23呼吸系统呼吸道lungs肺pleura胸膜

Respiratory

SystemGeneral

DescriptionConstituents:Respiratory

tract

呼吸道Lungs

肺Pleura胸膜and

plural

cavity Function:exchange

O2

and

CO2mainlyMediastinum

纵隔Respiratory

tractUpper

respiratory

tractNose

鼻Pharynx

咽Larynx

喉Lower

respiratory

tractTrachea

气管Principal

bronchus

主支气管Bronchial

tree

支气管树External

noseNasal

cavity-limen

nasi nasalvestibule

鼻前庭proper

nasalcavity固有鼻腔

nasal

septum

鼻中隔

lateral

wall

of

nasalcavityParanasal

sinuses

鼻旁窦

frontal

sinus额窦

maxillary

sinus上颌窦

sphenoidal

sinus

蝶窦

ethmoidal

sinus

筛窦Nose1.

External

nose2.

Nasal

cavityThe

formation

of

the

nasal

septumThe

cartilage

of

nasal

septumThe

longitudinalplateofethmoidboneThe

vomer2

Bones,1

Cartilage,Nasalmucous

membrane:olfactory

regionrespiratoryregionLittle

regionOlfactory

and

respiratory

region3.

Paranasal

SinusesParanasal

Sinusesfrontal

sinus

额窦

maxillary

sinus

上颌窦

sphenoidal

sinus

蝶窦ethmoidal

sinus

筛窦The

openings

of

the

paranasal

sinusesPositionIt

is

located

at

anterior

part

of

neck,

infront

of

4~6cervical

vertebrae.Framework:It

is

formed

by

laryngeal

cartilages

and

theirarticulations.Cartilages:thyroid

cartilage

甲状软骨

cricoid

cartilage

环状软骨

epiglottic

cartilage

会厌软骨arytenoid

cartilage(paired)

杓状软骨LarynxAnterior

viewPosterior

viewThyroid

cartilageinf.

cornusup.

thyroid

notchlaminaanterior

angleLaryngeal

prominence

sup.

cornuLaminae

of

thyroidcartilagePosterior

viewCricoid

cartilageAnterior

viewArytenoid

cartilagesCricoid

archCricoid

laminaMuscular

processVocal

processVocal

processEpiglottic

cartilageAnterior

viewPosterior

viewArticulation:cricothyroid

joint:

rotate

around

the

coronary

axiscricoarytenoid

joints:

rotate

around

the

vertical

axisconus

elasticus:

free

and

thicked

upper

border

formed

the

vocal

ligamentquadrangular

membrane:

free

lower

border

formed

vestibular

ligamentthyrohyoid

membrane12534ThyrohyoidmembraneLateral

viewLateral

viewQuadrangularmembraneConuselasticus3.

Laryngeal

cavity2flod

—vestibular

fold

前庭襞vocal

fold

声襞（声带）2fissures—vestibular

fissure

前庭裂fissure

of

glottis

声门裂3parts—laryngeal

vestibule(喉前庭）

intermediate

cavity

oflarynx（喉中间腔）infraglottic

cavity（喉下腔）4.

Laryngeal

muscles:Posterior

cricoarytenoid

环杓后肌It

can

open

the

glottisTransverse

arytenoi

杓横肌Oblique

arytenoi

杓斜肌Lateral

cricoarytenoid

环杓侧肌They

can

close

the

glottisCricothyroi

环甲肌Posterior

cricoarytenoid:They

can

lengthen and

tensethe

vocal

foldThyroarytenoid

甲杓肌It

can

relax

and

shorten

thevocal

fold4.

Laryngeal

muscles:Posterior

cricoarytenoid

环杓后肌It

can

open

the

glottisTransverse

arytenoi

杓横肌Oblique

arytenoi

杓斜肌Lateral

cricoarytenoid

环杓侧肌They

can

close

the

glottisCricothyroi

环甲肌Posterior

cricoarytenoid:They

can

lengthen and

tensethe

vocal

foldThyroarytenoid

甲杓肌It

can

relax

and

shorten

thevocal

fold4.

Laryngeal

muscles:Posterior

cricoarytenoid

环杓后肌It

can

open

the

glottisTransverse

arytenoi

杓横肌Oblique

arytenoi

杓斜肌Lateral

cricoarytenoid

环杓侧肌They

can

close

the

glottisCricothyroi

环甲肌Posterior

cricoarytenoid:They

can

lengthen and

tensethe

vocal

foldThyroarytenoid

甲杓肌It

can

relax

and

shorten

thevocal

foldThe

trachea

and

main

bronchusBifurcation

of

trachea气管隆嵴Position:

located

in

the thoracic

cavity,both sidesof

themediastinum,above

thediaphragmLungsExternal

features

of

the

lungs:an

apexa

basesurfaces— mediastinal

纵隔面costal

surfaces

肋面borders– anterior

border,inferior

border,posterior

borderFissures

and

lobes

of

the

lungs:es):left

lung

–

2

lobes

(

by

oblique

fissure)superior

lobeinferior

loberight

lung

–

3

lobes(by

oblique

andhorizontal

fissursuperior

lobemiddle

lobe,inferior

lobe斜裂Oblique

fissuresHilum

of

lungs(肺门)It

is

the

center

part

ofmediastinal

surface.The

arrangement

of

mainstructures

as

follows:from

anterior

to

posterior---pulmonary

v.,

pulmonary

a.,main

bronchus(both

sides)from

superior

to

inferior---right

lung–

bronchus

of

sup.

lobe,pulmonary

a.,pulmonary

v.left

lung–

pulmonary

a.,main

bronchus,pulmonary

v.B.A.

V.A.B.V.The

structures

of

the

lung:

two

parts---bronchial

tree:

支气管树

principal

bronchus---

lobarbronchi---

segmental

bronchi---

bronchioles---terminal

bronchioles---alveoli

of

the

lung:

肺泡Segmental

bronchi肺段支气管The

Segments

of

the

lung:

bronchopulmonary

segmentsThe

Pleura

and

pleural

cavities:costodiaphragmatic

recessThe

pleural

cavity

and

pleural

recess

:a

potential

space,

contains

a

few

of

serous

fluid;

2

pleuralcavities

are separated

from

each

other

by

the

mediastinum;

Theyare

negative

pressure

(to

the

atmospheric

pressure)The

definitionThe

parts:Visceral

pleura（脏胸膜）Parietal

pleura

（壁胸膜）Cupula

（胸膜顶）Costal

pleura

（肋胸膜）Mediastinal

pleura

（纵隔胸膜）Diaphragmatic

pleura

（膈胸膜）Parietal

pleuraVisceral

pleuraPleural

cavity(Serous

fluid)Pleural

MembranesParietal

Pleura:fourpartscervicalmediastinaldiaphragmaticcostalPleura

and

pleural

cavitiesCervical

pleuraCostai

pleuraMediastinal

pleuraLeft

lungDiaphragmRight

lungDia

phragmatic

pleuraCostodiaphragmatic

recessThe

inferior

margins

of

lungs

and

costodiaphragmatic

lines

of

reflecti