服务贸易对发展的作用：促进可持续增长和经济多样化

Trade

inservices

fordevelopmentFostering

sustainable

growthand

economic

diversificationAbout

the

World

BankThe

World

BankGroupisoneoftheworld’s

largestsourcesoffundingandknowledgefordevelopingcountries.Itsfiveinstitutions–theInternationalBankforReconstructionandDevelopment,theInternationalDevelopmentAssociation,theInternationalFinanceCorporation,theMultilateralInvestmentGuaranteeAgencyandtheInternationalCentreforSettlementofInvestmentDisputes–shareacommitmenttoreducingpoverty,increasingsharedprosperity,andpromotingsustainabledevelopment.About

the

WTOThe

World

Trade

Organizationistheinternationalbodydealingwiththeglobalrulesoftradebetweennations.Itsmainfunctionistoensurethattradeflowsassmoothly,predictablyandfreelyaspossible,withalevelplayingfieldforallitsmembers.Trade

inservices

fordevelopmentFostering

sustainable

growthand

economic

diversificationA

World

Bankand

WTOco-publicationAcknowledgementsThis

publicationistheresultofa

jointeffortoftheWorld

Bank

andtheWTO.

The

publicationwasco-authoredandcoordinatedbyMartinRoyoftheWTO

andPierreSauvé

oftheWorld

Bank

underthesupervisionofDeputyDirector-GeneralAnabelGonzalezandXiaolinChai,DirectoroftheTrade

inServicesandInvestmentDivision,attheWTO,

andMonaHaddad,GlobalDirectorofTrade,

InvestmentandCompetitiveness,andSebastienDessus,PracticeManager,

Trade

andRegionalIntegration,attheWorld

Bank.

The

publicationwaseditedbyRossMcRaeandAnthonyMartinoftheWTO.TheWorld

BankandtheWTO

aregratefultoallthosewhoprovidedcommentsandguidanceduringthedraftingofthispublication.AttheWorld

Bank,specialthanksgotoNoraCarinaDihel,BernardHoekmanandSebastiánSáezfortheircarefulreview;RobertoEchandi,ElwynDaviesandAlbertZeufaqfortheircomments;andKarenMuramatsuforcontributionsonseveralrecentWorld

Bankprojectsdepictedinthepublication.AttheWTO,

specialthanksgotoRavneekBhullarforexcellentresearch

assistance

throughoutthisproject;andBarbara

D’Andrea

andShradhaBhatiaforassistance

onservicestradestatistics.SpecialthanksalsogotoPamelaApazaLanyi,LauraBaiker,

ElenaBertola,AntoniaCarzaniga,ChristopheDegain,EmmanuelleGanne,IshratHans,MarkusJelitto,ClaudiaLocatelli,JoscelynMagdeleine,Sang

HyunPark,CédricPene,

Michael

Roberts,EsterRubio,KarstenSteinfatt,VictorStolzenburgandRuosiZhangfortheirhelpfulinputs,commentsandsuggestions.DisclaimerThe

opinionsexpressedinthispublicationarethoseoftheauthors.TheydonotrepresentthepositionsoropinionsoftheWorld

Bank,itsBoardofDirectorsorthegovernmentstheyrepresentnordotheyrepresentthepositionsoropinionsoftheWTO

oritsmembersandarewithoutprejudicetomembers’rightsandobligationsundertheWTO.

Anyerrorsareattributabletotheauthors.The

designationsemployedinthispublicationandthepresentationofmaterialthereindonotimplytheexpressionofanyopinionwhatsoeveronthepartoftheWorld

BankandtheWTO

concerningthelegalstatusofanycountry,areaorterritoryorofitsauthorities,orconcerningthedelimitationofitsfrontiers.ContentsForeword248Executive

summaryIntroduction123The

future

of

trade

lies

in

services:

key

trends124672The

contribution

of

services

trade

policiesFostering

economic

development

through

services

tradeConclusion949697AbbreviationsBibliography2Trade

in

services

for

developmentForewordServiceshaveemergedasthedrivingforcethatisshapingtheeconomiclandscapeofcountriesatalllevelsofdevelopment.They

accountforthelargestshareofglobaleconomicactivitybygeneratingmorethantwo-thirdsofGDP,

employthemostworkers,andarethesourceofmostnewjobcreation,especiallyforfemaleandyoungworkers.Atthesame

time,servicestradehasturnedintoa

keyelementingrowthstrategies,becomingthemostdynamiccomponentofglobaltradeinrecenttimes,andcreatinghighervalue-addedjobs.servicesplayasintermediateinputsisa

keydeterminantofimprovedexportperformanceofothersectorssuch

asmanufacturingandagriculture.Moreover,

high-valueservicesandservicesexportsarecreatingnewwell-paidjobsforyoungpeopleandprofessionalsindevelopingeconomies.Servicestradeisassociatedwithinclusivegrowth,givenitspositiveimpactsontheemploymentprospectsofwomenworkers,theyouthandentrepreneursaswellasonmicro,smallandmedium-sizedenterprises.The

COVID-19pandemicacceleratedthegrowthofdigitallydeliveredservices,whiletravelserviceswerehithard.Modernservicessuchasinformationandcommunicationstechnologyandbusinessservicesnowrepresentagreatershareofexportsindevelopingeconomies,helpingthesecountriescaptureanincreasingshareofworldexportsinthesedynamicsectors.AdvancingtheUnitedNationsSustainableDevelopmentGoalsrequireseffectiveaccesstoa

hostofservices,rangingfromhealthandeducationtofinance,transportandlogisticsservices.Policymeasuresgoverningtradeandinvestmentintelecommunicationsandcomputerservicesarekeydeterminantsofenhanceddigitalconnectivity,

whiletradeinenvironmental

servicesstrengthenseffortstocombatclimatechange

andimproveenvironmental

stewardship.Servicestradeofferssignificantandmultifaceteddevelopmentimpact.Servicesoffera

directroutefordevelopingeconomiestodiversifytheirexportsawayfroma

limitedrangeofproductsandcommodities.Services-ledexportdiversificationcanalsoboostresiliencebyreducingexposuretocommoditypricevolatility.Servicesrepresentthefutureoftrade.Developingeconomieshavealreadymadeimportant

inroadsinleveragingservicestrade,butmuch

remainstobedonetofullyrealizethesector’s

developmentpromise.There

isa

needtore-igniteinternationalcooperationintheservicessector.Improvedaccesstohigh-qualitymodernservicesisalsocriticaltotheoperationofcross-borderproductionnetworksandfundamental

toeconomy-wideproductivitygains.The

tradefacilitating

rolethatSuch

effortsneedtoexpandtradeandinvestment,reducetradecosts,bringaboutgreatertransparencyandpredictabilityontradepolicyregimesand,ultimately,increasetheparticipationofdevelopingForeword3economiesinpolicydeliberationsandnegotiationsonservicestrade.Further,data

mustbeabletomovemorefreelyandsecurelyacrossborderstosupportdigitaltradeandrealizethegrowthpotentialforinclusionandjobs.subjecttoconsiderableregulatoryscrutinyarestillchallenging

formanydevelopingeconomies.A

“Trade

inServicesforDevelopment”initiativecouldsupportdeeperinternationalcooperationbymobilizingresourcesfortechnicalassistance

andcapacitybuilding.TheWTO

Secretariat

andtheWorld

BankGroupstand

readytohelpgovernmentsrealizethefulldevelopmentpotentialoftradeinservices.DeepenedinternationalcooperationonservicestraderequiresmoreAidforTrade,

asdomesticreformsandinternationalnegotiationsinsectorsNgozi

Okonjo-IwealaDirector-GeneralAjay

BangaPresidentWorld

Trade

OrganizationWorld

BankGroup4Trade

in

services

for

developmentExecutive

summaryThisco-publicationbytheWorldBank

andtheWTO

ismotivatedbya

sharedviewthatthestructuralchangesassociatedwithaWhileitisimportant

toconsiderreformstoservicestradeina

broaderdevelopmentsetting,thispublicationdoesnotdelveextensivelyintothedevelopmentdimensionofservicesperse.Rather,itdrawsattentiontotherolethatcanbeassignedtodeepenedinternationalcooperation,andthustotradepolicy,negotiationsandagreementsinthesector,inhelpingsecurethefar-reachingdevelopmentdividendsassociatedtodomesticreformsandincreasedtradeinservices.moreservice-centricworldeconomyandthecentralcontributionthatexpandedtradeandinvestmentinservicescanmaketoeconomicgrowthanddevelopmentwarrantgreaterpolicyattentionandrevivedinternationalcooperation.Animportantaimofthepublication,andakeyreasonforitsjointnature,istorecallthebenefitsofadvancingthenegotiatingagendaontradeinservices,andtheopportunitycostsofnotdoingso.Accordingly,thepublicationaimstofosterreflectiononhowbesttomobilizeadditionalsupport–andbetterassistance–fordevelopingandleast-developedeconomiesinimplementingservicessectorreformsandreapingtheThe

sheerdiversityoftheservicessectorsuggeststhatpolicyreformsneedtopaycloseattentionto–

andbeinformedby–

differencesinthenatureandrolesthatvariousservicesplay,

inthemultiplewaystheyaretraded,intheintensityoftheregulatoryscrutinydevelopmentgainsfromexpandedtradeandinvestmentinservices.theycommand,inthebroadrangeofpublicpolicyaimstheirsupplypursuesandinthepoliticaleconomyforcestheyputinplay.

Suchdifferentiationhelpsexplainwhyservicessectorgovernancerarely–

ifever–

proceedsona

one-size-fits-allbasis.Italsoexplainswhydomesticreformsanchored

intradeagreementstypicallyproceedina

progressivemanner.Inarguingthecaseforreinvigoratedinternationalcooperationinservicestrade,itisimportanttorememberthatadvancingthedevelopmentprospectsofcountriesandthewelfareoftheircitizensremainstheultimategoalofpolicyreformefforts.Trade,

economicdiversificationanddeeperintegrationprovidekeychannelsthroughwhichbroaderdevelopmentaimscanbepursued.Suchadistinctionmatterssubstantively,asahostofmorepurelydomesticpolicyreforms,spanningareasasdiverseaseducationandtraining,tradefacilitatinginfrastructure–bothphysicalanddigital–andsoundregulatoryframeworkscanaffectthedegreetowhichtradeandinvestmentinservicescanserveasdevelopmentlevers.Simplyput,thedevelopmentpayofffromexpandedservicestradestandstobemagnifiedbysupportivedomesticbusiness,regulatoryandhumancapitalecosystems.Despitechallenges

linkedtocharacteristicsthatareintrinsictoservicesandtothesector’sheterogeneity,

a

deepenedcommitmenttosupportivedomesticbusinessenvironmentsandtotradeopennessinservicesformindissociablepartsofa

comprehensivegrowth-enhancingpolicyagenda.The

worldeconomyhasinrecentdecadesundergonestructuralshiftsthathavebroughtservicestotheforefront.Servicesaccountforthelargestshareofglobaleconomicactivity,

generatingmorethantwo-thirdsofGDP,

employthemostworkersandarethesourceofmostnewjobcreation,especiallyforfemaleandyoungworkers.ServicesspurgrowththroughthekeyintermediationroletheyplayasinputsintotheproductionofotherExecutivesummary5servicesandgoods,such

thatthebenefitsofboostingthecompetitivenessofservicesandgoodsmarketsaremutuallyreinforcing.Expandedtradeandinvestmentinservicescanspurproductivitygrowthandactasakeychannelforthedisseminationandadoptionofnewtechnologiesandknow-how.Aconducivebusinessclimatefordomesticandforeignservicesprovidersthereforeimprovestheoverallefficiencyofresourceuse.Bycontributingtoimprovedperformanceinthesector,servicestradepoliciesalsorepresentacriticallyimportantmeansofachievingtheUnitedNationsSustainableDevelopmentGoals,contributingintheprocesstoalleviatingpovertyandincreasingsharedprosperity.Theeconomy-wideubiquityofservicesmeansthesectorplaysakeyroleintheexportcompetitivenessofbusinessesinallsectors.Productivitygainsinextractiveindustries,agricultureandmanufacturingareallshapedbytheeaseofaccesstoefficientservicesandinfrastructure.Improvedaccesstoqualityandaffordableservicescanenabledevelopingeconomiestointegrateglobally.Diversification,andhenceamorevariedrangeofservicesexports,willincreaseresiliencetounexpectedeconomiceventsandpromotethepursuitofmoresustainabledevelopmentpaths.Elevatingthepolicyattentionpaidtoservicesrequiresthatdomesticandinternationalpoliciesbebroughtuptospeedwiththerealityoftheglobalserviceseconomy.Fortradepolicy-makers,thismeansintensifyingcooperationtoovercomeobstaclesthathindertradeandinvestmentinservices.Atthedomesticlevel,continuedeffortsneedtobedirectedtoputtinginplacebusinessandregulatoryenvironmentsconducivetothesupplyofmoreefficientandcompetitivelypricedservices.Atthegloballevel,steppedupcooperationcouldentailrenewedeffortstoprovidegreatertransparencyandpredictabilitytoservicestraderegimes,buildingonadvancesregisteredinthelatestgenerationofdeeppreferentialtradeagreements.MovinginthisdirectioncouldprovideamajorboosttorestoringtheprimacyofthemultilateraltradingsysteminmattersofservicestradegovernanceatatimewhencallsforitsreformandBeyondtheirrisingimportanceindomesticeconomiesandtheirkeyroleasintermediateinputs,servicesarealsoanincreasinglyprominentfeatureofcross-borderexchanges.ServiceshadlongbeenthemostdynamiccomponentofinternationaltradeandinvestmentpriortotheCOVID-19pandemic,andtheworldhassincebornewitnesstohowservicesoffergrowingexportopportunities,includingfordevelopingandleast-developedeconomies,asdigitalizationandtheabilitytodeliverservicesremotelyremovebarrierstotradearisingfromthelimitedsizeandchallenginggeographyofsomeeconomies.reinvigorationhavegainedwidecurrency.6Trade

in

services

for

developmentKey

messagesThepublicationdeliverssixkeymessages.1.

Services

trade

is

highly

dynamic

and

offers

important

opportunities

fordeveloping

economiesServicestradehasbeenthemostdynamiccomponentofworldtradeforthelast15years.Suchdynamismprovidesdevelopingandleast-developedeconomiessignificantopportunitiesforexport-ledgrowth,economicdiversification,inflowsofforeigndirectinvestment(FDI)andintegrationintoglobalvaluechains.Servicestradepromotesgreaterinclusiveness,particularlyforfemaleandyoungworkersandentrepreneursaswellasmicro,smallandmedium-sizedenterprises(MSMEs).

In2021,59percentofemployedwomenworkedintheservicessector,and9outof10servicesfirmswereMSMEs.Today,

theservicessectorgenerateshalfofemploymentworldwideandtwo-thirdsofglobalGDP

–morethanagricultureandindustrycombined.Thesechangesinthestructureoftheglobaleconomychallengelong-heldperceptionsofservicesasalessdesirablepathtoeconomicgrowthanddevelopmentcomparedtomanufacturing.2.

The

growth

in

services

trade

is

a

result

of

mutually

reinforcing

factorsThegrowthinservicestradehasresultedfromtheinterplayofanumberofmutuallyreinforcingfactors.Theseincludenotonlypolicyreformeffortstomakedomesticservicemarketsmorecontestable(e.g.competitive)butalsotheacceleratingpaceoftechnologicalchange.Intermediateservices(i.e.inputsintheproductionofothergoodsandservices)playanincreasingroleinsustainingtradegrowththrougheconomy-wideimprovementsinefficiencyandfacilitatingcross-borderproduction.3.

Trade

in

services

has

become

more

digitalizedFuelledbyadvancesininformationandcommunicationstechnologies(ICT),exportsofcommercialservicesalmosttripledbetween2005and2022,withexportsofdigitallydeliveredservicesexperiencingthefastestgrowth,increasingalmostfour-fold.Duringthesameperiod,developingeconomiesaccountedforanincreasingshareofglobalservicestrade,asleast-developedeconomies’exportsofcommercialservicesgrewmorethanfour-foldbetween2005and2002,whilethoseofotherdevelopingeconomiesmorethantripled.Theexpansionofdevelopingeconomies’exportsisincreasinglytiedtoservicessuppliedacrossbordersthroughdigitalmeans.Anddevelopingeconomiesaccountforanincreasingshareofnon-traditionalserviceexports.Suchgainsbelietheexportpessimismthatlongpermeatedearlierdiscussionsofservicestrade

andtendedtolimitdevelopingcountryengagementinnegotiations,particularlyattheWTO.Executivesummary74.

Services

are

central

to

tackling

the

most

pressing

global

challengesSignificantopportunitiesintheservicessectorstillremaintobeseizedbydevelopingcountries.Barrierstotraderemainanobstacleindifferentsectorsandmodesofsupply.However,servicestradepolicyhasanimportantroletoplayinreducingtradecosts,improvingtheperformanceofservices,attractingFDI,boostingsupply-chainresilienceandincreasingmanufacturingproductivityandexports.Inthisregard,servicestradepoliciesplayakeyroleinstrategiestopromotedevelopment.Moreover,thereisagrowingacceptancethatservices–andservicestrade–willprovecentraltotacklingthemostpressingglobalchallengesTheseincludebenefitsofferedbyarapidlydigitalizingglobaleconomy,facilitatingtimelyaccesstocriticalgoodsandservicesinresponsetopandemicsandnaturaldisasters,addressingfoodsecuritybyadoptingthelatesttechnologyinagriculturalpractices,facilitatingthetransitiontoadecarbonizedglobaleconomy,anddesigninganddeployinggreentechnologies.5.

Improved

commitments

on

services

trade

can

bring

key

benefitsAlthoughservicessectorreformsarechieflyundertakenbygovernmentsatthedomesticlevelthroughautonomouspolicymeasures,bindingcommitmentsintradeagreementsrepresentsakeypolicycomplement.Whileservicestradebarriersimposesignificantcosts,uncertaintystemmingfromtheabsenceorrelativepaucityofbindingcommitmentscarriesadditionalcosts.Improvingthelevelofbindingcommitmentsinservicestradecansendpositivesignalstoinvestorsaboutone’s

businessandinvestmentclimate.EncouragingWTO

memberstobindtheirbestcommitmentsfrompreferentialtradeagreementscouldprovideamajorboosttomultilateraltradediplomacy–withoutrequiringanyadditionalliberalizationundertakings–ascommitmentsundertakeninpreferentialsettingsaretypicallyimplementedonanon-discriminatory(i.e.most-favoured-nationtreatment)basis.Thecomplementaryroleplayedbylegallybindingcommitmentsintradeagreementscanhelptopreventprotectionistbackslidingandlock-inprevailingdegreesofopenness.Thescopeforundulydiscretionaryorarbitrarytradeactioncanbereducedthroughincreasedtransparencyandpolicypredictability.EconomiesstandtobenefitfromthesignificantdevelopmentgainsofrevivingtheWTO’s

marketaccessnegotiationsonservices.6.

An

Aid

for

Trade

roadmap

for

services

can

help

tackle

key

challengesAdaptinginternationalcooperationtothenewrealitiesofservicestradecallsforincreasedlevelsofAidforTrade.

Thissupportshouldbedirectedtostrengtheningthecapacityofdevelopingeconomiestodesignandimplementservicestradereformsandsupplycompetitiveservicestoglobalmarkets.Manydevelopingandleast-developedeconomiesfinditdifficulttoconductdomesticpolicyreformsandnegotiationsinservicestrade–notleastbecauseofthediversenatureoftheserviceeconomy,theregulatoryintensitythatcharacterizesit,constraintsinpolicyformulationandregulatoryenforcementaswellasinsupply-sidecapacities.AnapproachinwhichAidforTrade

supportunderpinseffortstoenhanceinternationalcooperation,reducetradecostsandimprovethetransparencyandpredictabilityoftradingconditionscouldprovidemomentumtotheservicestradepolicyagenda–particularlyattheWTO.A“tradeinservicesfordevelopment”initiativecouldhelptomobilizeacoherentAidforTrade

packageinservices,targetingfivekeychallenges:(i)addressingdatagapsinservicestrade;(ii)supportinggreaterparticipationofdevelopingandleast-developedeconomiesinpolicydiscussionsontradeinservices;(iii)strengtheningregulatoryframeworksandinstitutions;(iv)promotingdiversification,notablythatofferedbydigitalservicestrade;and(v)addressingkeysupply-sideconstraintsandimprovingtheservices-relatedskillsofworkers.8Trade

in

services

for

developmentIntroductionServices

are

shaping

how

trade

contributes

to

economic

growthand

developmentTheworldeconomyhasinrecentdecadesundergonestructuralshiftsbroughtonbyrapidtechnologicaldevelopmentsthathavemadeservicesoneofthemostdynamicsectors.Theservicessectorhasbeenthemainsourceofeconomicgrowthsincethe1990sandservicestodaydominatetheproductionandemploymentlandscapeofeconomiesatalllevelsofslowthespreadofthevirus,includingrestrictionsoncross-bordermobility,

ledtoanunprecedentedcollapse

of

services

trade,

which

declined

across

allregions.The

impactwasmoresevereforservicesinvolvingface-to-faceinteractions.Servicestradeinthetravelsectordecreased81percentyear-on-yearinthesecondquarterof2020.development(NayyarandDavies,2023).Atthesame

time,ICTserviceswerekeyinensuringeconomicandtraderesilienceandinspeedinguppandemicrecoveryefforts.A

sustained

reboundinservicestradeandinvestmentwillbecriticaltoglobalrecoveryprospects.Subsectorssuchaslogistics,financeandinformationandcommunicationtechnologies(ICT)areessentialtothefunctioningofmoderneconomies.Serviceshavelongcomprisedmanyofthefastestgrowingsectorsoftheworldeconomy–suchasbusinessservices,healthcare,entertainmentandICTservices.ExamplesofthetypesofservicescoveredbytheGeneralAgreementonTrade

inServices(GATS)areprovidedinFigure1.Tradeandinvestmentpoliciesinservicesareessentialtoharnessingthesector’sgrowthanddevelopmentpotential.However,maximizingthebenefitsrequiresa

rethinkingofthecentralcontributionthatservicestradeplaysinthedevelopmentprocess.Furthermore,interestintacklingthebarrierstotradeandinvestmentinthesectorneedstoberevivedatthegloballevel.Beyondtheirrisingimportanceindomesticeconomies,servicesarealsoanincreasinglyprominentfeatureofcross-borderexchanges.Serviceshadlongbeenthemostdynamiccomponentofinternationaltradeandinvestmentprior

to

the

COVID-19

pandemic

and

the

world

hassincebornewitnesstohowservicesoffergrowingexportopportunities,includingfordevelopingandleast-developedeconomies,asdigitalizationandtheabilitytodeliverservicesremotelyremovebarrierstotradewhichcanarisefromthelimitedsizeandchallenginggeographyofeconomiesandeasetradewithinandacrossborders.The

abilityofservicesfirmsandsupplierstooperateoutsidedomesticmarketsholdsthekeytopromotinggrowth,deepeningintegrationandspeedingupeffortstodiversifyeconomies.Economicdiversificationcanbefuellednotonlybygrowingopportunitiesforservicesexportsbutalsothroughthegreateruse(andsourcing)ofcompetitivelypricedservicesasinputsinothersectors.Servicescontributecentrallytotheoperationofcross-borderproductionnetworks,such

asregionalandglobalvaluechains.

When

measuredinvalued-addedterms,servicesaccountfor50percentofworldtrade.Serviceswereseverelyimpactedbythepandemic,withbusinessclosures

andsocialdistancing

measuresexactinga

heavytollonthesector.

Health-relatedmeasuresadoptedtoIntroduction9Figure

1.Services

sectors

and

subsectorsBUSINESS

SERVICES(professional,computer&

related,R&D,1realestate,rental/leasing,otherbusinessservices)COMMUNICATION

SERVICES234(postal,courier,telecommunication,audiovisual)CONSTRUCTION

AND

RELATEDENGINEERING

SERVICES(generalconstructionforbuildings&

forcivilengineering,installation&

assemblywork,buildingcompletion&

finishingwork)DISTRIBUTION

SERVICES(commissionagents,wholesaletrade,retailing,franchising)EDUCATIONAL

SERVICES56(primary,secondary,higher,adult)SERVICESSECTORSENVIRONMENTAL

SERVICES(sewage,refusedisposal,sanitation&

similar)FINANCIAL

SERVICES(allinsuranceandinsurancerelated,banking&

otherfinancial)78HEALTH

RELATED

ANDSOCIAL

SERVICES(hospital,otherhumanhealth,social)TOURISM

AND

TRAVELRELATED

SERVICES(hotels&

restaurants,travelagencies&

touroperators,touristguides)9RECREATIONAL,CULTURALAND

SPORTING

SERVICES(entertainment,newsagency,libraries,archives,museums&

otherculture,sporting&

otherrecreational)10TRANSPORT

SERVICES(maritime,internalwaterways,air,

space,rail,road,pipeline,servicesauxiliarytoallmodes

oftransport)1112OTHER

SERVICES

NOTINCLUDED

ELSEWHERESource:

ServicesSectoralClassificationList,GATT

documentMTN.GNS/W/120.10Trade

in

services

for

developmentrangeof“inside-the-border”measuresofaregulatorynature,areincreasinglyimportantdeterminantsofforeigndirectinvestment,economy-wideproductivitygainsandexportperformance.“Trade

andinvestment

policiesin

services

areessential

toharnessing

thesector’s

growthand

developmentpotential.”This

publicationisa

collaborationbetweentheWorld

BankandtheWTO.

Itismotivatedbyasharedviewthatthetransformativepropertiesassociatedwitha

moreservice-centricworldeconomyandthecontributionthattradeandinvestmentinservicescanmaketoeconomicgrowthanddevelopmentwarrantgreaterpolicyattentionandrevivedinternationalcooperation.The

economy-wideubiquityofservicesmeansthesectorplaysa

keyroleintheexportcompetitivenessofbusinessesinallsectors.Productivitygainsinextractiveindustries,agricultureandmanufacturingareallshapedbytheeaseofaccesstoefficientservicesandinfrastructure.Improvedaccesstoqualityandaffordableservicescanenabled