托福阅读指代题四大类代词关系梳理

托福阅读指代题四大类代词关系梳理托福阅读指代题虽然考的是代词，却暗含着对指代关系、语篇逻辑的深层考察，并非单纯词汇层面的考察。根据代词的不同类别，我们把托福阅读指代题分成四大类型：人称代词类、指示代词类、关系代词类和不定代词类。具体请看下文！托福阅读指代题四大类代词关系梳理托福阅读考试中指代题是不可忽视的一大题型，虽然考的是代词，却暗含着对指代关系、语篇逻辑的深层考察，并非单纯词汇层面的考察。通常的提问形式体现为“Thewordthey/their/it/its/someinthepassagerefersto"，然后给出四个选项，这四个词通常都是原文中出现过的生词，并且往往都是在they/their/it/its/some这几个词的附近，需要考生经过严密思考推测，选出一个既符合行文逻辑又符合上下文意思的选项。那么我们如何明确判断代词所指代的对应内容呢?我们可以根据代词的不同类别，把指代题分成四大类型：人称代词类、指示代词类、关系代词类和不定代词类。然后就可以根据不同类别的代词特征 解答了。下面我们来具体看一下四大类代词的特征及辅助解答托福阅读指代题的策略。第一类，人称代词人称代词主要包括：I，you，he，she，it，we，they，me，him，them，yours，his，her，its，their等。此类题型应在做题时根据代词的单复数及其所能指代的名词来判断，通常是往前找最近的核心名词。例如：“Anauctionisapopularwayofbuyingandselling.Itisausefulwayofdecidingthevalueofthings。"ThewordItinthepassagerefersto 。A.theoryB.priceC.processD.auction往前追溯单数形式的核心名词，并且能用在第二句的主语位置的词，就只能是第一句中出现的auction一词了，所以正确答案选D。第二类，指示代词指示代词主要包括this,that,these,those等。在这种句子中，this和that通常指代某个观点事物或现象，而these和those通常指复数形式下的某些观点事物或意见，并且该类题也遵循往前找的原则。例如：“Thedragonalsohaslargeclawsthatareusedwhenitisyounger.Itusesthesetoclimbtreestoescapefromthejawsofolderdragons.Butwhentheygetolder,theseclawsareusedmainlyasweapons。"Thewordtheseinthepassagerefersto 。A.clawsB.treesC.jawsD.weapons该题中的these—定是指之前已经出现过的名词，所以现在才能用代词进行指示，因此我们首先可通过往前追溯的原则进行排出，B、C、D瞬间就都被排除了。再将A选项带入原句验证，看逻辑和意思是否与句意相符，最终验证表明，答案正是A选项。第三类，关系代词主要包括which,that,who,whom等。在这种句子中，通常采用就近原则。尤其是由，which"格式弓I导的从句，一般都是非限制性定语从句，通常就是指该词前面紧挨着的名词。但需要注意的是，当关系代词前有插入语时，需要先去掉插入语，再使用就近原则。例如：“Scientistshavebeenlookingforenergysourcestoreplaceoil.Theyhavestudiedwind,ethanol,andnuclearenergy.Theyhavealsostartedtolookatcoalagain.Coal,whichisthecheapestenergysource,isfoundinmanypartsoftheworld.However,itisdangeroustomine.Italsopollutestheenvironment。"Thewordwhichinthepassagerefersto 。A.nuclearenergyB.ethanolC.windD.coal一看词句考察的是由which弓I导的非限制性定语从句，则毫不犹豫得把答案定位到which前的名词"coal”上，所以一眼就能选出该题的正确答案D选项。第四类，不定代词主要包括some,any,every,each,none,some...others...,one...,another等。这类代词通常指的都是该词前后与其关系最紧密的名词主语，并且注意词的单复数形式。例如："Somestudiesshowthatoneineightplantspeciesisthreatenedwithextinction.Itisestimatedthat140000speciesofplantsarelosteachyear.Manyoftheselostplantscouldhavebeenveryusefulincreatingnewdrugstocombatdisease。"ThewordManyinthepassagerefersto 。A.studiesB.plantspeciesC.lostplantsD.newdrugs首先确定该题的"Many"所在句主语应该是指"lostplants",并且“of"是表示所属的关系，所以“Many"应该是属于“theselostplants”中的一部分，所以很显然“Many”指的就应该是“lostplants"，因此答案选C。需要注意的是这四大类代词只能大致涵盖托福阅读指代题中所涉及的大致类型，要想全面把握托福阅读指代题，我们还是需要把握好真题，结合解题技巧与策略进行有针对性的练习与总结，循序渐进提高托福阅读水平与分数。托福阅读指代题解题思路及步骤一、问题形式被考的文章中有一个词或词组被加亮，这个词通常是一个代词或名词。指代题的形式如下：Theword(orphrase)Xinthepassagerefersto二、 解题步骤根据解题技巧确定答案代入原文验证，看语义、逻辑和语法上是否通顺三、 基本原则就近指代所谓就近指代，就是被指代对象通常在指代词前不远处，如本句或上一句中。有时也出现在更前面的一句中。例如，Largewindfarmsmightalsointerferewiththeflightpatternsofmigratorybirdsincertainareas,andtheyhavekilledlargebirdsofprey(especiallyhawks,falcons,andeagles)thatprefertohuntalongthesameridgelinesthatareidealforwindturbines.Thekillingofbirdsofpreybywindturbineshaspittedenvironmentalistswhochampionwildlifeprotectionagainstenvironmentalistswhopromoterenewablewindenergy.Researchersareevaluatinghowseriousthisproblemisandhopetofindwaystoeliminateorsharplyreducethisproblem.Thephrasethisprobleminthepassagereferstointerferencewiththeflightpatternsofmigratingbirdsincertainareasbuildingridgelinesthatareidealforwindturbinesthekillingofbirdsofpreybywindturbinesmeetingthedemandsofenvironmentalistswhopromoterenewablewindenergy本题涉及的是一个词组thisproblem。寻找这一词组的指代对象时只需向上搜索就行。根据就近原则，前一句中的主语thekillingofbirdsofpreybywindturbines可以初步确定为答案。将其代入原文，符合语义和逻辑，因此第三个选项为正确答案。第一个选项和第三个选项都和thisproblem相距较远，而且代入时语义和逻辑上不通，因此为干扰选项。数格一致被指代对象通常与指代词在数(如单数或复数)和格(主格或宾格)两方面相同。如单数代词one指代单数名词，复数代词they指代复数名词。四、主要思路1.主从复合句中的指代在主从复合句中，第二句的代词主语经常指代第一句的名词主语。例如，Thefinsarestiff,smooth,andnarrow,qualitiesthatalsohelpcutdrag.Whennotinuse,thefinsaretuckedintospecialgroovesordepressionssothattheylieflushwiththebodyanddonotbreakupitssmoothcontours.Thewordtheyinthepassagereferstoqualitiesfinsgroovesdepressions在这一例子中，从句sothatthey…中的代词主语they指代主句的名词主语thefins，因此第二个选项为正确答案。新托福阅读背景知识：植物适应沙漠Plantadaptationtothedesert(背景材料)Cactusadaptations.Thesecrettothesuperiorenduranceofcactiliesintheiradaptations.Overmillionsofyears,throughnaturalselection,onlythestrongestandbestadaptedspeciessurvived.Asyouknow,itisverydryinthedesert.Plantsthatadapttothisareknownasxerophytes(fromzeros,dryandpython,plant).Thereareplantsthatavoidthedryseasonbysproutingfromseedjustafterthespringrainandgrowingveryfastsothatbythetimethedryseasoncomes,theyhavealreadyproducedalotofseedsanddied.Theseseedslieonthesoilforthedryseasonandsproutagaininspringandthecyclerepeats.Otherxerophytessimplydroptheirleavesandstaydormantforthewinter.Butthereisanotherspecialtypeofxerophyteswhichstoreswaterinitsfleshytissues.Suchplantsarecalledsucculents(fromsuccess,juicy).Thecactusisatypicalexampleofasucculent.Ifyoucutacactusopen,youseeajuicy,slimytissue.Thisiswherethemoistureisstoredforthedryseason.Thepartbetweenthemiddlecircle(andpith)andjustundertheverygreenpartoftheplant(orpalisadeparenchyma)justundertheskinisallocatedforthestorageofwaterandfoodfortheplant.Thisisatypeofspongyparenchymaandcantakeupto85%oftheplant'svolume.Thisisamajoradaptationinthedesert.Becausetheplantremainscompletelyaliveduringthedryseasonandthereisnoneedforittodryupandloseeverything,makesitpossiblefortheplanttogrowtolargesizes.Anotheradvantageisthattheplantretainssupplies(intheformofstarch)forthewintersothatitcanflowerrightawayinspringwithoutaccumulatingmoresupplies(asmostplantsneedtodoinspring).Thewholepurposeofstoringsuppliesforthewinterismostlytoenergizefloweringinspringbutitalsoletsthecactusstartgrowingmuchsooner.Floweringplantsbreatheandtranspire(evaporatewaterfromtheirsurface)throughcloseablemicroscopicporescalledstoatsontheleavesorstems.Todothis,theirporeshavetobeopen.Inmostplantstheseareopenalldayandonwarmnights.Butforcactithisisinconvenientasindaytimeitisveryhotandthustheplantwouldlosealotofwaterthroughevaporation.Sothecactusmustclosetheminthedaytime.Butthenitcannotbreatheorphotosynthesize(theprocesswheresugarsaremadefromcarbondioxideandwaterandreleasingoxygenusingthesun'senergy).Succulentshaveanadaptationtothat.Theirstoatsareclosedduringthedayandareopenatnight,whenitisnotthathotandstorecarbondioxideinitstissuesascrassleanacidandthenturnitbacktocarbondioxideinthedaytime.ThisprocessiscalledcrassleanacidmetabolismorCAManditisaverysmartwayofrespiringinthedesert.Ifwelookattheoutsideoftheplant,wenoticethatthereisatoughleatheryskincoveringtheplant,wecanalsonoticethepresenceofribsandspinesandsometimesfur.Theseareallverysmartadaptations.Theyservemainlyforsurvivingheatbutarealsousedasdefense.Thetoughleatheryskinisveryimpermeabletowater,thusreducingevaporationfromthesurfaceoftheplant.Thisskinoftenhasalayerofplantwaxonitwhichisoftenlightlycolored(Pilosocereusazuresisanexampleofaplantwithsuchwax),whiteorblue.Thisreflectslightandalsoreducesevaporationfromtheinside.Theribsarespecialstructuresthatarealsousedforenduringextremeheat.Theribs(andspines)trapwindsothattheplantisenvelopedinalayerofextremelystillair,andthisisaveryimportantfactorinreducingevaporation.Onverywindydayseventheribsdon'thelpandcactisometimeswiltbecauseofhighwaterloss.Thespineshavedifferentfunctions.Theynotonlyhelpshadetheplantfromthesunbutarealsoknowntohelpthecactusabsorbwater.Theydoitlikethis.Oncoolnights,dewsettlesonthespinesoftheplant.Thespinesareactuallyknowntodrawdropletsofwatertowardstheareole(thepointoutofwhichthespinesgrow)andherethedropletsareabsorbed.Youcantrythisathome.Spraytheplantswithaveryfinemistofwaterandwatchwhathappenstothedropletsthatsettleonthespines.Theyliterallygetattractedtotheareolealongthespine.Thespine'sstructureallowsthemtodothis.Evenspinespointingdownwardsseemtosuckthedropletsupthemselves.AdaptationfeaturesarevisibleinthisPilosocereusglauchochorous.Noticethespines,ribs,furandwax(thebluecoloration).Thetopofatypicallyadaptedplant.Someplantshavefur;sometimesallovertheplant,sometimesonlynearthetop.Thisfurshadestheplantevenfurtherandisalsoknowntoattractwatertowardstheareole.Someplantsonlyhavefurnearthetop.Thisisverybeneficialbecausethetopoftheplantisverysensitivetosunlight,newtissuesgetformedthere.Youngareoles,withtheirspinesnotevenwoodedyetcangetdriedupcompletelyinthesun.Whenanareoleisbornnearthetopoftheplant,itstartsdevelopingspines.Atthistimethefurappearsaswell.Thisfuraccompaniestheareoleasitmovesdowntheplant,shadingthegrowingpointinside.Bythetimetheareoleisabout15cm