来安方《新编英美概况》（最新修订版）配套题库（含考研真题）

第一部分英国第1章土地和人民Ⅰ.MultipleChoice.1.WhichofthefollowingisnotapoliticaldivisionontheislandofGreatBritain?A.EnglandB.ScotlandC.NorthernIrelandD.Wales【答案】C查看答案【解析】大不列颠岛上共有三个政治分区，分别为England（位于南部，面积最大、人口最稠密），Scotland（位于北部，拥有三大自然区：北部高地、中部低地和南部丘陵）和Wales（位于西部）。Ireland是大不列颠岛之外的另一个岛屿，包含theRepublicofIreland和英国的NorthernIreland。故选C。2.MostpeopleinNorthernIrelandare______.A.CatholicsB.ProtestantsC.PresbyteriansD.Nonconformists【答案】B查看答案【解析】新教徒多为联合派，主张留在英国。1920年北爱尔兰成立时，它的地理位置使得那里的联合派为多数人。C项为苏格兰国教长老会教徒。D项为非国教徒，人数很少。3.ThetwolargeislandsthatmakeuptheBritishIslesare______.A.ScotlandandIrelandB.BritainandScotlandC.GreatBritainandNorthernIrelandD.GreatBritainandIreland【答案】D查看答案【解析】不列颠群岛由两座大的岛屿和无数小岛组成。两座大岛分别是大不列颠岛和爱尔兰岛（GreatBritainandIreland）。英国由不列颠岛（包括英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士）以及爱尔兰岛东北部的北爱尔兰和周围5500个小岛（海外领地）组成。故选D。4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTacompanyintheenergysector?A.Shell.B.ICI.C.RTZ.D.BritishGas.【答案】B查看答案【解析】ICI是英国帝国化学工业集团的简称，是闻名的纯碱与肥料的制造厂商，不属于能源公司，故选B。A项为英荷皇家壳牌集团，是全球领先的国际油气集团。C项为英国里奥廷托锌公司。D项是英国天然气集团。5.Manchesterisnicknamedas______oftheworld.A.CottonopolisB.IronCityC.GhostCityD.AutomobileCity【答案】A查看答案【解析】曼彻斯特是棉纺织工业的发祥地。两百多年前，在这里诞生了世界上最早的近代棉纺织大工业，揭开了工业革命的序幕。曼彻斯特也随着棉纺工业的出现成为新一代大工业城市的先驱，因此被称作“棉都”（Cottonopolis）。故选A。6.Rolls-Royceisworldfamousfor______.A.machinetoolsB.householdappliancesC.luxuryautomobilesD.high-qualityknivesandhandtools【答案】C查看答案【解析】1906年劳斯莱斯（Rolls-Royce）在英国宣布正式成立，主营奢华轿车，是汽车王国尊荣高贵的唯一标志。无论劳斯莱斯的款式如何老旧，造价多么高昂，至今仍然没有挑战者。7.Britaindoesn’tshareanylandborderwithanyothercountriesexcept_____.A.theRepublicofIrelandB.FranceC.IcelandD.Norway【答案】A查看答案【解析】英国位于大不列颠群岛，被北海、英吉利海峡、凯尔特海、爱尔兰海和大西洋包围，仅与同属大不列颠群岛的爱尔兰共和国接壤。8.TheBritishstaplefoodis_____.A.riceB.potatoesC.wheatintheformofbreadD.corn【答案】C查看答案【解析】英国人的主要食品是小麦面包，同时英国人也喜食土豆。Ⅱ.Fillintheblanks.1.Londonplaysasignificantrolein_____economicandculturallife.It’snotonlythefinancial_____ofthenation,butalsooneof_____majorinternationalfinancialcentersin_____.【答案】Britain’s;center;thethree;theworld查看答案【解析】伦敦是英国的政治、经济、文化和交通中心，与美国纽约、法国巴黎和日本东京并列为四大世界级城市。2.Thebeefindustrywashitbadlyby_____whichcausedabanonbeefexportsin1996.【答案】BSEdisease查看答案【解析】疯牛病1985年首次发现，接下来几年间迅速蔓延，导致1996年欧盟正式禁止英国向欧盟其他成员国出口牛肉。3.EnglishmanFrankWhittledevelopedtheworld’sfirstpractical_____in1937.【答案】jetengine查看答案【解析】弗朗克·惠特尔(1907—1996)，英国发明家，于1937年改进了飞机喷气发动机。4.Alowrateof_____coupledwithaveryhighrateof_____isacharacteristicoftheUKeconomy.【答案】domesticindustrialinvestment;overseasinvestment查看答案【解析】英国经济的特点是国内产业增长低迷，海外投资异常活跃。5.The_____ofgoodsfromBritishcoloniesandthe_____ofthesegoodsallovertheworldbecamethekeytoBritishprosperity.【答案】importation;exportation查看答案【解析】殖民时期，从殖民地进口廉价货物再向其他国家出口，成为英国经济繁荣的重要因素。6.ThetwoimportantcropsinBritainare_____.【答案】wheatandbarley查看答案【解析】英国的主要农作物有大麦，小麦，同时也生产土豆，油菜和甜菜。7.Britainhastraditionallybeenamanufacturingnationandwasonceknownasthe_____.Ithasestablishedacomprehensiveindustrialsystemcapableofproducingvariedgoods.Britain’slargestmanufacturingindustryisthe_____industry.【答案】workshopoftheworld;ironandsteel查看答案【解析】18世纪末十九世纪初的工业革命使英国工厂制代替了手工工场，用机器代替了手工，生产力得到巨大提高，成为“世界工厂”。钢铁业是英国最大的制造工业。8.ThecapitalofScotlandis_____,whichiswellknownforitsnatural_____.【答案】Edinburgh；beauty查看答案【解析】苏格兰首府爱丁堡是一个历史悠久、风景秀丽的文化城市，素有“北方雅典”之称，还有“欧洲最美丽城市”之誉。Ⅲ.ExplainthetermsorexpressionsinEnglish.1.Privatization（北外2009研）【答案】TheBritisheconomywentthroughaparticularlybadperiodinthe1970s,withhighratesofinflationanddevaluationofthePound.Therefore,inthe1980s,whentheConservativepartyunderMargaretThatcherwasinpower,anextensiveprogramofprivatizationwascarriedout.Manystate-ownedbusinesses(suchassteel,telecom,gasandaerospace)wereturnedintoprivatecompanies.Privatizationwassuccessfulincontrollinginflationbutatthesametimeunemploymentrateincreasedrapidly.查看答案2.Nationalization（北外2003研）【答案】NationalizationreferredtoanextensiveprogramcarriedoutbytheLaborpartywhocameintopowerinthegeneralelectionofJuly1945.Thegovernmentreachedsuchimportantachievementsasthenationalizationofthehospitals,oftheBankofEnglandandofmanyindustriesincludingcoalin1946,electricityin1947andtherailwaysin1948.Theprogramplayedasignificantroleinthecountry’seconomicrecoveryfromthecrisiscausedbytheSecondWorldWar.However,inBritain’smixedeconomy,nationalizedindustriesaccountforjusttenpercentoftheGrossNationalProduct,eightpercentofallemployeesandyetalmosttwentypercentoftotalindustrialinvestment.查看答案Ⅳ.Answerthequestions.1.HowdoestheBritishclimateinfluencecharactersofEnglishpeople?【答案】(1)TheweatherinEnglandisverychangeable.Peoplecanneverbesurewhenthedifferenttypesofweatherwilloccur.ThisuncertaintytendstomakeEnglishmencautious.(2)TheEnglishweatherhasalsohelpedtomaketheEnglishmanadaptable,sincewhatevertheweatherconditionstheymetabroad,theyhadalreadyexperiencedsomethingalikeathome.2.HowdoestheBritishgovernmentmakeeffortstoprotecttheinterestsofconsumers?【答案】(1)Britainhaspassedlawsrequiringproducersandsellerstoprovidehealthyfoods,thedescriptionandperformanceofgoods,andpricinginformation.Businessesmustpasshealthandsafetyinspections.Thegovernmenthasthepowertopunishprofiteerswhoactinviolationoftheinterestsofconsumers.(2)Todeterbusinessmenfrommakingillegalgainsbycheating,Britainhaspassedharshlawsagainstunethical(unfair)competitionwhichalsoincludescounterfeitingandtheproductionoffalseandshoddygoods.(3)Consumersareentitledtoclaimdamageiftheirrightsareviolated.(4)Thefundamentalfunctionofthelawtopreventpeoplefrominjuringeachotherhasbeenexpandedtocoveralmosteveryfield.3.WhatarethemainfactorsresponsibleforBritain’sdeclineineconomicstatusafterWWⅡ?（西安外国语学院2006研）【答案】TheUKhasexperiencedaneconomicdeclinesince1945.Butthisisarelativedeclineratherthananabsoluteone.Britainiswealthierandmoreproductivethanitwasin1945,butsinceothercountriesdevelopedmorerapidly,ithasslidfrombeingthesecondlargesteconomytobeingthesixth.Therearemainlyfourreasonsfortherelativeeconomicdecline:①Britainhadgoneheavilyintodebtinordertofinancethewar;②Britishcolonieswhichusedtoproviderawmaterialsandbigmarketsgainedindependence;③Britainwasheavilyburdenedwiththehugemilitaryexpenditureduringtheprocessofdecolonization;④Britainalsolackedtheinvestmentinmodernequipmentandnewproducts.4.WhatarethefeaturesofserviceindustriesinmodernBritain?（中山大学2010研）【答案】(1)ServiceindustriesisaveryimportantsectorinmodernBritain’seconomy,nowproducing65%ofthenationalhealth,suchasbanking,insurance,tourism,advertisingandthesellingofgoodsandemploying70%ofUK’sworkforce.(2)InternationalizationisanimportantfeatureofBritishserviceindustriessinceitisamajorinternationalproviderofservices,accountingforabout10%oftheworld’sexportsofsuchservice.(3)Intheserviceindustries,financialsectorisimportantwithLondonasoneofthetop3financialcentersintheworld.Ithasthegreatestconcentrationofforeignbanksintheworld,accountingfor20%ofallinternationalbankloans,andistheworld’slargestforeignexchangemarket;oneofthebusiestshare-dealingcentersintheworld—theLondonStockExchange.(4)AdvertisingisanothermajorbusinessserviceinwhichUKcompaniesarehighlysuccessful.5.GivecommentsonthesocialstructureinBritain.【答案】(1)Britishsocietyismadeupofthreeclasses:theupperclass,themiddleclassandtheworkingclass.(2)TheupperclassesemergedduringtheMiddleAges.TheyplayedkeypoliticalrolesontheMonarch’scouncils,intheHouseofLordsinParliament,andinlocalgovernment.(3)Themiddleclassbegantorisesincethe14thcenturyandevolvedrapidlyinthe18thcenturyasmoreandmorepeoplebecameinvolvedinbusinessesandprofessionsandbecamewealthier.(4)Theworking-classincludesagriculturallaborersbeforetheIndustrialRevolution,miningandfactoryworkersduringtheIndustrialRevolutionandemployeesinserviceindustriesnowadays.(5)Astimewentby,severalchange