公研 Unit 7 - A Comparison of Passive Sentences 英汉对比与翻译 研究生 教学课件

Unit

7

Translation

ofPassive

SentencesFeatures

of

the

EnglishPassiveFeatures

of

the

ChinesePassivesTranslation

of

English

Passiveinto

Chinese

Passive1.

Features

of

the

English

PassiveFrequent

Use

of

the

Passive

The

passive

abounds

in

English.Generallyspeaking,when

the

agent(施动者)is

unknown

or

need

not

be

mentioned,or

theobject

of

the

action

is

to

be

emphasized,thepassive

may

be

employed.In

the

vastmajority

of

cases,the

passive

is

chosen

forthe

following

reasons:The

logical

subject

(agent)

is

known

andneed

not

be

mentioned.Visitors

are

requested

to

wait.来宾请等候。(2)

The

logical

subject

is

unknownor

cannotbe

readily

stated.

New

factories

are

being

built

all

over

thecountry.全国到处都在建新厂。(3)

The

logical

subject

is

self-evident

from

thecontext.Your

suggestion

has

been

duly

noted.你的建议已经引起应有的关注。(4)

The

logical

subject

is

not

mentioned

forsome

reasons.

Somethings

have

beensaid

here

tonightthat

ought

not

to

have

been

spoken.今晚有人在此讲了些不该讲的话。(5)

The

logical

subject

is

less

importantthan

the

object.

A

child

was

run

over

and

killed

by

abus.一个小孩被公交车轧死了。(6)

The

logical

subject

is

avoided

forcoherence.

John

actually

loved

her

and

was

lovedin

return.约翰真的爱她，她也爱约翰。1.2

More

Varieties

of

the

Passive

The

passive

in

English

can

be

expressed

invarious

ways.Passive

forms

ofthefinite

verbs

in

6

tensesand

aspects:

is

done,

was

done,

was

beingdone,

has

been

done,

had

been

done.Passive

forms

of

the

non-finite

verbs

andtheir

perfective

aspect:

(to)

be

done,

(to)have

been

done,

being

done,

having

beendone.A.

Passive

form

of

theinfinitive:I

want

the

letter

(to

be)

typed

at

once.我要这封信马上给打出来。B.

Passive

form

of

the

participle:

Having

beentoldabout

the

news,

she

wasvery

excited.有人告诉她这个消息后，她非常激动。她得知这个消息后非常激动。C.

Passive

form

of

the

gerund:I

have

the

honorof

being

elected.我荣幸地当选了。(3)

Passive

formof

the

sentence

led

bypreparatory

“it”:

It

is

considered

disgraceful

to

cheat

inexams.人们认为考试作弊是可耻的。(4)

Passive

formof

the

verb

with

doubleobjects:He

was

given

a

prize.他得了奖。(5)

Passive

formof

the

verb

with

a

complexobject:They

needn’t

be

kept

waiting.不必让他们再等了。(6)

Double-passive

form:The

date

is

expected

to

be

announced

soon.估计日期很快就会宣布。(7)

Passive

sense

in

active

form

(pseudo-activity

of

the

subject)These

new

products

sell

like

hot

cakes.这种新产品十分畅销。2.

Features

of

the

Chinese

PassivesInfrequent

Use

of

the

Passive

Form(被动式使用频率低)

Unlike

English,

the

Chinese

passive

form

israrely

used

except

for

thefollowing

cases.Denote

something

undesirableorunpleasant．被：被捕

be

arrested，被杀

be

killed，被俘

becaptured，

被破坏，被记过，被警告，被双规，被双开，被枪毙，被强奸，被侮辱，被戏弄……

被潜规则，被恋爱，被游戏，被代表，被就业，被消失，被自杀，被小康，被繁荣……

“被就业”，即学校要求没就业的毕业生自己随便找个章盖在协议书上证明自己就业

“被××”实质上描述的是一种“受人摆布”的不自由状态，一种弱势权利受强势权力任意玩弄的被动状态。

“被”字词红极一时，表现出的是公众对个体权利的无奈诉求。这是一种微妙的诉求转变，而公权力却未能明察，一如既往地“在突发事件和敏感问题上缺席、失语、妄语、诳语”，只有等到媒体曝光了或者“网友曝”了，才忙不迭地出来澄清、公开或者叫停。“被繁荣”“被和谐”的完美社会？

为什么有的学校明明是强迫家长交“慰问金”还非要说是“自愿”呢？为什么有的单位明明是把员工逼走的还非要说是“辞职”呢？这或者是为了推卸责任，或者是为了捞取成绩，或者是为了粉饰政绩，总而言之，是为了让世界

“看起来很美”。

为了完成各种形式的“指标”，大大小小的官员都在“制造繁荣”、“制造和谐”。我们似乎已经生活在一个“被繁荣”、“被和谐”的完美社会中。

“被××”是“受人摆布”的不自由状态：被捐款、被失踪、被自愿、被就业、被自杀、被开心、被小康……此种语法看似荒谬，却也恰恰以此嘲

弄了“被”时代的荒谬。说“被时代”确乎有些

夸张，但“被××”确实成了一种现象，透着弱

者的委屈与无奈。

乱收费的最高境界是“被自愿”——我不仅收了你的钱，还要让你感恩戴德、亲口承认是“自愿”的。可怜天下父母心，为了孩子，家长只好打掉

牙往肚子里咽，要钱就给钱、让“自愿”就“自

愿”吧。但不管换上什么马甲，乱收费还是乱收

费。所谓的“自愿”，也不过是乱收费者给自己

准备的一块遮羞布而已。A

modern

tendency

in

theChinese

passive

to

denotesomething

desirable

or

neutral

insome

expressions受：受欢迎be

welcome;受表扬be

praised;受尊敬be

respected被：被评为先进工作者be

made

an

advanced

worker2.2 Active

in

form,

but

passive

in

sense困难克服了，工作完成了，问题也解决了。

The

difficulties

have

been

overcome，thework

has

been

finished

and

the

problemsolved.(2)尼克松访华以后，中美两国建立了外交关系。

Diplomatic

relations

were

establishedbetween

China

and

the

United

States

afterthe

Nixon’s

visit

to

China.(3)通过两国政府的共同努力，这个障碍已经扫除了。

This

obstacle

has

beencleared

away

by

thejoint

efforts

of

the

two

governments.2.3

主宾颠倒一匹马骑两个人。不说：“一匹马被两个人骑”。Two

persons

rode

one

horse.这锅饭能吃十个人。不说：“这锅饭能被十个人吃”。A

potof

rice

like

this

can

feed

10

people.昨晚我盖了两条被子。不说：“昨晚我被两条被子盖着”。Last

nightl

was

covered

up

with

two

quilts.(4)爸爸，你想死我们了!(琼瑶：《哑妻》)•==“爸爸，我们想死你了”!Daddy，we

miss

youvery

much!3.

Translation

of

English

Passiveinto

Chinese

Passive3.1译为带“由”字的汉语结构：Colds

are

caused

by

viruses

in

the

body.感冒是由体内病毒引起的。(2)

Public

schools

are

financed

primarily

bylocal

and

state

taxes.公立学校经费主要由地方和州财税资助。公立学校经费主要来源于地方财税和州财税。(3)

The

person

must

be

taken

care

of

by

hisson.这个人一定要由他儿子照顾。3.2译为带“受”字的汉语结构：(1)

Xinhua

News

Agency

isauthorized

to

issuethe

followingstatement.新华社受权发表以下声明。A

person’s

courage

is

put

tothe

proof

in

any

kind

ofdangerous

or

urgent

situation.

人的勇气在任何危机情况下都会受到考验。3.3译为带“遭到”字眼的汉语结构:The

village

had

been

attacked

byAmerican

warplanes.村庄遭到了美军战机的空袭。(2)

Many

more

temporary

workers

canbe

released

if

time

turns

bad.一旦经济恶化，更多临时工会遭到解聘。(3)

This

factory

was

seriously

damagedduring

the

earthquake.这家工厂在地震中遭到严重破坏。3.4译为带“要”字的汉语结构：It

is

necessary

that

your

ID

card

bechecked

when

deposing

orwithdrawing

money

from

the

bank.到银行存款取款要查身份证。(2)

It

is

revised

every

year,

but

theproblems

are

enormous.每年都要进行修订，但问题堆积如山。3.5

译为带“是…的”字眼的汉语结构:The

book

was

written

for

children.这本书是为儿童而写的。(2)

Rome

was

not

built

in

one

day.罗马不是一天建成的。3.6译为带“为……所”字眼的汉语结构：(1)

The

plan

prepared

by

the

U.N.has

beenaccepted

by

the

two

countries.联合国制定的这项计划已为两国所接受。(2)

Food

is

needed

by

every

living

thing.

食物为所有动物所必需。（所有动物都需要食物）3.7译为带“得到”字眼的汉语结构：All

these

problems

will

have

been

solvedby

the

year

2005．到2005年这些问题将会得到解决。(2)

Those

that

do

so

will

be

rewarded．谁这样做都将得到回报。3.8译为带“可以”字眼的汉语结构：Employees’

records

can

be

kept

on

filefor

one

year

after

they

have

leftthecompany.员工离开公司后，个人档案可以保留一年。(2)

If

thereportsare

tobebelieved,this

mayultimately

be

the

only

solution.如果报告可信，这或许最终是唯一的解决方法。3.9

Change

wording

while

retaining

theoriginal

subject(保留原句主语，改换说法)Theyare

paidfor

this. 他们拿钱就是干这个的。The

culture

ofantiquitywas

rediscovered.古代文化重见天日。3.10译为汉语的无主语句。例如：The

interests

of

developing

countriesshould

be

considered．应该考虑到发展中国家的利益。(2)

Backwardness

must

be

perceived

before

itcan

be

changed.认识落后，才能改变落后。3.11

译为汉语主语很泛的主动式：It

is

said

that

becoming

President

of

theUnited

States

is

the

dreamof

every

patrioticAmerican

youngster.

据说，成为美国总统是美国每一位爱国青年的梦想。(2)

It’s

being

put

that

she

was

secretlymarried

to

a

millionaire.据传，她已与一位百万富翁秘密结婚。(3)

The

real

intentions

of

the

U.

S.governmentare

suspected.有人怀疑美国政府的真实动机。Voiceswere

heard

calling

for

help.有人听见呼救的声音。It

is

now

understood

that

atoms

can

befurther

dividedintosmallerparticles.

现在人们懂得，原子还可以进一步分成更小的粒子。(6)

I

was

startled

when

the

menu

was

brought,for

the

prices

werea

great

deal

higher

thanI

had

expected.

侍者送来了菜单，一看价钱，比我预想的高得多，我不禁吓了一跳。More

examples:I

was

told

that

…我听说／有人告诉我……It

is

said

that...据说／有人说／据云……It

must

be

admitted

that...必须承认……It

is

well-known

that...大家知道／众所周知……It

will

be

seen

from

this

that...由此可见……It

has

been

objected

that...有人反对说……It

is

sometimes

asked

that...

,人们有时会问……It

is

established

that...可以认定……It

is

hypothesized…假设……(10)

It

is

recommended…有人推荐……Translation

WorkshopLast

year,

when

asked

to

helpcommemorate

Israel’s

50th

anniversary,

hedeclined.The

town

hall’s

foundation

stone

was

laidin

1863.Special

zones

for

developing

high

and

newadvanced

technology

have

been

opened

upin

places

where

conditions

permit.At

the

moment

the

food

is

being

stored

inwarehouses

near

the

airport.Much

has

been

said

about

the

necessity

ofintroducing

foreign

funds

into

Chineseenterprises.Several

high-ranking

officials

are

nowinvolved

in

negotiations

with

the

terrorists.The

plan

prepared

by

the

U.

N.

has

beenaccepted

by

the

two

countries.Valuable

ancient

buildings

should

beprotested

by

the

government.Those

that

do

so

will

be

rewarded.The

interest

of

developing

countriesshould

be

considered.Table

tennis

is

played

all

over

China.Everything

possible

was

donetoconcealour

movements

from

the

enemy

and

tomislead

them.Translation

WorkshopLast

year,

when

asked

to

helpcommemorate

Israel’s

50th

anniversary,

hedeclined.A：去年，当被邀请参加以色列建国50周年庆典时，他拒绝了。B：去年，当有人邀请他参加以色列建国50周年庆典时，他拒绝了。The

town

hall’s

foundation

stone

was

laidin

1863.市政厅奠基于1863年。(3)

Special

zones

for

dev