lesson Three 托福句子简化题

TOEFL

READINGSession

Three一. 教学目标¡1.指代题作业讲解¡2.句子简化题解题思路二. 题型识别¡Which

of

the

sentences

below

best

expresses

theessential

information

in

the

highlighted

sentence

inpassage?

Incorrect

choices

change

the

meaning

inimportant

ways

or

leave

out

essential

information.三. 解题基本原则¡分析句子结构¡寻找句间逻辑¡信息关系匹配四. 分析句子结构¡1.理解顺序：先主干后修饰¡2.提取主要信息四. 分析句子结构1、【因果逻辑】【Reason】【因果关系词】becauseas

a

resultso

thatcauseresult

inhencebecause

ofresult

fromthereforesinceresultsothusaccount

foraccordinglyresponsible

forsubsequentlyowing

to

due

to四. 分析句子结构6、“依赖”类单词：depend

on/rely

on等【隐形因果词】1、“发展促进”类单词：enable/stimulate/motivate/prompt/encourage/help/contribut2、“导致”类单词：lead

to/cause/give

rise

to/trigger3、“影响破坏”类单词：affect/impact/damage/ruin/interfere/destroy等4、“由来”类单词：come

from/initiate

from/derive

from等5、“关联”类单词：is

associated

with/accompany/is

linkedto/is

tied

with/have

to

do

with/relevance等四. 分析句子结构6、“依赖”类单词：depend

on/rely

on等【隐形因果词】1、“发展促进”类单词：enable/stimulate/motivate/prompt/encourage/help/contribut2、“导致”类单词：lead

to/cause/give

rise

to/trigger3、“影响破坏”类单词：affect/impact/damage/ruin/interfere/destroy等4、“由来”类单词：come

from/initiate

from/derive

from等5、“关联”类单词：is

associated

with/accompany/is

linkedto/is

tied

with/have

to

do

with/relevance等四. 分析句子结构3、【转折逻辑】【Contrast】but

however

while(and)

yet

whereas

neverthelessalthough

even

though

admittedlyin

spite

of

regardlessnonethelessdespite四. 分析句子结构8、【否定逻辑】【negative】【明显否定关系】no/not/none/neither/never/deny/rarely【隐性否定系】fail

to/absence/lack/little/few/evaporate/difficult/hardl【否定构词】a-/ab-/abs-

in-/il-

mis-

dis-

mal-

-

anti-

-less四. 分析句子结构A

few

newspapers,

notably

The

New

York

Times,adopted

a

highly

informative

yet

less

visually

promineweather

map

that

was

specially

designed

to

explain

animportant

recent

or

imminent

weather

event.四. 分析句子结构The

gradual

drying

of

the

soil

caused

by

its

diminishedability

to

absorb

water

results

in

the

further

loss

ofvegetation,

so

that

a

cycle

of

progressive

surfacedeterioration

is

established.四. 分析句子结构○Desertification

is

extremely

hard

to

reverse

unless

the

population

is

reduthe

vast

areas

affected.The

extreme

seriousness

of

desertification

results

from

the

vast

areas

of

lanthetremendous

numbers

of

people

affected,

as

well

as

from

the

great

difficulof

reversing

or

even

slowing

the

process.Desertification

is

a

significant

problem

because

it

is

so

hard

to

reverse

aaffects

large

areas

of

land

and

great

numbers

of

people.Slowing

down

the

process

of

desertification

is

difficult

because

of

populagrowth

that

has

spread

over

large

areas

of

land.The

spread

of

deserts

is

considered

a

very

serious

problem

that

can

be

solveonly

if

large

numbers

of

people

in

various

countries

are

involved

in

the

effor四. 分析句子结构○Desertification

is

extremely

hard

to

reverse

unless

the

population

is

reduthe

vast

areas

affected.The

extreme

seriousness

of

desertification

results

from

the

vast

areas

of

lanand

the

tremendous

numbers

of

people

affected,

as

well

as

from

the

greatdifficulty

of

reversing

or

even

slowing

the

process.Desertification

is

a

significant

problem

because

it

is

so

hard

to

reverse

aaffects

large

areas

of

land

and

great

numbers

of

people.Slowing

down

the

process

of

desertification

is

difficult

because

of

populagrowth

that

has

spread

over

large

areas

of

land.The

spread

of

deserts

is

considered

a

very

serious

problem

that

can

be

solveonly

if

large

numbers

of

people

in

various

countries

are

involved

in

the

effor四. 分析句子结构○Desertification

is

extremely

hard

to

reverse

unless

the

population

is

reduthe

vast

areas

affected.The

extreme

seriousness

of

desertification

results

from

the

vast

areas

of

lanand

the

tremendous

numbers

of

people

affected,

as

well

as

from

the

greatdifficulty

of

reversing

or

even

slowing

the

process.Desertification

is

a

significant

problem

because

it

is

so

hard

to

reverse

aaffects

large

areas

of

land

and

great

numbers

of

people.Slowing

down

the

process

of

desertification

is

difficult

because

of

populagrowth

that

has

spread

over

large

areas

of

land.The

spread

of

deserts

is

considered

a

very

serious

problem

that

can

be

solveonly

if

large

numbers

of

people

in

various

countries

are

involved

in

the

effor五. 寻找句间逻辑观察句子是否含有明显的逻辑关系（原因结果／转折让步／比较对比／条件...）利用逻辑关系来判断句子的重点信息五. 寻找句间逻辑关键词：表示原因because

(of),

since,

for,

as，be

attributed

to/as

a

result

of/方式状语by/through/re表示结果result

in

/lead

to

/

bring

about/give

rise

to/accountfor/contribute

to五. 寻找句间逻辑○Edison

would

not

develop

projection

technology

unless

exhibitors

agreed

topurchase

more

than

one

projector

from

him.He

(Edison)

refused

to

develop

projection

technology,

reasoning

that

if

he

maand

sold

projectors,

then

exhibitors

would

purchase

only

one

machine-aprojector-from

him

instead

of

several.Edison

was

more

interested

in

developing

a

variety

of

machines

than

indeveloping

a

technology

based

on

only

one.Edison

refused

to

work

on

projection

technology

because

he

did

not

thinkexhibitors

would

replace

their

projectors

with

newer

machines.Edison

did

not

want

to

develop

projection

technology

because

it

limited

thenumber

of

machines

he

could

sell.五. 寻找句间逻辑○Edison

would

not

develop

projection

technology

unless

exhibitors

agreed

topurchase

more

than

one

projector

from

him.He

(Edison)

refused

to

develop

projection

technology,

reasoning

that

if

he

maand

sold

projectors,

then

exhibitors

would

purchase

only

one

machine-aprojector-from

him

instead

of

several.Edison

was

more

interested

in

developing

a

variety

of

machines

than

indeveloping

a

technology

based

on

only

one.Edison

refused

to

work

on

projection

technology

because

he

did

not

thinkexhibitors

would

replace

their

projectors

with

newer

machines.Edison

did

not

want

to

develop

projection

technology

because

it

limited

thenumber

of

machines

he

could

sell.五. 寻找句间逻辑more/less

thanas…aswhilewhereas五. 寻找句间逻辑○Hills

and

mountains

resist

the

destructive

forces

of

nature

better

than

othtypes

of

landforms.Geology

and

LandscapeHills

and

mountains

are

often

regarded

as

the

epitome

of

permanence,successfully

resisting

the

destructive

forces

of

nature,

but

in

fact

they

tenrelatively

short-lived

in

geological

terms.When

they

are

relatively

young,

hills

and

mountains

successfully

resist

thedestructive

forces

of

nature.Although

they

seem

permanent,

hills

and

mountains

exist

for

a

relatively

shperiod

of

geological

time.Hills

and

mountains

successfully

resist

the

destructive

forces

of

nature,

bonly

for

a

short

time.五. 寻找句间逻辑○Hills

and

mountains

resist

the

destructive

forces

of

nature

better

than

othtypes

of

landforms.Geology

and

LandscapeHills

and

mountains

are

often

regarded

as

the

epitome

of

permanence,successfully

resisting

the

destructive

forces

of

nature,

but

in

fact

they

tenrelatively

short-lived

in

geological

terms.When

they

are

relatively

young,

hills

and

mountains

successfully

resist

thedestructive

forces

of

nature.Although

they

seem

permanent,

hills

and

mountains

exist

for

a

relatively

shperiod

of

geological

time.Hills

and

mountains

successfully

resist

the

destructive

forces

of

nature,

bonly

for

a

short

time.五. 寻找句间逻辑○Hills

and

mountains

resist

the

destructive

forces

of

nature

better

than

othtypes

of

landforms.Geology

and

LandscapeHills

and

mountains

are

often

regarded

as

the

epitome

of

permanence,successfully

resisting

the

destructive

forces

of

nature,

but

in

fact

they

tenrelatively

short-lived

in

geological

terms.When

they

are

relatively

young,

hills

and

mountains

successfully

resist

thedestructive

forces

of

nature.Although

they

seem

permanent,

hills

and

mountains

exist

for

a

relatively

shperiod

of

geological

time.Hills

and

mountains

successfully

resist

the

destructive

forces

of

nature,

bonly

for

a

short

time.五. 寻找句间逻辑○

Biological

activity

is

not

strongly

affected

by

changes

in

temperature.Indeed,

stability

of

the

biological

clock"s

period

is

one

of

its

major

featurwhen

the

organism"s

environment

is

subjected

to

considerable

changes

in

factsuch

as

temperature,

that

would

be

expected

to

affect

biological

activitystrongly.Stability,

a

feature

of

the

biological

clock"s

period,

depends

on

changeafactors

such

as

temperature.A

major

feature

of

the

biological

clock

is

that

its

period

does

not

changedespite

significant

changes

in

the

environment.A

factor

such

as

temperature

is

an

important

feature

in

the

establishmentthe

biological

clock"s

period.五. 寻找句间逻辑○

Biological

activity

is

not

strongly

affected

by

changes

in

temperature.Indeed,

stability

of

the

biological

clock"s

period

is

one

of

its

major

featurwhen

the

organism"s

environment

is

subjected

to

considerable

changes

in

factsuch

as

temperature,

that

would

be

expected

to

affect

biological

activitystrongly.Stability,

a

feature

of

the

biological

clock"s

period,

depends

on

changeafactors

such

as

temperature.A

major

feature

of

the

biological

clock

is

that

its

period

does

not

changedespite

significant

changes

in

the

environment.A

factor

such

as

temperature

is

an

important

feature

in

the

establishmentthe

biological

clock"s

period.五. 寻找句间逻辑○

The

Democrats"

power

was

greatest

in

poorer

areas

while

the

Whigs

werestrongest

in

those

areas

where

the

market

was

already

fully

operating.The

Whigs

were

strongest

in

the

towns,

cities,

and

those

rural

areas

that

wfully

integrated

into

the

market

economy,

whereas

Democrats

dominated

areasof

semisubsistence

farming

that

were

more

isolated

and

languishingeconomically.Whigs

were

able

to

attract

support

only

in

the

wealthiest

parts

of

theeconomy

because

Democrats

dominated

in

other

areas.Whig

and

Democratic

areas

of

influence

were

naturally

split

between

urbanand

rural

areas,

respectively.The

semisubsistence

farming

areas

dominated

by

Democrats

becameincreasingly

isolated

by

the

Whigs"

control

of

the

market

economy.五. 寻找句间逻辑○

The

Democrats"

power

was

greatest

in

poorer

areas

while

the

Whigs

werestrongest

in

those

areas

where

the

market

was

already

fully

operating.The

Whigs

were

strongest

in

the

towns,

cities,

and

those

rural

areas

that

wfully

integrated

into

the

market

economy,

whereas

Democrats

dominated

areasof

semisubsistence

farming

that

were

more

isolated

and

languishingeconomically.Whigs

were

able

to

attract

support

only

in

the

wealthiest

parts

of

theeconomy

because

Democrats

dominated

in

other

areas.Whig

and

Democratic

areas

of

influence

were

naturally

split

between

urbanand

rural

areas,

respectively.The

semisubsistence

farming

areas

dominated

by

Democrats

becameincreasingly

isolated

by

the

Whigs"

control

of

the

market

economy.五. 寻找句间逻辑○

The

Democrats"

power

was

greatest

in

poorer

areas

while

the

Whigs

werestrongest

in

those

areas

where

the

market

was

already

fully

operating.The

Whigs

were

strongest

in

the

towns,

cities,

and

those

rural

areas

that

wfully

integrated

into

the

market

economy,

whereas

Democrats

dominated

areasof

semisubsistence

farming

that

were

more

isolated

and

languishingeconomically.Whigs

were

able

to

attract

support

only

in

the

wealthiest

parts

of

theeconomy

because

Democrats

dominated

in

other

areas.Whig

and

Democratic

areas

of

influence

were

naturally

split

between

urbanand

rural

areas,

respectively.The

semisubsistence

farming

areas

dominated

by

Democrats

becameincreasingly

isolated

by

the

Whigs"

control

of

the

market

economy.五. 寻找句间逻辑○

The

Democrats"

power

was

greatest

in

poorer

areas

while

the

Whigs

werestrongest

in

those

areas

where

the

market

was

already

fully

operating.The

Whigs

were

strongest

in

the

towns,

cities,

and

those

rural

areas

that

wfully

integrated

into

the

market

economy,

whereas

Democrats

dominated

areasof

semisubsistence

farming

that

were

more

isolated

and

languishingeconomically.Whigs

were

able

to

attract

support

only

in

the

wealthiest

parts

of

theeconomy

because

Democrats

dominated

in

other

areas.Whig

and

Democratic

areas

of

influence

were

naturally

split

between

urbanand

rural

areas,

respectively.The

semisubsistence

farming

areas

dominated

by

Democrats

becameincreasingly

isolated

by

the

Whigs"

control

of

the

market

economy.五. 寻找句间逻辑ifonly

ifexceptunlessprovided

that

/providing

thatas

long

as五. 寻找句间逻辑○Experiments

revealed

that

caged

starlings"

orientation

was

accurate

unlethe

weather

was

overcast.He

then

set

up

experiments

withcaged

starlings

and

found

that

their

orientatwas,

in

fact,

in

the

proper

migratory

direction

except

when

the

sky

was

overcaat

which

times

there

was

no

clear

direction

to

their

restless

movements.Experiments

revealed

that

caged

starlings

displayed

a

lack

of

directionalsense

and

restless

movements.Experiments

revealed

that

caged

starlings

were

unable

to

orient

themselvein

the

direction

of

their

normal

migratory

route.Experiments

revealed

that

the

restless

movement

of

caged

starlings

had

noclear

direction.五. 寻找句间逻辑○Experiments

revealed

that

caged

starlings"

orientation

was

accurate

unlethe

weather

was

overcast.He

then

set

up

experiments

withcaged

starlings

and

found

that

their

orientatwas,

in

fact,

in

the

proper

migratory

direction

except

when

the

sky

was

overcaat

which

times

there

was

no

clear

direction

to

their

restless

movements.Experiments

revealed

that

caged

starlings

displayed

a

lack

of

directionalsense

and

restless

movements.Experiments

revealed

that

caged

starlings

were

unable

to

orient

themselvein

the

direction

of

their

normal

migratory

route.Experiments

revealed

that

the

restless

movement

of

caged

starlings

had

noclear

direction.六. 信息关系匹配判断选项是否包含了题干句子的重要信息错误选项改变原句的意思或遗漏了重要信息六. 信息关系匹配Glaciers

move

slowly

across

the

land

with

tremendous

energy,

carving

intoeven

the

hardest

rock

formations

and

thereby

reshaping

the

landscape

as

theyengulf,

push,

drag,

and

finally

deposit

rock

debris

in

places

far

from

its

orilocation.As

a

glacier

moves,

it

leaves

behind

rock

formations

that

have

been

engulfpushed,

and

dragged

by

the

glacier.Glaciers

reshape

the

landscape

by

carving

into

rock

and

transporting

theresulting

debris

to

distant

locations.Glaciers

carve

the

hardest

rock

formations

with

great

energy

and

slowlyreshape

them

into

debris.The

tremendous

energy

of

slowly

moving

glaciers

transports

and

finallydeposits

rock

debris

into

large

rock

formations.六. 信息关系匹配○The

tremendous

energy

of

slowly

moving

glaciers

transports

and

finallydeposits

rock

debris

into

large

rock

formations.Glaciers

move

slowly

across

the

land

with

tremendous

energy,

carving

into

evethe

hardest

rock

formations

and

thereby

reshaping

the

landscape

as

they

engulpush,

drag,

and

finally

deposit

rock

debris

in

places

far

from

its

original

loAs

a

glacier

moves,

it

leaves

behind

rock

formations

that

have

been

engulfpushed,

and

dragged

by

the

glacier.Glaciers

reshape

the

landscape

by

carving

into

rock

and

transporting

theresulting

debris

to

distant

locations.Glaciers

carve

the

hardest

rock

formations

with

great

energy

and

slowlyreshape

them

into

debris.六. 信息关系匹配○The

tremendous

energy

of

slowly

moving

glaciers

transports

and

finallydeposits

rock

debris

into

large

rock

formations.Glaciers

move

slowly

across

the

land

with

tremendous

energy,

carving

into

evethe

hardest

rock

formations

and

thereby

reshaping

the

landscape

as

they

engulpush,

drag,

and

finally

deposit

rock

debris

in

places

far

from

its

original

loAs

a

glacier

moves,

it

leaves

behind

rock

formations

that

have

been

engulfpushed,

and

dragged

by

the

glacier.Glaciers

reshape

the

landscape

by

carving

into

rock

and

transporting

theresulting

debris

to

distant

locations.Glaciers

carve

the

hardest

rock

formations

with

great

energy

and

slowlyreshape

them

into

debris.六. 信息关系匹配○

The

remains

of

microscopic

organisms

transform

into

petroleum

once

theyare

buried

under

mud.Continued

sedimentation—the

process

of

deposits’

settling

on

the

sea

botto—buries

the

organic

matter

and

subjects

it

to

higher

temperatures

and

pressuwhich

convert

the

organic

matter

to

oil

and

gas.Higher

temperatures

and

pressures

promote

sedimentation,

which

isresponsible

for

petroleum

formation.Deposits

of

sediments

on

top

of

organic

matter

increase

the

temperature

ofand

pressure

on

the

matter.Increased

pressure

and

heat

from

the

weight

of

the

sediment

turn

the

organremains

into

petroleum.六. 信息关系匹配○

The

remains

of

microscopic

organisms

transform

into

petroleum

once

theyare

buried

under

mud.Continued

sedimentation—the

process

of

deposits’

settling

on

the

sea

botto—buries

the

organic

matter

and

subjects

it

to

higher

temperatures

and

pressuwhich

convert

the

organic

matter

to

oil

and

gas.Higher

temperatures

and

pressures

promote

sedimentation,

which

isresponsible

for

petroleum

formation.Deposits

of

sediments

on

top

of

organic

matter

increase

the

temperature

ofand

pressure

on

the

matter.Increased

pressure

and

heat

from

the

weight

of

the

sediment

turn

the

organremains

into

petroleum.六. 信息关系匹配○

People

who

believe

that

aggression

is

necessary

and

justified

do

notnecessarily

act

aggressively

during

wartime.For

example,

people

who

believe

thataggressionis

necessary

and

justified-aduring

wartime-are

likely

to

act

aggressively,

whereas

people

who

believe

thparticularwar

or

act

of

aggression

is

unjust,

or

who

think

that

aggression

isnever

justified,

are

less

likely

to

behave

aggressively.People

who

believe

that

they

are

fighting

a

just

war

act

aggressively

whilthose

who

believe

that

they

are

fighting

an

unjust

war

do

not.People

who

believe

that

aggression

is

necessary

and

justified

are

more

likto

act

aggressively

than

those

who

believe

differently.People

who

normally

do

not

believe

that

aggression

is

necessary

andjustified

may

act

aggressively

during

wartime.六. 信息关系匹配○

People

who

believe

that

aggression

is

necessary

and

justified

do

notnecessarily

act

aggressively

during

wartime.For

example,

people

who

believe

thataggressionis

necessary

and

justified-aduring

wartime-are

likely

to

act

aggressively,

whereas

people

who

believe

thparticularwar

or

act

of

aggression

is

unjust,

or

who

think

that

aggression

isnever

justified,

are

less

likely

to

behave

aggressively.People

who

believe

that

they

are

fighting

a

just

war

act

aggressively

whilthose

who

believe

that

they

are

fighting

an

unjust

war

do

not.People

who

believe

that

aggression

is

necessary

and

justified

are

more

likto

act

aggressively

than

those

who

believe

differently.People

who

normally

do

not

believe

that

aggression

is

necessary

andjustified

may

act

aggressively

during

wartime.六. 信息关系匹配○

People

who

believe

that

aggression

is

necessary

and

justified

do

notnecessarily

act

aggressively

during

wartime.For

example,

people

who

believe

thataggressionis

necessary

and

justified-aduring

wartime-are

likely

to

act

aggressively,

whereas

people

who

believe

thparticularwar

or

act

of

aggression

is

unjust,

or

who

think

that

aggression

isnever

justified,

are

less

likely

to

behave

aggressively.People

who

believe

that

they

are

fighting

a

just

war

act

aggressively

whilthose

who

believe

that

they

are

fighting

an

unjust

war

do

not.People

who

believe

that

aggression

is

necessary

and

justified

are

more

likto

act

aggressively

than

those

who

believe

differently.People

who

normally

do

not

believe

that

aggression

is

necessary

andjustified

may

act

aggressively

during

wartime.六. 信息关系匹配有时正确答案是对原句的高度概括六. 信息关系匹配○

Masters

who

trained

members

of

their

own

family

as

apprentices

demandedexcellence

from

them.Apprentices

were

considered

part

of

the

family,

and

masters

were

responsible

not

only

for

teaching

their

apprentices

a

trade

but

also

for

providing

them

so

education

and

for

supervising

their

moral

behavior.Masters

demanded

moral

behavior

from

apprentices

but

often

treated

themirresponsibly.The

responsibilities

of

the

master

to

the

apprentice

went

beyond

the

teachof

a

trade.Masters

preferred

to

maintain

the

trade

within

the

family

by

supervising

aeducating

the

younger

family

members.六. 信息关系匹配○

Masters

who

trained

members

of

their

own

family

as

apprentices

demandedexcellence

from

them.Apprentices

were

considered

part

of

the

family,

and

masters

were

responsible

not

only

for

teaching

their

apprentices

a

trade

but

also

for

providing

them

so

education

and

for

supervising

their

moral

behavior.Masters

demanded

moral

behavior

from

apprentices

but

often

treated

themirresponsibly.The

responsibilities

of

the

master

to

the

apprentice

went

beyond

the

teachof

a

trade.Masters

preferred

to

maintain

the

trade

within

the

family

by

supervising

aeducating

the

younger

family

members.七. 总结分析句子结构，分清主干和修饰成分利用逻辑关系来判断句子的重点信息将选项与题干进行信息配对八. 练习○If

the

force

of

surface

tension

is

too

weak

to

hold

water

in

place

as

heavy

drops,the

water

will

continue

to

be

held

firmly

in

place

as

a

thin

film

when

large

poresexist.If

the

pores

are

large,

the

water

in

them

will

exist

as

drops

too

heavy

for

surfacetension

to

hold,

and

it

will

drain

away;

but

if

the

pores

are

small

enough,

the

waterthem

will

exist

as

thin

films,

too

light

to

overcome

the

force

of

surface

tensionholding

them

in

place;

then

the

water

will

be

firmly

held.Surface

tension

is

not

strong

enough

to

retain

drops

of

water

in

rocks

with

largepores

but

is

strong

enough

to

hold

on

to

thin

films

of

water

in

rocks

with

small

poresWater

in

rocks

is

held

in

place

by

large

pores

and