国际服务贸易双语版

International

Tradein

ServicesCAI-ChunlinSince

September1,2012国际服务贸易双语教案Exports

and

imports

of

commercial

services

by

region,

2011a:Values

and

shares

include

intra-EU

trade.Note:

Colours

and

boundaries

do

not

imply

any

judgement

on

the

part

ofWTO

as

to

the

legal

status

or

frontier

of

any

territory.Source:

WTO

anUNCTAD

Secretariats.World

trade

in

commercial

services

by

region

and

selected

country,

2011

$bn

and

%Leading

exporters

and

importers

in

world

trade

in

commercial

services,

2011(

$bn

and

%)International

Services

TradeⅠOverviewⅡThe

GATSThe

Basic

Economics

of

ServicesTradeFinancial

ServicesTrade

in

Infrastructure

ServicesTransport

ServicesTrade

in

ServicesTelecommunicationsTrade

in

Health

ServicesThe

Definition

of

SERVICEService

is

A

type

of

economic

activity

thatis

intangible,

is

not

stored

and

does

notresult

in

ownership.

A

service

is

consumedat

the

point

of

sale.

Services

are

one

ofthe

two

key

components

of

economics,

theother

being

goods.Definition

of

"Service

Sector"Service

Sector

is

The

portion

of

the

economy

thatproduces

intangible

goods.

According

to

the

U.S.Census

Bureau,

the

service

sector

primarilyconsists

of

truck

transportation,

messenger

servicesand

warehousing;

information

sector

services;securities,

commodities

and

other

financialinvestment

services;

rental

and

leasing

services;professional,

scientific

and

technical

services;administrative

and

support

services;

wastemanagement

and

remediation;

health

care

andsocial

assistance;

and

arts,

entertainment

andrecreation

services.Definition

of

Trade

in

Services

Trade

in

Services

refers

to

the

sale

anddelivery

of

an

intangible

product,

called

aservice,

between

a

producer

andconsumer.

Trade

in

services

takes

placebetween

a

producer

and

consumer

thatare,

in

legal

terms,

based

in

differentcountries,

or

economies,

this

is

calledInternational

Trade

in

Services.

International

trade

in

services

is

defined

by

the

Four

Modes

ofSupply

of

the

General

Agreement

on

Trade

in

Services

(GATS).

(Mode

1)

Cross

border

trade,

which

is

defined

as

delivery

of

aservice

from

the

territory

of

one

country

into

the

territory

of

othercountry;(Mode

2)

Consumption

abroad

-

this

mode

covers

supply

of

aservice

of

one

country

to

the

service

consumer

of

any

other

country;(Mode

3)

Commercial

presence

-

which

covers

services

provided

bya

service

supplier

of

one

country

in

the

territory

of

any

other

country,and

(Mode

4)

Presence

of

natural

persons

-

which

covers

servicesprovided

by

a

service

supplier

of

one

country

through

the

presenceof

natural

persons

in

the

territory

of

any

other

country.广东工业大学新兴经济体研究所★The

performance

of

the

servicessector

is

vital

for

growth

and

povertyreduction

in

developing

countries.Directly

because

services

are

alreadya

large

if

not

the

largest

part

of

theireconomy.广东工业大学新兴经济体研究所

Indirectly

because

services

likefinance,

communication,

andtransport,

as

well

as

education

andhealth,

affect

other

sectors

of

theeconomy

and

the

productive

potentialof

the

people.广东工业大学新兴经济体研究所Today,

in

many

countries

around

theworld,

inadequate

access

to

serviceshurts

people,

not

just

in

their

role

asconsumers,

it

also

perpetuatespoverty

by

undermining

theproductivity

of

firms

and

farms

as

wellas

their

ability

to

engage

in

trade.广东工业大学新兴经济体研究所★When

we

talk

about

‘‘trade’’

inservices,

it

is

not

just

trade

in

theconventional

sense—

where

a

product

isproduced

in

one

country

and

sold

toconsumers

in

another

country—but

wemean

the

whole

range

of

internationaltransactions,

including

foreign

investmentand

international

movement

of

people,

asconsumers

or

providers

of

services.广东工业大学新兴经济体研究所Thus,

services

‘‘trade’’encompasses:

cross

border

trade

in

road

and

air

transport;

consumption

byforeigners

of

tourism

services;

foreigndirect

investment

in

banking,communication,

and

distribution;

andthe

temporary

migration

of

doctors,teachers,

and

construction

workers.广东工业大学新兴经济体研究所

Put

this

way,

it

is

obvious

that

trade

inservices

matters,

not

just

for

the

stateof

the

services

sector

but

for

overalleconomic

performance.广东工业大学新兴经济体研究所★The

World

Bank

and

others

have

doneconsiderable

work

on

trade

in

goods.We

have

also

been

engaged

inservices

sector

reform

intelecommunications,

finance,

transport,tourism,

health,

and

education.广东工业大学新兴经济体研究所

Many

countries

have,

of

course,implemented

significant

reforms

inservices

sectors,

often

with

World

Banksupport,

and

liberalization

has

been

apart

of

these

reforms.广东工业大学新兴经济体研究所But

the

outcomes

have

not

alwaysbeen

satisfactory,

especially

in

termsof

improved

access

to

services.

It

isessential

to

understand

why.

Whatcould

we

have

done

better?

What

canwe

do

better?广东工业大学新兴经济体研究所★This

Handbook

shows

that

whileopenness

and

competition

arenecessary

parts

of

a

reform

program,they

are

not

sufficient.

There

is

aneed

to

strengthen

the

regulatoryframework

and

institutecomplementary

policies

that

widenaccess

to

services.广东工业大学新兴经济体研究所

Small

countries

in

particular

needalso

to

pursue

deeper

regionalintegration

to

benefit

from

theeconomies

of

scale

that

are

importantin

services

from

telecom

to

transport.广东工业大学新兴经济体研究所Part

IThe

frameworkof

Trade

in

Services广东工业大学新兴经济体研究所1.

OverviewIntroduction★International

trade

and

investment

inservices

are

an

increasingly

importantpart

of

global

commerce.

Advances

ininformation

and

telecommunicationtechnologies

have

expanded

the

scopeof

services

that

can

be

traded

cross-border.广东工业大学新兴经济体研究所

Many

countries

now

allow

foreigninvestment

in

newly

privatized

andcompetitive

markets

for

keyinfrastructure

services,

such

asenergy,

telecommunications,

andtransport.广东工业大学新兴经济体研究所

More

and

more

people

are

travelingabroad

to

consume

tourism,education,

and

medical

services,

andto

supply

services

ranging

fromconstruction

to

software

development.广东工业大学新兴经济体研究所

In

fact,

services

are

the

fastestgrowing

components

of

the

globaleconomy,

and

trade

and

foreign

directinvestment

(FDI)

in

services

havegrown

faster

than

in

goods

offer

thepast

decade

and

a

half.广东工业大学新兴经济体研究所★International

transactions,

however,continue

to

be

impeded

by

policybarriers,

especially

to

foreigninvestment

and

the

movement

ofservice-providing

individuals.Developing

countries

in

particular

arelikely

to

benefit

significantly

fromfurther

domestic

liberalization

and

theelimination

of

barriers

to

their

exports广东工业大学新兴经济体研究所Indeed,

income

gains

from

areduction

in

protection

to

servicesmay

be

multiples

of

those

from

tradeliberalization

in

goods.

The

increaseddynamism

of

open

services

sectorscan

make

the

difference

betweenrapid

and

sluggish

growth.广东工业大学新兴经济体研究所★

But

the

benefits

from

servicesliberalization

are

by

no

meansautomatic.

Significant

challengesexist

in

introducing

genuinecompetition,

building

the

regulatoryinstitutions广东工业大学新兴经济体研究所that

are

needed

to

remedy

marketfailures,

appropriately

sequencingservice-sector

reforms,

andestablishing

mechanisms

thatpromote

the

availability

of

essentialservices

especially

among

the

poor.广东工业大学新兴经济体研究所★Even

though

governments

caninitiate

reforms

of

services

unilateralinternational

engagement

can

playan

important

catalytic

role.广东工业大学新兴经济体研究所In

recognition

of

their

rising

role

ininternational

trade

and

the

need

forfurther

liberalization,

services

wereincluded

in

the

multilateral

tradearchitecture

of

the

World

TradeOrganization

(WTO)

in

the

form

of

theGeneral

Agreement

on

Trade

inServices

(GATS).广东工业大学新兴经济体研究所Services

have

featured

prominently

aswell

in

the

process

of

WTO

accession.And

services

are

increasingly

importantin

the

large

and

growing

network

ofregional,

and

especially,

of

North–Southtrade

agreements

concluded

of

late

orstill

under

negotiation.广东工业大学新兴经济体研究所★

In

the

negotiations

under

the

DohaDevelopment

Agenda,

however,services

have

received

surprisinglylittle

attention.

Much

of

the

publicdiscourse

has

focused

onprotectionist

policies

in

agriculture.广东工业大学新兴经济体研究所The

neglect

can

be

costly.

Thepotential

gains

from

reciprocalliberalization

of

trade

in

services

arelikely

to

be

substantial,

and

progressin

services

may

be

necessary

for

apositive

outcome

in

other

areas.广东工业大学新兴经济体研究所However,

for

these

and

futurenegotiations

to

be

fruitful,

countriesmust

recognize

mutual

interests

inreciprocal

liberalization,

supported

bybroader

international

cooperation.广东工业大学新兴经济体研究所★First

of

all,

developing

countries

mussee

the

advantages

of

internationalagreement

to

increase

competition

inservices,

enhance

credibility

ofpotential

domestic

reform,

andstrengthen

domestic

regulation.广东工业大学新兴经济体研究所But

global

cooperation

is

needed

to

providesupport

for

developing

countries

at

four

levels:

indevising

sound

policy,

strengthening

theregulatory

institutions,

enhancing

participation

ithe

development

of

international

standards,

andin

ensuring

access

to

essential

services

in

thepoorest

areas.广东工业大学新兴经济体研究所★Second,

industrial

and

developingcountries

must

see

advantages

toallowing

the

temporary

movement

ofindividual

service

providers.广东工业大学新兴经济体研究所

Facilitating

such

movement

will

requiregreater

cooperation

between

source

andhost

countries

than

has

been

provided

forin

the

framework

of

GATS

and

otherregional

trade

agreements

and

may

be

more

feasible

in

a

bilateral

context.广东工业大学新兴经济体研究所

For

example,

source

countries

couldundertake

to

screen

services

providersand

to

accept

and

facilitate

their

return,and

host

countries

would

undertake

toensure

that

skilled

migration

staystemporary.广东工业大学新兴经济体研究所★Third,

all

countries

must

lock

in

the

currenopenness

of

cross-border

trade

in

a

range

of

services.广东工业大学新兴经济体研究所

Such

trade

is

probably

the

most

dynamicdimension

of

international

trade,

in

whichboth

industrial

and

developing

countrieshave

a

growing

stake,

but

offer

whichlooms

the

specter

of

protectionismprovoked

by

the

potential

costs

ofadjustment.广东工业大学新兴经济体研究所★Finally,

there

is

a

strong

case

for

regionalcooperation

in

services.

Most

regionalagreements

in

services

have

followedmechanically

the

precedent

of

regionalagreements

in

goods,

and

the

frameworkof

the

GATS

or

NAFTA,

and

focused

onthe

elimination

of

explicit

barriers

to

theentry

of

service

providers.广东工业大学新兴经济体研究所

But

perhaps

the

greatest

cost

of

theexisting

approach

is

that

it

may

havediverted

attention

and

negotiatingresources

away

from

an

area

of

muchgreater

benefit

in

the

regional

context:广东工业大学新兴经济体研究所

cooperation

on

infrastructure

services

andregulation.

Such

cooperation

we

show

isboth

more

feasible

and

desirable

in

theregional

context

with

proximate

countriesat

a

similar

level

of

development

than

inthe

multilateral

or

EPA

context.广东工业大学新兴经济体研究所★In

view

of

the

increasing

importance

ofinternational

trade

in

services,

ongoingdomestic

reforms,

and

the

inclusion

ofservices

issues

on

the

agendas

of

themultilateral,

regional,

and

bilateral

tradenegotiations,

there

is

an

obvious

need

onthe

part

of

trade

officials,

advisors,analysts,

representatives

of

business

andconsumer

associations,广东工业大学新兴经济体研究所

and

students

to

enhance

theirunderstanding

of

the

economicimplications

of

services

trade

andliberalization.

A

Handbook

of

InternationalTrade

in

Services

has

been

produced

with

the

objective

of

contributing

to

thisimproved

understanding.广东工业大学新兴经济体研究所★Before

turning

to

the

individual

chapters,some

additional

background

informationthat

places

the

services

issues

in

contextmay

be

helpful

for

Handbook

users.广东工业大学新兴经济体研究所

In

what

follows,

we

first

discuss

the

fourmodes

of

supply

of

services

that

arecovered

by

the

GATS,

the

sources

ofservices

data,

and

the

services

growthexperiences

of

selected

countries

andregions.广东工业大学新兴经济体研究所We

then

discuss

how

services

reform

canpromote

efficiency

and

growth

at

th