition:32odyssey奥德赛，古希腊两本仅存史诗中较新的一部，始于荷马记述但也合并了历代口耳相传的故事内容，描写希腊战士奥德赛在特洛伊城陷后如何挣扎奋斗以返回家园并夺回伊萨基王位所经历的冒险与考验。Odysseyyears所谓奥德赛时期，指的是后20几岁，30出头的年轻人为生计奋斗的时期。他们大学之后，在工作与学校之间徘徊来徘徊去：时而工作，时而上学。对于他们来说，上学已不再是22岁之前的专利，而是如同男女朋友一般，可以换来换去。他们当中的很多人在经济上还不能完全独立，还要依赖父母的支持。33odyssey奥德赛，古希腊两本仅存史诗中较新的一部，始于荷(2)SourcesofAntonomasia:FromtheBibleormythologyE.g.Eden----paradiseJudas------atraitorDamonandPythias------lifelongfriendsFromhistoryE.g.Nero------atyrantCaesar------greatmanFromliteratureE.g.UncleTom-----aNegrowhocompromisesandconformswiththewhites34(2)SourcesofAntonomasia:34典出罗马和希腊民间传说。公元前4世纪在意大利的叙拉古(Syracuse)有一对生死之交的好友名叫达蒙(Damon)和皮西厄斯)Pythias。皮西厄斯因为触犯国王狄奥尼西奥斯(Dyonysius)被判死刑。他很想在死去之前见见父母亲和朋友，于是他请求暴君放他回家一趟，并保证按时回来伏法。但是，暴君不相信他会信守诺言，认为他只不过想借机会逃走。这时达蒙挺身而出，愿代皮西厄斯在狱中受刑。暴君钦佩达蒙的勇敢，就准了他们的请求。转眼之间刑期到了，但皮西厄斯没有回来。达蒙作好了死的准备，他对朋友的信赖一如既往，坚定不移。他知道这一定是他朋友身不由己或路途受阻。因为他是为所爱的人死的，所以显得十分坦然，丝毫不感到悲伤。就在他被押赴刑场的最后时刻，皮西厄斯及时赶到了。暴风雨和船只失事使他耽搁了。达蒙和皮西厄斯如此信赖，他们的友情如此真挚深厚，连暴君都为之感动，于是，他放了他们俩。暴君还不无感慨地说：“我愿意用我的全部财产换取这样一位朋友。”35典出罗马和希腊民间传说。公元前4世纪在意大利的叙拉古(Syr在英语中DamonandPythias一语就被人们用来表示“莫逆之交”，“生死之交”，刎颈之交。其中Pythias这一名词在西塞罗著作中原为Phintias，而在古希腊传说中则为Phinotias。1564年英国剧作家爱德华兹(RichardEdwards)创作了DamonandPythias一剧，使这一故事得以广为流传。Pythias这一形式虽属讹误，但却在英语中一直沿用了下来。

例：TheDamonandPythiasoftheestablishmentwereDamonandPythiasnolonger.Theywerereadytoflyeachattheother’sthroat.

这家公司的两位生死之交已经再也称不上莫逆了，他们成了不共戴天的仇人了。36在英语中DamonandPythias一语就被人们用来表Hercules海格力斯aheroofstrengthandbraveryTowerofBabel巴别通天塔confusionoftonguesAchilles’heel阿喀琉斯的脚跟aperson’sprincipalweaknessHolyGrail圣杯anobjectofquestthatishardtoobtaingospel福音truth,creed37Hercules海格力斯aheroofstrengt10.6PersonificationDefinition:Itisafigureofspeechwhichattributeshumancharacteristicstoimpersonalthings,suchasanimals,inanimateobjects,orabstractions.(2)Personificationisusuallyemployedtoaddvividnesstoexpression.Itcanbeproducedbytheuseofverbs,nouns,adjectives,adverbsandpronouns.3810.6PersonificationDefinitionA.Bytheuseofnouns(1)Procrastination延迟;耽搁isthethiefoftime.(2)Timeisthebestphysician.39A.Bytheuseofnouns39B.Bytheuseofverbs(1)Thekettleissingingjoyfully.(2)Alwaysinmyheartthere'sashriekstandingontiptoethatIhavetobeatdownandholdinundermyshawl.40B.Bytheuseofverbs40C.Bytheuseofadjectives(1)Theempirehadgrownhoaryandfeeblewithage.(2)TheyrodeherinacrossrollingfoamThecruel,crawlingfoam.(Kingsley)D.Bytheuseofadverbs(1)Herwordswerebitinglysarcastic.41C.Bytheuseofadjectives41E.Bytheuseofpersonalpronouns(1)Letlove,beinglight,bedrownedifshesinks.42E.BytheuseofpersonalpronPersonificationisparticularlyassociatedwithliterary,especiallypoeticlanguage.Writers,especiallypoets,liketousepersonification.E.g.:Thegreyseaandthelongblackland;Andtheyellowhalf-moonlargeandlow;AndthestartledlittlewavesthatleapInfieryringletsfromtheirsleep,AsIgainthecovewithpushingprow,Andquenchitsspeedi'theslushysand.43Personificationisparticularl(3)PersonificationcanbedividedintothefollowingtypesAnimalsandplantsInanimateobjectsAbstractidea(1)Lifehascheatedher.(2)Actionsspeaklouderthanwords.(3)InNovemberacold,unseenstranger,whomthedoctorcalledPneumonia,stalkedaboutthecolony,touchingonehereandtherewithhisicyfingers.(0.Henry)44(3)PersonificationcanbedivNounsoftimeandplaceusedassubjectsfollowedbyverbsassee,find,notice,discover,witness,take,etc.(1)ThefifthcenturysawtheendoftheRomanEmpireintheWest.

(2)Thiscornerhaswitnessedmanytrafficaccidents.45NounsoftimeandplaceusedaPersonificationisoftenusedinproverbsNecessityknowsnolaw.铤而走险

Necessityisthemotherofinvention.Agreatshipasksdeepwater.Lieshaveshortlegs.谎言是站不住脚的。

Timeisthebesthealer.Justicehaslongarms.46Personificationisoftenused10.7ParodyDefinition:Itisakindofimitationwhichborrowsthestyleandtechniquesofatextorwriter’sidiolectandfitsnewsubjectmattertoit.Itisoftenusedforahumorousorsatiricalpurpose.Classification:Word-phraseparody:WordparaodyE.g.marathon(马拉松)telethon（马拉松式电视广播节目），talkathon（马拉松式答话或座谈节目）4710.7ParodyDefinition:ClassifE.g.又如“gap”一词，这个词最早与missile搭配，形成missilegap，产生于美国1961年大选期间，指美国与苏联在导弹发展上的差距。这个词一经产生，引起了连锁反应：productiongap（生产上的差距）、developmentgap（经济发展方面的差距）、credibilitygap（信用差距）、generationgap（两代人之间的差距）等一连串新词相继出现。原先只有war（热战），指“真刀真枪的战争”，至20世纪50-60年代东西方冷战时便仿拟出coldwar（冷战）。工业方面从overproduction（生产过剩）仿拟出underproduction（生产不足）。现今由housewife（家庭主妇）仿拟的househusband（家庭主男）、由chairman（主席）仿拟的chairwoman，chairlady和MadameChairman（女主席，女主持人）使用频率很高。48E.g.48E.g.由“军嫂”仿拟出“警嫂”,由“的哥”仿拟出“的姐”,由“白领”仿拟出“蓝领”,由“文盲”仿拟出“法盲”、“舞盲”、“谱盲”、“股盲”系列,由“股民”仿拟出“彩民”、“险民”、“卡民”系列,由“导游”仿拟出“导购”、“导医”、“导厕”系列,由“股市”仿拟出“车市”、“楼市”系列,49E.g.49Phraseparody:就是在短语层面仿拟固有短语而创造出“新”的词语。固有短语可以是短语、谚语，也可以是成语中的某一关键词。仿拟是对关键词进行更换，以表达新的内容。英汉语中仿成语现象俯拾皆是，不胜枚举。E.g.如我们所熟知的佳洁士牙膏牙刷广告“Doyourteethafavor．”就完全对应仿拟了英语中现成短语“Dosomebodyafavor．”(帮某人一个忙)。日本航空公司AllNipponAirways广告“Loveatfirstflight”仿常用短语“loveatfirstsight”(一见钟情)。萧伯纳的杰作“Allroadsleadtosocialism．”是根据谚语“AllroadsleadtoRome”(条条大路通罗马)仿造而来。50Phraseparody:50汉语中“一箭数雕”原为“一箭双雕”，“双”改为“数”意在说明一举多得。“横向联吃”仿“横向联系”，“股迷心窍”仿“鬼迷心窍”，“身经百告”仿“身经百战”，“‘衣’见钟情”仿“一见钟情”。

Sentenceparody:E.g.（1）Notallcarsarecreatedequal．(三菱汽车广告)——并非所有的车都是生来平等的。

（2）对于男歌手，大众的要求一般是：“帅”我所欲也，“酷”亦我所欲也，两美相权，取其沧桑者也。（《都市快报》2001年2月4日）。51汉语中“一箭数雕”原为“一箭双雕”，“双”改为“数”意在说明例句1的本体是大家所熟知的名句“Allmenarecreatedequal.”(人是生而平等的)。意味深刻，令人回味。

例句2仿的是当年孟老夫子说的“鱼，我所欲也；熊掌，亦我所欲也；二者不可兼得，舍鱼而取熊掌也。”E.g.

“Loveme,lovemybooks.”(爱我，就爱我的书吧。)再看一香烟广告：Tosmokeornottosmoke,thatisaquestion．(是抽烟还是不抽烟，这是一个问题！)52例句1的本体是大家所熟知的名句“Allmenarecr汉语中仿句更加丰富。如“变自已的态，让别人去说吧！”“我是小妖我怕谁！”这两句就分别仿“狂人”尼采的“走自已的路，让别人去说吧！”和叛逆作家王朔的“我是流氓我怕谁！”，其内涵与感染力十分丰富，那种大胆叛逆的味道给人以深刻印象。毛衣已经脱下，穿起短裙的日子还会远吗？（《华西都市报》2002年3月8日）

此例以著名诗人雪莱的“冬天已经来到，春天还会远吗？”作为春日调侃的本体，非常幽默诙谐，给人以轻松愉快的感觉。53汉语中仿句更加丰富。如“变自已的态，让别人去说吧！”“我是小(一)仿古代诗句,例如:①此情可待成追忆,只是当时太刺激。②这家伙,怎一个“骚”字了得。③一失火成千古恨,再回头已是百年身。(二)仿流行歌曲歌名或歌词,例如:①潇洒吃(玩,睡)一回。②摇呀摇,摇到奈何桥。(仿儿歌,劝诫服摇头丸的公益广告。)③仿张宇的歌《都是月亮惹的祸》的“都是××惹的祸”的句子更多,什么“都是太阳惹的祸”、“都是酒精惹的祸”、“都是眼睛惹的祸”等。54(一)仿古代诗句,例如:54(三)仿流行的俗语,例如:①可怜天下孩子心。②先动口为强。③新官上任三盆水。④人生难得几回摸。(“摸”指打麻将)⑤年年岁岁题相似,岁岁年年人不同。(说高考)(四)仿其他的：例如，仿拟书名的,如仿水均益的《痛,并快乐着》的“×,并××着”的格式的句子:“累,并快乐着”(班主任工作)、“笑,并可耻着“(小偷得手之后)、“哭,并兴奋着”(女子出嫁时)、“痛,并希望着”(中国足球)等。55(三)仿流行的俗语,例如:55

Textparody:即模仿成段文章或整篇诗文而创造出新的语篇。E.g.我们对JaneTaylor的小诗“TheStar”都很熟悉：

Twinkle,twinkle,littlestar,HowIwonderwhatyouare!Upabovetheworldsohigh,Likeadiamondinthesky!

路易斯?卡罗尔（LewisCarrol）模仿这首小诗，写出一首新诗：Twinkle,twinkle,littlebat,HowIwonderwhatyouareat!Uponabovetheworldyoufly,Likeateatrayinthesky!小小蝙蝠眨眼睛，你在干吗我说不清！高高在上把翅展，好似空中一茶盘！卡罗尔巧妙地运用了仿拟这种修辞格，使自己的作品别具一格，饶有风趣，令人忍俊不禁，哑言失笑。56Textparody:即模仿成段文章或整篇诗文而创造出新仿《常回家看看》歌词:1.拿点儿大葱,拿点大蒜,拿袋儿味精,拿包咸盐;拿卷手纸,拿俩鸡蛋,拿副鞋垫,拿包饼开,回家好像进了自选商店,一分不花是连扛带搬,妈妈的身体他从来不管,还说明天给我做点海鲜!(讽刺儿子抠父母的东西。)2.抽点空闲,抽点时间,领着公仆,常下乡看看。带着法律,带着文件,陪同干部,常下乡看看。百姓积压了一些心愿,农民肩负了很多负担。国家的政策向百姓说说,发展的路子跟百姓谈谈。(建议各级领导常下乡看看,常关心农民疾苦。)57仿《常回家看看》歌词:57网上有一个初三的学生仿拟各种古诗词对初三生活进行描述,读来耐人寻味,令人深思。起床满地严霜,漫天浓雾。闹铃声声心发怵。匆洗漱,恐师怒。飞奔来到教室处,“老班”早已把通途。———仿张养浩《山坡羊潼关怀古》晨读课本虽小,分数太重要。闻说清晨读书好,咿咿呀呀凑热闹。起初精神还好,逐渐口干舌燥。只盼时辰快到,出去吃得饱饱。———仿黄庭坚《清平乐》58网上有一个初三的学生仿拟各种古诗词对初三生活进行描述,读来上课七科老师车轮战,长年读写算。本本资料厚如砖,神仙也疲倦。下课铃响方寸乱,老师安如山。怎把苦恼托过雁,到蓬莱,寻清闲。———仿李清照《武陵春》晚自习各科作业多如蚁,时间飞逝难留意。子夜钟声催学子。教室里,收书息灯孤门闭。本想一梦归故里,成绩滑坡生愁绪。月色悠悠枕梦呓。人已寐,梦中萦绕苦和累。———仿范仲淹《渔家傲》59上课59考试无言步入考场,心发慌,正襟危坐闭眼祷吉祥。东瞧瞧,西望望,是惆怅,别有一番滋味在心上。———仿李煜《相见欢》无题少年已识初三味,吃尽苦头,吃尽苦头,碰到困难不回头。明日谨记初三味,欲说还休,欲说还休,苦乐伴我天涯游。———仿辛弃疾《丑奴儿》60考试60Parodyforegroundsoralienates,exposesandmakescertainstylisticfeaturesofthetextprominent;ontheotherhand,initsownfreedom,itpromotesitsownidentityandexposesitsdifference.Withparody,theimitationisnotverystrict.Itresemblesitssourcejustinpart.Itadoptstheformofthesourceandfillsintoitwithnewmeaningbychangingsomeoriginalwords.Parodycanbeusedforvariouspurposes:mocking,satire,humorandcomic.So,itisfavouredbywriters,orators,aswellasbycommonpeople.Itiswidelyemployedinconversation,literature,advertising,newspaper,andsoforth.61Parodyforegroundsoralienate10.8Synesthesia通感Definition:

Itreferstothemixingofsensationsorthestimulationofonesensethatproducesamentalimpressionassociatedwithadifferentsense.(2)Classification:SenseofvisionmixedwithsenseofhearingSenseofvisionmixedwithsenseoftouchSenseoftouchmixedwithsenseofhearingSenseoftastemixedwithsenseofhearing6210.8Synesthesia通感Definition:6SenseofvisionmixedwithsenseoftasteSenseofvisionmixedwithsenseofhearingSenseofsmellmixedwithsenseofmodalitiesSharpears/eyes/voice/smellSoftlightSourlook怒视SweetmusicAloudshirt花哨的63SenseofvisionmixedwithseSoftmusiclikeaperfumeandsweetlightGoldenwithaudibleodorsexquisiteSwathemewithcerementsforeternity.（A.Symons:Theopiumsmoker）柔和的音乐宛如馥郁的香气，甜美的光，金光灿灿伴着清晰可闻的高雅气息，包裹着我令我沉寂于永恒之中。64SoftmusiclikeaperfumeandInAds:Posnerlipstick：Musictoyourlips.波色尔唇膏：您嘴唇上的音乐旋律。颜色艳丽光泽鲜明的唇膏与动听的音乐旋律之间有着深层次的美的联系。看到涂在嘴唇上艳丽的波色尔就如同欣赏一首优美动听的音乐旋律一样，视觉美移向了听觉美，令人向往、令人陶醉；这样的广告叫人美在心中，过目难忘。65InAds:6510.9TransferredEpithetTheword"epithet"derivesfromtheGreekword"epitheton",whichmeans"thatwhichisadded".afigureofspeechinwhichanadjectiveproperlymodifyingonenounisshiftedtoanothernouninthesamesentence.

6610.9TransferredEpithetThewo汉语中的移就怒发冲冠；为他人做嫁衣裳；恋歌，病床，礼服；Myhosthandedmeahospitableglassofwine67汉语中的移就怒发冲冠；67(1)Hehadsomecheerfulwineattheparty.(Winemadehimcheerful-"cheerful"hasbeentransferredfrom"he"towine.)(2)Thisnewtendencyhasraisedmanyaconservativeeyebrow.(Eyebrowshowstheconservativeattitudesofthepeople-"conservative"hasbeentransferredfrompeopletotheeyebrow.)(3)Heatewithawolfishappetite.(Hewassohungrythatheatelikeahungrywolf-"wolfish"hasbeentransferredfrompeopletoappetite.)68(1)Hehadsomecheerfulwine(4)Hansshruggedascornfulshoulder.(5)NurseDuckettreactedtothequestionwithastartledgasp.(J.Heller)(6)Theworkersarerepairingthebuildingonadizzyheight.(7)Nowo'ertheonehalf-world,Natureseemsdead,andwickeddreamsabuseThecurtainedsleep.(Shakespeare)69(4)Hansshruggedascornfuls1.Therewasanamazedsilence.2.Ienjoyedthecoolsupportofthewater.3.IwouldalwaysrecallthoselongpurposelessdaysinwhichIshedallthatIhaveeverbeen.4.Thesailorsswarmedintoalaughing,cheeringringaroundthetwomen.5.Theyprolongedtheclasp(握手)forthephotographers,exchangingsmilingwords.701.Therewasanamazedsilence6.Eachhearth(炉子)intheschoolroomwasimmediatelysurroundedbyadoublerowofgreatgirls,andbehindthemtheyoungerchildrencrouchedingroupswrappedtheirstarvedarmsintheirpinafores(围裙).--JaneEyre7.Notforabout100yearshadBritainwitnessedsuchamiserableApril,repletewithblizzards,rainstormsand–finally–flooding.716.Eachhearth(炉子)inthescthreegroups:1.Parallelrelationship(1)Shesattherewithembarrasseddelight.(Shesatthere,embarrassedanddelighted-"Embarrassed"isparallelto"delight".)(2)Shewasbrimmingwithagitatedbewilderment.(Hardy)(Shewasveryagitatedand,atthesametime,greatlybewildered--"Agitated"isparallelto"bewilderment".)(3)Hisrecentkindnesswaswinningasurprisedgratitudefromthelonelygirl.(Thegirlwasbothsurprisedbyandgratefulforhis"recentkindness"---"surprised"isparallelto"gratitude".)72threegroups:1.Parallelrelat2.Cause-effect/Effect-causerelationship(1)Heansweredwithadelightedsmile.(Hesmiledbecausehewasdelighted:cause-effect)(2)Twoofthelargestandmostpowerfulnationsoftheworldhavesince1950livedinisolatedignoranceofoneanotherandinmutualfearandhate.(ANewChinaPolicy)(Theywereisolatedandsotheywereignorantofoneanother:cause-effect)(3)Thewarrantofficershookhisheadinnumbastonishment.(Theofficer'sastonishmentmadehimnumb:effect-cause)732.Cause-effect/Effect-causer3.Modifyingrelationship(1)"Ofalifetime,"repeatedMrs.Rogmer,sweetlymurmuringandcastingtowardsherfriendaneloquentglance.(“Eloquent"modifies"glance".)(2)Heansweredwithahelplesssmile.(“Helpless"modifies"smile".)(3)"Itisthelaw,"remarkedtheancientclerk,turninghissurprisedspectaclesuponhim.(Ditto)(“Surprised"modifies"spectacles".)(4)Theskyturnedtoatenderpalletofpinkandblue.("Tender"modifies"pallet".)743.Modifyingrelationship7410.9TransferredEpithetTransferredepithetbearsthecharacteristicsofbrevityandvividness.commoninpoetry

Winterkeptaswarm,coveringEarthinforgetfulsnow,feedingAlittlelifewithdriedtubers.-----T.S.Eliot'sTheWasteLand7510.9TransferredEpithetTransf

Question:Whatarethefeaturesoftransferredepithet?Outofone’sexpectationbutratheracceptable;Original;Thought-provoking(引人思考);Concise;Reflectingtheauthor’swayofunderstandingtheworld(对世界的一种认知方式);76Question:WhatarethefeaturAnalyzethefollowingpoemwritten