托福阅读-句子简化题

句子简化题句子简化题(SentenceSimplificationQuestion)(1)句子简化题简介和提问方式(2)句子简化的两个层面:语义和逻辑(3)常见的逻辑关系转换----四大“明显”/“隐含”关系否定明显否定关系的特色词汇:no,not,none,never,neither,deny隐含否定关系的特色词汇:failto,absentfrom,lack,lackof,refuse,few,little,否定词缀less.因果明显因果关系的特色词汇:because,becauseof,since,for,as,dueto,owingto,inthat,so,sothat,asaresult,therefore,thereby,hence,consequently,accordingly.隐含因果关系的特色词汇:a.表示导致含义:leadto,cause,result,resultin,giveriseto,render,produce,make,使役动词,support,support,stimulate,spur,spark,fuel,motivate,prompt.b.由……而来:comefrom,resultfrom,originate,derivefrom,initiatefrom,stemfrom,beattributableto,beresponsiveto.c.反映,体现:reflect,present,suggest,show,imply,demonstrate.d.考虑到…,依赖…:give,considering,onaccountof,inviewof,thanksto,accordingto,relyon,dependon,resortto.e.条件关系:if,when,while,as,assoonas,aslongas,虚拟条件句.比较明显比较关系的特色词汇:同级比较\比较级隐含比较关系的特色词汇:a.“变化”:change,vary,alter,modify,revise,increase,decrease,destroy,develop,improve,progress,advance,grow,degenerate,continue,remain,stay,stable,still.b.“差异”:same,different.c.“超越”:surpass,exceed,transcend,excel最高级\绝对化明显最高级/绝对化关系的特色词汇:-est/比较级隐含最高级\绝对化关系的特色词汇:a.自身含有最高级含义:maximum,minimum,outstanding,extreme.b.否定加比较:nothingcanbebetterthanthatc.程度较深的词:surprisingly,amazingly,prohibitively(修饰价格的high)句子的分类简单句（只有一套主谓结构的句子）非简单句（主从复合句）

简单句的解法：保留主谓宾，剔除定状补同非简单句的构成：并列&嵌套关系的简单句并列---连词：+嵌套---关联词：框行结构表示非简单句的步骤：1.谓语动词---简单句的数量2.连接词或关联词3.并列或嵌套4.形成框行结构图Sample1Thedeserts,whichalreadyoccupyapproximatelyafourthoftheEarth’ssurface,haveinrecentdecadesbeenincreasingatanalarmingpace.21Sample2

Thecinemadidnotemergeasaformofmassconsumptionuntilitstechnologyevolvedfromtheinitial“peepshow”formattothepointwhereimageswereprojectedonascreeninadarkenedtheater.132句子简化题的实质是保留外层，剔除内层的过程ThatthepaintingsdidhavemeaningtothePaleolithicpeopleswhomadeandobservedthemcannot,however,bedoubted.A.ItistruethatthepaintingsweremeaningfultothePaleolithicpeoples.B.Doubtless,thePaleolithicpeoplesweretheoneswhomadethepaintings.C.ThereisnodoubtaboutthemeaningofthePaleolithicpaintings.D.PaintingsthathadmeaningforthePaleolithicpeoplesaredoubtful.312句子简化题---带有明确的逻辑关系标志词的题目

转折：however,but,eventhough,evenif,although,while,whereas（比较和转折）,yet（句首和句中表转折句末表否定）,despite,inspiteof因果：because,since,inthat,so,therefore,thus,hence,resultin,resultfrom,asaresult,consequently,inasmuchas（既然）,reason,leadto,accordingly,onaccountof否定：no,not,none,nor,neither,never,deny,failto,lack,remove,ignore,miss,refuse,比较：more…than,less…than,as…as,increase,decrease,improve,outweigh,surpass,transcend,maximum,minimum,top,peak逻辑---句子的骨架（转折、因果、否定、比较）否定：全局否定（我不想告诉他—我不愿意告诉他）局部否定（我想告诉的不是他）比较：比较的双方，比较的方面（正确答案应包含这些信息）Thestructureofthebackboneshows,however,thatAmblocetusswamlikemodernwhalesbymovingtherearportionofitsbodyupanddown,eventhoughaflukewasmissing.A.EventhoughAmbulocetusswambymovingitsbodyupanddown,itdidnothaveabackbone.B.ThebackboneofAmbulocetus,whichallowedittoswim,providesevidenceofitsmissingfluke.C.AlthoughAmbulocetushadnofluke,itsbackbonestructureshowsthatitswamlikemodernwhales.D.Bymovingtherearpartsoftheirbodiesupanddown,modernwhalesswiminadifferentwayfromthewayAmbulocetusswam.解决句子中带有明确逻辑关系标志词的句子题1.逻圈：圈出句中的逻辑关系标志词2.对比：将选项进行错误点的对比（假、大、错）假—虚假的逻辑关系（表现为虚假修饰关系which，who,that,what从句）大—将原句中的细节过分发大（同位语，插入语、定状成分）错—引入原文中未出现信息点或与原文矛盾3.排除：排除假大错，保留原文重现和同义改写Forexample,peoplewhobelievethataggressionisnecessaryandjustified—asduringwartime—arelikelytoactaggressively,whereaspeoplewhobelievethataparticularwaroractofaggressionisunjust,orwhothinkthataggressionisneverjustified,arelesslikelytobehaveaggressively.A.Peoplewhobelievethattheyarefightingajustwaractaggressivelywhilethosewhobelievethattheyarefightinganunjustwardonot.B.Peoplewhobelievethataggressionisnecessaryandjustifiedaremorelikelytoactaggressivelythanthosewhobelievedifferently.C.Peoplewhonormallydonotbelievethataggressionisnecessaryandjustifiedmayactaggressivelyduringwartime.D.Peoplewhobelievethataggressionisnecessaryandjustifieddonotnecessarilyactaggressivelyduringwartime.句中带有并列信息点Untilthisperiodmostchurcheshadbeamedwoodenroofs,whichnotonlyposedathreatoffirebutalsolimitedtheheighttowhicharchitectscouldaspire.A.Architectswantedtobuildhigherceilingsinchurches,buttheywerelimitedbecauseofthefirehazardcausedbywoodenbeamsintheroofs.B.Themajorityofthechurchespriortothistimewereconstructedwithwoodenroofsthatcausedaconsiderablefirehazardbecauseoftheirheight.C.Thewoodbeamsintheroofsofmostchurchesbeforethisperiodwereaconcernbecauseoffireandtheconstraintstheyimposedontheheightoftheceiling.D.Thelimitationsonthe