中医文化简介经典教程

cycindy版权下载可改Yin

And

Yangthe

law

of

natureEverything

in

the

universe

contains

yin

and

yangdynamicbrighthotfunctionaletc...staticdarkcoldsubstantialetc…Yin

YangThe

Five

Element

Theorynatural

philosophy

in

ancient

ChinagenerationgenerationgenerationrestrictionrestrictiongenerationrestrictiongenerationrestrictrieosntrictionThe

relationships

of

generation,

restriction七情指的是人的精神活动。中医把它们归为七类：喜、怒、哀、思、悲、惊、恐。在正常情况下，它们是人体对环境刺激的不同反应，属于正常的生理活动，不会致病。当突然、强烈、持久的精神刺激超出了人体的适应力和忍受力，情感刺激就会成为致病因素，引起气、血和脏腑的功能失调和阴阳失衡，从而导致疾病。这就是“内伤七情”。中医云：“怒伤肝；喜伤心；忧伤肺；思伤脾；惊恐伤肾”。异常情绪主要影响内脏气的活动，导致气的升降失常。具体的说“怒则气上；喜则气缓；悲则气消；恐则气下；惊则气乱；思则气结”。The

Four

Diagnostic

MethodsInspectionThe

observation

of

complexion

is

a

diagnostic

method

for

inspecting

the

colour

and

lustre

of

the

face.

TCM

divides

the

facial

colours

into

blue,

yellow,

red,

pale

anblack,

also

known

as

the

"five

colours",

whose

changes

may

indicates

the

natureand

the

location

of

a

disease.

Generally

speaking,

red

complexion

indicates

heatsyndromes;

white

complexion

indicates

cold

and

deficiency

syndrome;

yellowcomplexion

deficiency

and

dampness

syndromes;

blue

complexion

suggests

pain

andcold

syndrome,blood

stasis

and

convulsion;

and

black

complexion

hints

deficiency

ofthe

kidney,

blood

stasis

and

fluid

retention.

Inspection

also

includes

observation

ofphysical

build.

By

the

observation

of

sturdiness,

weakness,

obesity

or

emaciation

aswell

as

the

posture

of

the

movement

and

stillness,

different

kinds

of

diseases

may

hefound

out.

And,

in

particular,

the

observation

of

the

tongue

is

a

unique

procedure

inTCM

diagnosis.

It

is

used

to

observe

the

changes

of

the

tongue

proper

and

the

tonguecoating

so

as

to

determine

the

abundance

or

decline

of

vital

qi,

tell

the

location

of

adisease,

distinguish

the

nature

of

pathogenic

factors

and

infer

the

degree

ofseriousness

of

a

disease.察色是观察面部的颜色和光泽的一种诊断方法。中医将面色分为青、

黄、红、白、黑，也称为“五色”，面色的改变可以提示疾病的性质和部位。总的来说，色红提示热证；色白提示寒证和虚证；黄色提示虚证和湿证；青色提示痛证、寒证、血瘀和痉证；黑色提示肾虚、血瘀和水液停滞。望还包括对体质的观察。观察体质的强弱、肥瘦和动静姿势可以发现不同的疾病。望舌是中医独特的诊断步骤。通常用观察舌质和舌苔的改变来确定正气的盛衰和疾病的部位，区分病邪的性质，推断疾病的严重程度。Auscultation

and

Olfaction另外一种诊断方法是听和嗅。听意味着听病人的声音、言语、呼吸、咳嗽和呻吟。通过听，医生不仅可以了解发音器官的变化，还可以推断内脏器官的病理改变。嗅指的湿闻病人分泌物和排泄物的气味。扩展来说，臭气通常提示实热证；恶臭提示虚寒证；

腐味和酸味暗示食滞。Another

diagnostic

method

is

auscultation

andolfaction.

Auscultationmeans

listening

to

thepatient"s

voice,

speaking,

respiration,

coughingand

moaning.

By

auscultation,

the

doctor

can

not

only

learn

about

thechanges

of

the

phonatory

organ,but

also

infer

the

pathologicalchanges

of

the

internal

organs.While

olfaction

means

smelling

thepatient"s

odor

of

the

secretion

and

excretion.By

and

large,stenchodor

usually

indicates

heat

syndromes

of

excess;stinking（烂醉）odor

suggests

cold

syndromes

of

deficiency;and

foul

and

sour

odorimplies

retention

of

food.Inquiry这是一种向病人及其同伴询问和收集有关疾病信息的一种诊断方法。医生还应通过询问了解疾病的发生、过程、诊断和治疗。以下是现病史的询问列表：A.问寒热B.问汗C.问饮食D.问二便E.问痛F.问睡眠This

is

a

diagnostic

method

in

which

the

patient

orhis

companion

are

inquired

to

collect

theinformation

concerning

a

disease.Here

is

an

outline

of

inquiring

about

the

presentillness:Asking

about

Chills

and

FeverAsking

about

PerspirationAsking

about

Diet

and

AppetiteAsking

about

Defecation

and

UrinationQuestioning

about

PainQuestioning

ahout

SleepPulse-taking

and

Palpation这是第四种诊断方法，包括切脉和按压身体的其它部位。前者是通过医生的指尖感觉患者桡侧腕部动脉以判断脉的状况的一个诊断步骤，从而了解和推断疾病的状况。后者也是医生通过触摸、感觉、推和按身体的一定部位，检查局部异常改变的一个步骤，因此，可以确定疾病的部位和性质。It

is

the

fourth

diagnostic

methnd,

including

pulse-taking

and,

on

the

other,palpation

of

different

parts

of

the

body.

The

former

is

a

diagnosticprocedure

by

which

the

physician

may

feel

the

patient"s

radial

arteries

withthe

finger-tips

to

judge

pulse

condition,

thus

learning

and

inferring

thecondition

of

illness.

The

latter

is

also

a

procedure

by

which

the

physicianmay

touch,

feel,

push

and

press

certain

parts

of

the

body

to

detect

localabnormal

changes,

thereby

determining

the

location

and

nature

of

thedisease.Medical

ClassicMing

Dynasty《Ben

Cao

Gang

Mu》581-682

AD《Bei

Ji

Qian

Jin

Yao

Fang》Western

Jin

Dynasty《Zhen

Jiu

Jia

Yi

Jing》Han

Dynasty《Shang

Han

Lun》2,000

years

ago《Huang

Di

Nei

jing》More

than

2,000

years

ago,

came

out

Huangdi"s

Classic

on

Medicine(

Huang

Di

Nei

jing

),

which

is

the

earliest

medical

classic

extant

in

China.

The

bookgives

a

complete

and

systematic

exposition

to

the

following

various

subjects

:the

relationship

between

man

and

nature,

the

physiology

and

pathology

ofthe

human

body,

and

the

diagnosis,

treatment

and

prevention

ot

diseases.

Italso

uses

the

theories

of

yin-yang

and

the

five

elements

to

deal

fully

with

theprinciples

of

treatment

by

differentiation

of

syndromes

(TDS)

according

to

theclimatic

and

seasonal

conditions,

geographical

localities

and

individualconstitution.

Hence（

giving

expression）

to

the

holistic

concept

of

taking

thehuman

body

as

an

organic

whole

and

taking

the

human

body

with

thesurrounding

environment

as

the

integrity.

It

laid

a

preliminary

foundation

forthe

theoretical

formation

of

TCM.2000多年前出现的《黄帝内经》是中国现存的最早医著。该书对人和自然的关系、人体的生理及病理、疾病的预防和诊治等方面进行了系统全面的说明。同时它运用阴

阳

和

五

行理论全面阐述了因时、因地、因人而异辩证论治的原则并且表达了整体观念的思想即把人体看作一个整体，把人与其周围的环境看作一个整体。这为中医理论的形成奠定了初步的基础。Ming

Dynasty《Ben

Cao

Gang

Mu》581-682

AD《Bei

Ji

Qian

Jin

Yao

Fang》Western

Jin

Dynasty《Zhen

Jiu

Jia

Yi

Jing》Han

Dynasty《Shang

Han

Lun》2,000

years

ago《Huang

Di

Nei

jing》In

the

Han

Dynasty

(3rd

century

AD

),

Zhang

Zhongjing,

anoutstanding

physician,

wrote

Treatise

on

Febrile

andMiscellaneous

Diseases

(

Shang

Han

Za

Bing

Lun

),

which

isdivided

into

two

books

by

later

generations,

one

is

entitled

"Treatise

onFebrile

Diseases",

(

Shang

Han

Lun

)

,

the

otherSynopsis

of

Prescriptions

of

Golden

Cabinet

(Jin

Kui

Yao

Lue

)

.The

book

established

the

pnriciple

of

TDS（Treatment

ofDifferentiation

Syndromes；Technical

Data

System技术数据系统）,thereby

laying

a

foundation

for

the

development

of

clinicalmedicine.汉朝（公元前3世纪）的张仲景是一位著名的医家，著有《伤寒杂病论》。该书被后人分为两部分，名为《伤寒论》和《金匱要略》。该书建立了辩证论治的原则及技术数据系统，因此，为临床医学的发展奠定了基础。Ming

Dynasty《Ben

Cao

Gang

Mu》581-682

AD《Bei

Ji

Qian

Jin

Yao

Fang》Western

Jin

Dynasty《Zhen

Jiu

Jia

Yi

Jing》Han

Dynasty《Shang

Han

Lun》2,000

years

ago《Huang

Di

Nei

jing》西金时期的著名医家皇浦谧编辑的《针灸甲乙经》由12卷128章组成，包括349个穴位。它是现存最早的针灸学专著，也是针灸史上最具影响力的著作之一。In

the

Western

Jin

Dynasty.

Huang

Fumi,

a

famousphysician,

compiled

A-B

Classic

of

Acupuncture

andMoxibustion

(Zhen

Jiu

Jia

Yi

Jing

)

The

book

consists

of12

volumes

with

128

chapters,

including

349

acupoints.

Itis

the

earliest

extant

work

dealing

exclusively

withacupuncture

and

moxibustion

and

one

of

the

mostinfluential

works

in

the

history

of

acupuncture

andmoxibustion.Ming

Dynasty《Ben

Cao

Gang

Mu》581-682

AD《Bei

Ji

Qian

Jin

Yao

Fang》Western

Jin

Dynasty《Zhen

Jiu

Jia

Yi

Jing》Han

Dynasty《Shang

Han

Lun》2,000

years

ago《Huang

Di

Nei

jing》Sun

Simiao

(581-682

AD)

devoted

all

his

life

to

writing

out

thetwo

books:

Valuable

Prescriptions

for

Emergencies

(Bei

Ji

QianJin

Yao

Fang

)

and

Supplement

to

Valuable

Prescriptions(

Qian

Jin

Yi

Fang)

.

The

hooks

deal

with

general

medicaltheory,

materia

medica,

gynecology

and

obstetrics,

pediatrics,acupuncture

and

moxibustion,

diet,

health

preservationandprescriptions

for

various

branches

of

medicine.

Both

books

arerecognized

as

representative

works

of

medicine

in

the

TangDynasty.

Sun

Simiao

was

honored

by

later

generations

as

"theking

of

herbal

medicine".孙思邈（公元前581－682年）倾其一生精力撰写了两部著作，分别是《备急千金药方》和《千金翼方》.书中涉及了医理总论、中药、

妇产科、儿科、针灸、方药饮食及养生等医学的不同分支。两本著作都是唐代医学的代表作。孙思邈因此被后世誉为“方药之祖”。Ming

Dynasty《Ben

Cao

Gang

Mu》581-682

AD《Bei

Ji

Qian

Jin

Yao

Fang》Western

Jin

Dynasty《Zhen

Jiu

Jia

Yi

Jing》Han

Dynasty《Shang

Han

Lun》2,000

years

ago《Huang

Di

Nei

jing》Li

Shizhen

(1518-1593

AD),

a

famousphysician

andpharmacologistin

the

Ming

Dynasty,

wrote

The

Compendiumof

Materia

Medica

(

Ben

Cao

Gang

Mu

).

The

book

consists

of