Unit+4+要词+好句+精句讲义 高中英语牛津译林版（2020）选择性必修第二册

选择性必修2Unit4LivingwithtechnologyReading:Artificialintelligence:friendlyorfrightening?Imaginewakinguponemorningwiththeoptionofstayinginbedandpressingabuttontosendarobottodoalltheworkforyou.Howcoolthatwouldbe!Itmayseemlikebuildingcastlesintheair,butgiventherateatwhichartificialintelligence,orAl,isbeingdevelopedinthefuturesuchdreamsmayactuallycometrue.buildcastlesintheair建空中楼阁giventherateatwhichartificialintelligence,orAl,isbeingdevelopedinthefuturesuchdreamsmayactuallycometrue.鉴于目前人工智能的发展速度，这样的梦想在未来也许可以实现。Atthebasiclevelartificialintelligenceisabranchofcomputersciencethataimstocreateintelligentmachines.OneoftheessentialaimsofAIistodevelopcomputerintelligencecapableoflearningfromexperienceadjustingtonewinputsandperformingtaskslikehumans.Toachievethisaim,manyapproachestocreatingtrueAIhavebeenputforward,including“deeplearning”whichenablesamachinetoimproveitsownperformancebylearningfromtheresultsofitspreviousactions.Deep-learningAIhasthecapacitytoanalysemassiveamountsofdatathroughmultiplelayers,imitatingthecomplexnetworksofthehumanbrain.OneoftheessentialaimsofAIistodevelopcomputerintelligencecapableoflearningfromexperienceadjustingtonewinputsandperformingtaskslikehumans.人工智能的基本目标之一就是开发能够学习过往经验，适应新的学习内容并且能够像人类一样执行任务的计算机智能。Deep-learningAIhasthecapacitytoanalysemassiveamountsofdatathroughmultiplelayers,imitatingthecomplexnetworksofthehumanbrain.深度学习可以让机器学习先前的行为结果，来提升自己的性能。ThedreamofAIhasbeenaroundforcenturiesandthedevelopmentofcomputerssincethe1940shasfinallymadeitareality.Yearsbeforetheterm“artificialintelligence”wascoinedinthemid-1950s,thetheoryhadbeenexploredbyAlanTuring,oneofthepioneersinthefieldofcomputerscience.However,foralongtime,AItechnologydevelopedveryslowly.AmajorbreakthroughinAIcamein1997,whenDeepBlue,achess-playingcomputer,beattheworldchesschampionGarryKasparov.Thenin2017,acomputerprogramnamedAlphaGodefeatedKejie,arguablythebesthumanGoplayer,whichdemonstratedasignificantadvanceindeep-learningAIsystems.Becoined≈becreated≈beinventedBreakthrough≈advance≈discovery≈innovationThenin2017,acomputerprogramnamedAlphaGodefeatedKejie,arguablythebesthumanGoplayer,whichdemonstratedasignificantadvanceindeep-learningAIsystems.之后在2017年，一个名叫阿尔法的计算机程序打败了可谓人类最强围棋棋手柯洁，这说明了深度学习AI系统的一大显著进展。Nowadays,AIisalreadybeingappliedinmanyfields:finance,healthcare,machinetranslationandart,tonamebutafew.Fromautonomousvehiclestodomesticrobotsfromrecommendationsystemstocomputerswritingnovels,AIhasanunlimitednumberofapplications.OrdinarypeoplearenowusingAItogetinstanttranslationsoftextinforeignlanguagesandmachinescanrecognizefingerprintsandevenfaces.tonamebutafew不一而足autonomousvehicles自动驾驶车辆domesticrobots家用机器人recommendationsystems推荐系统anunlimitednumberofapplications不计其数的应用instanttranslations即时翻译recognizefingerprints识别指纹Inshort,thistechnologyistransformingthewaywelive.Itisclearthatweareataturningpointinhistory.WithmachineslikeAlphaGonowcapableofthinkingandlearningfromtheirmistakes,wearegettingclosertothedividinglinebetweenhumansandmachines.Thequestioniswherewillallthislead?WhileAlenthusiastspromiseusabrightfuturewhereintelligentrobotswillbeworkingtoouradvantage,theseundoubtedbenefitsalsobringconcernsandfears.Couldmachinesreallydevelophuman-likeintelligence?Andwhatwouldhappeniftheydid?Wouldthinkingmachinesworkalongsidehumansorthreatentheexistenceofhumans?Howwouldtheybepunishediftheycommittedcrimesorevenmurderedhumans?Aswebecomemoreandmoredependentoncomputers,somescientistsareurgingustothinkaboutthedangersposedbytheadvancesinAl.StephenHawking,forexample,warned“Thedevelopmentoffullartificialintelligencecouldspelltheendofthehumanrace."ataturningpointinhistory.历史的转折点WhileAlenthusiastspromiseusabrightfuturewhereintelligentrobotswillbeworkingtoouradvantage,theseundoubtedbenefitsalsobringconcernsandfears.AI的热情支持者向我们承诺未来会是美好的，那时智能机器人将为人们谋利。但是这些毋庸置疑的好处也带来了质疑和恐惧。threaten≈intimate≈terrorizetheexistenceofhumans人类的存在commitcrimes犯罪murderhumans谋杀人urge≈advocate≈driveThedevelopmentoffullartificialintelligencecouldspelltheendofthehumanrace."完全人工智能的发展可能意味着人类的终结Apparently,suchwarningsdemandourattention.WeneedtomakesurethatwewillnotfallvictimtoAl.Wemaystillthinkitwouldbefantastictorelaxalldayandallowautonomousmachinestodoalltheworkforus—butperhapsweshouldnotbetoogreedyandratherbecarefulwhatwewishfor!greedy≈acquisitive≈gluttonousGrammarUsageGoodmorning!TodayI’llbespeakingtoyouaboutdrones,alsoknownasUAVs.Flyingaroundontheirowndroneshavealreadybeenusedforphotographyscientificresearchandmilitaryoperations.Theywillcomeintowideruseinvariousfieldsinthenearfuture.photographyscientificresearch摄影科学研究militaryoperations军事行动invariousfields在不同的领域Deliverydronesasthenamesuggestsareusedtodelivergoods.Atthemomentdeliverydronesaremainlyusedformilitaryactionanddisasterrelief,likethedistributionofmedicinesduringemergencies,especiallytoplacesthatarehardtoreachbyothermeansoftransport.Itcanbepredictedthatbeforelongmanypeoplewillbeusingdronestodeliverdailysupplieslikefoodanddrink.thedistributionofmedicines药品的分发Somecompaniesarealsodevelopingpassengerdrones,whichcarrypeopleincrowdedcities.Justenteradestination,andthedroneswillflythepassengerswheretheywanttogo.Thiscouldnotonlysavetime,butalsogreatlydecreaseroadtraffic.Wecanassumethatwithimprovedtechnologyinpassengerdroneswewillbeenteringtheageofpersonalflyingvehicles.assume≈expect≈anticipatetheageofpersonalflyingvehicles个人飞行器时代Therearealsomanyotherexcitingnewwaystousethistechnology.Whateverhappenswe'llallbeinteractingwithdronesonadailybasis.TherecanbenodenyingthatthetechnologywillhaveahugeimpactoneverydaylifeWhateverhappenswe'llallbeinteractingwithdronesonadailybasis.Therecanbenodenyingthatthetechnologywillhaveahugeimpactoneverydaylife无论发生什么我们都将基于日常生活通过无人机互动交流着。无可否认这项科技对我们的日常生活产生了具大的影响。ExtendedReading:VirtualrealitySUSAN:Frank,you'vebeenworkingattheforefrontofdevelopmentsinvirtualrealityformanyyears.Canyoutelluswhatvirtualrealityisandhowitworks?virtualreality虚拟现实FRANK:Ofcourse.ThebasicdefinitionofVRliesinthenameitself,whichmeans“realitythatisnotreal”.WhenyouwearaVRheadsetequippedwithsensorsandascreenyouaresurroundedbythree-Dimages,soundsandothersensoryinformation,whichcreatesasuper-realisticeffectcalled“presence".Thoughyouknowthesensory,informationsurroundingyouisnotreal,partofyourbrainbelievesitis—andactsaccordingly.WhenyouwearaVRheadsetequippedwithsensorsandascreenyouaresurroundedbythree-Dimages,soundsandothersensoryinformation,whichcreatesasuper-realisticeffectcalled“presence".当你戴上配有传感器和屏幕的VR头戴设备时，你将被三维影像，声音和其他感官信息包围。SUSAN:Thanks,Frank.CanyougivesomeexamplesofthepracticalapplicationsVRhas?FRANK:I'dloveto.Thereareahostofeducationalapplications.AcademicVRenablesstudentstointeractwithothersinathree-Denvironment.ThereareendlesspossibilitiesforthesubjectmatterthatcanbecreatedinaVRsystem.Imaginestudyingthesolarsystemorthehumanbodyinafullyimmersiveenvironment.Bydeliveringthecontentinameaningfulwaythisnewapproachtolearningmanagestoengagestudentsinterestandenhancelearningefficiency.Theapplicationscanbeexpandedtomakeiteasiertovisualizedatasuchasengineeringprojectsandavarietyofotherdesigndevelopments.It'sprettyexciting!Bydeliveringthecontentinameaningfulwaythisnewapproachtolearningmanagestoengagestudentsinterestandenhancelearningefficiency.Theapplicationscanbeexpandedtomakeiteasiertovisualizedatasuchasengineeringprojectsandavarietyofotherdesigndevelopments.这种新的学习方式以一种富有意义的方式呈现内容，能够吸引学生的兴趣并且提高学习效率。这些应用还能进一步扩展，是的工程项目和其他各类设计开发的数据更容易得到可视化的呈现。SUSAN:Thissoundslikeithasalotofconstructiveapplications.Whataboutitsusesforhighlydevelopedtechnicalindustriessuchasmedicine?constructiveapplications建设性的应用FRANK:SurgeonsarealreadyusingrobotictechnologywithVRtoperformcomplexsurgery.WhatifItoldyouthatdoctorscouldcreateavirtual“twin"inordertopractisedelicatesurgerybeforeattemptingitonthepatient?Thistechnologycanbeappliedtotrainnewsurgeons;italsoenablesexpertstotestnewtechniquessafelybeforetryingthemonhumansubjects.Treatmentsofanxietyanddrugaddictionareothervaluableandcost-effectiveapplicationsofVR.delicatesurgery复杂的外科手术Treatmentsofanxietyanddrugaddictionareothervaluableandcost-effectiveapplicationsofVR.焦虑和药物成瘾治疗则是另外一些具有价值且成本低廉的VR应用。SUSAN:Thatisamazing!ItsoundslikeVRwillbealife-changingtechnologyaswellasalife-savingone.Howwillitaffectthedifferentaspectsofoureverydaylives,suchasentertainment,shoppingandtravelling?alife-changingtechnology改变生活的技术FRANK:TheentertainmentindustryisoneofthemostenthusiasticadvocatesofVR.Currentgamesystemscomewithheadsetssothatplayerscanentervirtualenvironmentsandplayagainsteitherrealorvirtualopponents.Itwon'tbelongbeforevirtualmuseumsandinteractivethree-Dexhibitionsbecomecommon.Whenshoppingonline,youcanlookforwardtobeingabletohaveyourownvirtualrealityclonetryonclothesandtoseeproductswith360-degreeviews.Also,peoplewhowanttogoonholidaywillhavetheopportunitytotakeavirtualtourofseveraldestinationsbeforedecidingwheretogo.Inbothofthesecases,thistechnologywillhelppeoplemakemoreinformedchoices.oneofthemostenthusiasticadvocatesofVR最热切追捧VR的行业之一virtualopponents虚拟敌人with360-degreeviews.360度全方位SUSAN:Ican'twait!However,aswithanytechnology,theremustbesomebarrierstothedevelopmentofVR,Iguess?FRANK:Itreallyboilsdowntothreething—time,costandtechnicallimitations.Wewillneedtimetodevelopandfine-tunethehardwareandsoftware.Theinitialcostwilldiscouragemostpeopleinthebeginningbutthatshouldbefixedovertime.Thelastissueisourowntechnicallimitations.Justtryingtofigureouthowtodowhatwewantintermsoftechnologywillprovechallenginginsomeareas.Itreallyboilsdowntothreething—time,costandtechnicallimitations.其实说到底就三个方面—时间，费用和技术局限fine-tunethehardwareandsoftware调试硬件和软件theinitialcost早期费用dis