跨文化交际-(共48张PPT)

跨文化交际第1页，共48页。Warming-up：

Whatdothefollowingproverbstell?Self-helpisthebesthelp.一个篱笆三个桩，一个好汉三个帮。AnEnglishman'shomeishisowncastle.倾巢之下，安有完卵。Thesqueakywheelgetsthegrease.枪打出头鸟。第2页，共48页。SuggestedAnswer:Englishones:Onemanshoulddependononeself.Peopleshouldnotinterferewithother’sbusiness.Manoughttospeakupandbenoticed.Chineseones:Peopleneedhelpandunityisthepower.Peoplearecloselyconnectedtotheothers.Manoughttofollowthecommonrules.Theproverbsarethereflectionofdifferentvalues----individualismVScollectivism第3页，共48页。Rememberthatyoudon'thavetoagreewitheachother,buttrytodefendyourchoice.Theproverbsarethereflectionofdifferentvalues----individualismVScollectivism成龙，刘媛媛《国家》ValueorientationsGo-betweenTimeisdefinedcircular,alimitlessresource.IndependenceAperson’sidentityseemstobewithintheself.Theselfmeansdiffuse,changing,flexiblebehavior.Peopleshouldnotinterferewithother’sbusiness.Casestudy:talkbetweenAmericansPolity-orientationStopbeingsoself-centered.Allpeoplesandcultureshavebothindividualandcollectiveorientations.CooperationCo-operationinFrance:1875BelongingDirectnessChineseones:Self-helpisthebesthelp.CollectivenessAhasnotdirectlyexpressedherconcernoverthepianonoisewithMrs.Itreferstocommunicationpatternsofindirectverbaltalkandnonverbalsubtleties.(4)greatreadinesstocooperatewithin-groupmembers.Go-between“self”isrichinEnglishdictionary.JaneandDianespellouteverythingthatisontheirmindswithnorestraints.short-termfriendship

Individualism&CollectivismItisthemajordimensionofculturalvariability.Individualisticandcollectivevaluetendenciesarerevealedineverycornerofthesociety.Allpeoplesandcultureshavebothindividualandcollectiveorientations.第4页，共48页。Definition:thebroadvaluetendenciesofcultureinemphasizingtheimportanceof:individualidentityovergroupidentityindividualrights>grouprightsindividualneeds>groupneeds.Individualism第5页，共48页。theindividualisthesinglemostimportantunitinanysocialsettingindependenceisstressedindividualachievementisrewardedtheuniquenessofeachindividualisofprimevalueConnotationofIndividualism:

第6页，共48页。Greatimportanceisattachedto:CompetitionPersonalgoalsHisorherownrightsIndividualinitiativeindividualachievementIndividualism第7页，共48页。IndividualismUSAGreatBritainAustraliaNewZealandNetherlandCanada第8页，共48页。AmericanValuesofIndividualism

Godhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves.BenjaminFranklin第9页，共48页。BankNotesPresidentAbrahamLincolnBenjaminFranklin(statesman,declarationofindependence)第10页，共48页。BankNotesPresidentGeorgeWashington

PresidentJefferson

第11页，共48页。“self”isrichinEnglishdictionary.Canyoutellanywordswith“self”?self-control,self-discipline，self-esteem，self-respectself-reliance,self-confidence,self-knowledge,self-governmentSelf-importance,self-service(a~cafeteria)…AmericanValuesofIndividualism

第12页，共48页。Liberaltheme:equalrights&equalopportunitiesLiberalprinciples---coreoftheAmericanculturalfeature.“I”culture---individualsareemphasizedFreedom---tocontroltheirowndestinyfinancialandemotionalindependenceatageof18AmericanValuesofIndividualism

第13页，共48页。Video

第14页，共48页。Name:LibertyEnlighteningtheWorldStatueofLibertyConstructiontime:inFrance:1875

FrenchsentittoAmerica:October28,1886Inhonorofthe100thanniversaryoftheindependenceLefthand:book(July4th,1776)DeclarationofIndependenceRighthand:torch第15页，共48页。LocationofStatue:LibertyIsland,NYCHeightfrombasetotorch(1984Survey):152'2"(46.84m)

Lengthofhand:16'5"(5.00m)

Indexfinger:8'0"(2.44m)第16页，共48页。Americansprefertousetheword“freedom”tomeanwhatscholarscallindividualism.Byfreedom,theymeanthedesireandtheabilityofallindividualstocontroltheirowndestinywithoutinterferencefromthegovernment,arulingnobleclass,thechurchoranyotherorganizedauthority.HighlightofIndividualism第17页，共48页。Theindividualismcanbereflectedintheirliteraturesandmovies.Representatives:SupermanSpidermanIronmanI,RobotAmericanValuesofIndividualism

第18页，共48页。CaseStudyDuringtheAmericanCivilWar,averyhungryyoungmanfelldowninfrontofafarmgate.Thefarmergavehimfoodbutinreturnheaskedtheyoungmantomoveapileofwoodinhisyard---infactitwasnotatallnec­essarytomovethewood.Whentheyoungmanleft,thefarmermovedthewoodbacktoitsoriginalplace.See­ingallthis,thefarmer'ssonwasconfused.Questions:1)Whydidthefarmerdothat?2)Whatvaluesarereflectedinthisstory?第19页，共48页。SuggestedAnswer:Thefarmerexplainedtohissonthatonecouldneveratanytimeinanywaymakeotherpeoplefeelinferior,evenunintentionallyandoutofgoodwill.Whataccountsforthefarmer’sbehavioristhathebelievedinindividualism,independence,self-reliance,self-esteem----themajorvaluesintheUSA.第20页，共48页。Collectivism

Definition:thebroadvaluetendenciesofacultureinemphasizingtheimportanceof：

“we”identityover

“I”identity,grouprights>individualrights,in-group-orientedneeds>individualwantsanddesires.第21页，共48页。CollectivismPeoplelaygreatemphasison:(1)theviews,needsandgoalsofthein-groupsratherthanoneself;(2)socialnormsanddutiesdefinedbythein-groupratherthanone’sbehaviortogetpleasure;(3)beliefssharedwiththein-groupratherthanbeliefsthatdistinguishselffromin-group;(4)greatreadinesstocooperatewithin-groupmembers.第22页，共48页。CaseStudy:

whatcanyoutellfromthecorporatevalues?GroupharmonyLong-termrelationshipHighqualityCo-operationConservation

Polity-orientationCustomersatisfactionContributiontosocietyCo-existenceCo-prosperity第23页，共48页。SuggestedAnswer:Corporatecultureisgreatlyinfluencedbysocialvalues.Japanesecultureisanexampleofacollectivisticculturewhichwouldlikelyendorsegroupharmony,socialorder,conformityingrouprelationships,deference(归服)toreferencegroupnorms,familyrelationships,andloyaltytoconsensusviewpoints.第24页，共48页。JapaneseValuesofCollectivismBlankFilling:1.__________isthecorevalueofJapanesesocietythatsubstantiallydefinesothervaluesandpermeatesallareasoflife.2.InJapan,anindividualisa________ofaunit;thegroupisthe_____________unit.3.InJapan,anyassertionofindividualism—valuingtheindividualoverthegroup—isregardedasa________tothegroupandwillresultin__________bythegroup.Homogeneityfractionfundamentalthreatpunishment第25页，共48页。4.ManyJapanesecompaniesprovidetheiremployeeswith_______employment.Maintainingpositive______-termrelationshipsisstressed.5.Employersandemployeestrytoestablisha__________atmosphereinworkingsurroundings.6.InJapaneseoffices,whenthe5:00P.M.bellrings,signalingtheendoftheworkday,noonegetsuptoleave.Theofficeworkers________(stop/keepon)working.JapaneseValuesofCollectivismlifetimelongharmoniouskeepon第26页，共48页。菊与刀

TheChrysanthemumandtheSword

人类学家鲁思.本尼迪克特(RuthBenedict)奉政府之命，为分析、研究社会和民族性所做的调查分析报告，旨在指导如何管制战败后的。通览文化、解读其矛盾性格的惊世之作，是全世界公认的现代“学”开山之源第27页，共48页。菊与刀恬淡静美的“菊”是皇室家徽凶狠决绝的“刀”是武士道文化的象征文化的双重性爱美而黩武、尚礼而好斗、喜新而顽固、服从而不驯等第28页，共48页。Videostudy

Whatcanyoutell?成龙，刘媛媛《国家》《常回家看看》DesperateHousewives第29页，共48页。CaseStudy:在2002年，中国某篮球名将由于没有同达拉斯小牛签约，希望参加夏季联赛，而后开始公开表达自己不参加亚运会的想法，因为拒绝国家篮协的要求回国参加训练，代表国家队参加国际大赛而将其开除出国家男篮；2004年的奥运会中，的篮球名将们因为不愿意放弃这难得的单个假期，奥尼尔、布莱恩特、加内特和麦克格雷迪都拒绝参加奥运会的比赛以致所谓的“梦之队”在奥运会上的蒙羞，但是这些拒绝参加比赛的球员也没有受到任何的惩罚第30页，共48页。SuggestedAnswer:Theinternationalsportscompetitionsareactuallythecompetitionsamongnations,whichsurelyreflectthevaluesofthecountryandpeople.Individualismthinkshighlyoftheindependenceofoneself,thefreedomtoselectandtheachievementofindividual.Whilethecollectivismputemphasisontheunityofthegroupandthecommonbenefits;theindividualdesirecomessecondtothegrouphonor.第31页，共48页。Survey:

fivefundamentalvaluesWorkinsmallgroupsanddecidefiveChinesevaluesthatyouthinkarethemostimportant.Rememberthatyoudon'thavetoagreewitheachother,buttrytodefendyourchoice.第32页，共48页。1.filialpiety服从、孝顺2.industry勤劳 3.tolerance容忍4.harmonywithothers随和5.humility谦虚（贬己尊人）6.observanceofritesandsocialrituals 礼仪7.loyaltytosuperiors忠于上司8.reciprocationofgreetings,favors,andgifts 礼尚往来9.kindness(forgiveness,compassion)仁爱(宽恕、人情）10.knowledge学识（教育）11.moderation中庸之道12．solidaritywithothers团结13．senseofrighteousness正义14.self-cultivation 修养15.orderingrelationships尊卑有序16.benevolentauthority恩威并重17.personalstability稳重18.non-competitiveness不重竞争19.resistancetocorruption廉洁20.patriotism爱国21.sincerity诚恳22.keepingoneselfdisinterestedandpure清高23.thrift节俭24.patience耐心25.persistence毅力26.culturalsuperiority文化优越感27．Appreciation&revenge报恩与报仇28．adaptability适应环境29．carefulness小心（谨慎）30．trust-worthiness信用31．asenseofshame知耻32．courtesy有礼貌33．contentednesswithone'sposi­tioninlife安分守己34.conservative保守35．protectingyour"face"要面子36．intimatefriendship知己之交37．chastityinwomen贞节38．havingfewdesires寡欲39．respectfortradition敬传统40．wealth财富第33页，共48页。Homework:FindexamplestoshowChinesecollectivism第34页，共48页。Individualist-CollectivistPrioritiesIndividualismCollectivism

1.Freedom1.Belonging2.Independence2.Groupharmony3.Self-reliance3.Collectiveness4.Equality4.Age/Seniority5.Competition5.Cooperation6.Efficiency6.Quality7.Time7.Patience8.Directness8.Indirectness9.Openness9.Go-between第35页，共48页。Classification

Readthefollowingsentencesandtellwhichvaluetheybelongto,individualismorcollectivism.1.Peoplearesupposedtotakecareofthemselves,andperhapstheirimmediatefamilies.2.Theautonomyoftheindividualisparamount.3.Keywordsusedtoinvokethisculturalpatternincludeindependence,privacy,self,andtheall-importantI.4.Decisionsarebasedonwhatisgoodfortheindividual,notforthegroup,becausethepersonistheprimarysourceofmotivation.第36页，共48页。Classification5.Ajudgmentaboutwhatisrightorwrongcanbemadeonlyfromthepointofviewoftheindividual.6.Peoplearerequiredtohaveanabsoluteloyaltytothegroup.7.Decisionsarebasedonwhatisthebestforthegroup.8.Thegroupisexpectedtolookoutforandtakecareofitsindividualmembers.9.Thisculturebelievesinobligationtothegroup,dependenceoftheindividualonorganizationsandinstitutions,a“we”consciousness,andanemphasisonbelonging.第37页，共48页。Low-context&High-ContextCommunicationHallclaimsthathumaninteraction,onthebroadlevel,canbedividedintolow-contextandhigh-contextcommunicationsystems.第38页，共48页。Low-contextcommunicationItreferstocommunicationpatternsofdirectverbalmode.Thesenderassumestheresponsibilitytocommunicatedirectly.第39页，共48页。High-ContextCommunicationItreferstocommunicationpatternsofindirectverbaltalkandnonverbalsubtleties.Thereceiverorinterpreterofthemessagesassumestheresponsibilitytoinferthehiddenorcontextualmeaningsofthemessage.第40页，共48页。CulturesarrangedalongtheHigh-contextandLow-contextDimension

High-contextCulture

JapaneseChineseKoreanAfricanAmericanNativeAmericanArabGreekLatinItalianEnglishFrenchAmericanScandinavianGermanGerman-SwissLow-contextCulture第41页，共48页。Casestudy:talkbetweenAmericansJane:(knocksonherneighbor’sopenwindow)Excuseme,itis11o’clockalready,andyourhigh-pitchedoperasingingisreallydisturbingmysleep.Pleasestopyourgarglingnoisesimmediately!Ihaveanimportantjobinterviewtomorrowmorning,andIwanttogetagoodnight’ssleep.Ireallyneedthisjobtopaymyrent!Diane:(resentfully)Well,thisistheonlytimeIcanrehearsemyopera!I’veanimportantauditioncominguptomorrow.You’renottheonlyonethatisstarving,youknow.Ialsoneedtopaymyrent.Stopbeingsoself-centered.Jane:(frustrated)Ireallythinkyou’rebeingveryunreasonable.Ifyoudon’tstopyoursingingrightnowI’mgoingtofileacomplaintwiththeapartmentmanagerandcouldevictyou…第42页，共48页。Question:

WhatvaluesarereflectedincommunicationstyleofJaneandDiane?

SuggestedAnswer:

JaneandDianespellouteverythingthatisontheirmindswithnorestraints.Theirinteractionexchangeisdirect,tothepoint,bluntlycontentious,andfullofface-threatverbalmassages.Itrepresentsonepossiblelow-contextwayofapproachinginterpersonalconflict.第43页，共48页。Casestudy:talkbetweenChineseMrs.A:Yourdaughterhasstartedtakingpianolessons,hasn’tshe?Ienvyyou,becauseyoucanbeproudofhertalent.Youmustbelookingforwardtoherfutureasapianist.I’mreallyimpressedbyherenthusiasm-----everyday,shepracticessohard,forhoursandhours,untillateatnight.Mrs.B:Oh,no,notatall.Sheisjustabeginner.Wedon’tknowherfutureyet.Wehadn’trealizedthatyoucouldhearherplaying.I’msosorryyouhavebeendisturbedbyhernoise.第44页，共48页。Question:

What