词汇学及相关学科课件

EnglishLexicologyEnglishLexicology1LexicologyThetermlexicologycontainstwoGreekmorphemes:lexikonandlogielexikonmeans“word”logiemeans“learning”or“thestudyof”LexicologyThetermlexicology2Whatislexicology?Lexicologyisthebranchoflinguisticsconcernedwiththestudyofthevocabularyofagivenlanguage.Itdealswithwords,theirorigin,development,history,structure,meaningandapplication.Whatislinguisticsthen?Linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguages.Whatislexicology?Lexicology3

Lecture1ConnectionofLexicologywithOtherBranchesofLinguisticsLecture14语言学的主要内容

现代语言学的分科：

内部分科：语音学phonetics、音位学phonology、词汇学lexicology、句法学syntax、语义学semantics、语用学pragmatics、文体学stylistics……具体语言学和普通语言学共时语言学和历时语言学理论语言学和应用语言学宏观语言学和微观语言学内部语言学和外部语言学外部分科：语言学的主要内容现代语言学的分科：内部分科5语音学(phonetics):通过对发音部位和发音方法的分析,认识语言的语音特征以及变化规则音位学(phonology):分析语言中区别意义的语音单位所构成的系统词汇学(lexicology),通过词汇的分析,了解词的意义、词汇的构成以及词汇的组合功能和特征.句法学(syntax)了解结构的组织规则。语义学（semantics），分析语言单位和所指内容之间的关系。语用学(pragmatics),分析语言符号和使用者之间的关系，如何通过语言符号表达语言符号所表达的以及语言符号之外的意义。语音学(phonetics):通过对发音部位和发音方法的分6ThenatureanddomainoflexicologyLexicologyisabranchoflinguistics,inquiringintotheorigins,meaningandusesofwords.词汇学是语言学的一个研究领域，主要研究词汇的来源、词义以及词的用法的学科。Thenatureanddomainoflexic7ThenatureanddomainoflexicologyEnglishlexicologydealswithEnglishwords,theirorigin,meaning,historicaldevelopment,morphologicalstructures,semanticstructures,senserelations,formationandapplication，usages，idiomsandEnglishdictionaries.英语词汇学主要内容有词的来源、词的意义、词的历史发展、词的形态结构、词的语义结构、语义关系、构成方式、英语词汇的应用和用法、习语及词典知识。Thenatureanddomainoflexic8ThenatureanddomainoflexicologyEnglishlexicologyisatheory-basedcourse.ItischieflyconcernedwiththebasictheoriesofwordsingeneralandofEnglishwordsinparticular.英语词汇学是以现代语言学理论为指导，以英语词汇为研究对象的课程。Thenatureanddomainoflexic9ThenatureanddomainoflexicologyItisapracticalcourseaswellWewilldealwithagreatnumberofwordsandidiomaticexpressions习惯用语,andstudyagreatmanyusageexamples.Therewillbealargequantityofpracticeinvolved.Thenatureanddomainoflexic10语言学的内部分科语音学phonetics音位学phonology词汇学lexicology句法学syntax语义学semantics语用学pragmatics文体学stylistics……语言学的内部分科语音学phonetics11TheconnectionoflexicologywithotherbranchesofLinguisticsTheconnectionoflexicologyw121.WithPhoneticsPhoneticsisthestudyofspeechsounds.Withoutsound,thereisnowordbecauseeverywordisaunityofsoundandmeaning1.WithPhoneticsPhoneticsis13超音位特征对语义搭配的影响在英语中是司空见惯的。例如：

HeisaFrenchteacher.孤立地来看Frenchteacher，我们很难判别French在与teacher搭配时是什么意思。超音位特征对语义搭配的影响在英语中是司空见惯的。例如：14但是在特定超音位的语境中，当我们赋予French一个主重音，Teacher一个次重音，这时，HeisaFrenchteacher就有了明确的意义，即：他是一位法语教师。AˊFrenchteacherteachesFrench.但是在特定超音位的语境中，当我们赋予French一个主重音，15如果我们赋予French一个次重音，teacher一个主重音，这时HeisaFrenchteacher中的French表示法国国籍：AFrenchˊteacherisFrench.如果我们赋予French一个次重音，teacher一个主重音16超切分特征通过重音有规则的分配使得本族语者把宾语前置的修饰语与其他修饰语区分开来，试比较：Aˋbull-/fightinvolvesbulls.A/bull-ˋcalfisayoungbull.超切分特征通过重音有规则的分配使得本族语者把宾语前置的修饰语172.WithgrammarVocabularyandgrammarareorganicallyrelatedtooneanother.Inlearningalanguage,attentiontogrammarisasimportantasattentiontovocabulary.Grammar,forexample,tellsushowtoformwordsintosentences.2.WithgrammarVocabularyand182.WithgrammarIfgrammarformstheskeletonoflanguage,thenitisvocabularythatprovidesthevitalorgansandtheflesh.Grammaticalknowledgeallowsustogeneratesentences.Ifwewanttoexpressmeanings,weneedtohaveastoreofwordsthatwecanselectfromwhenwewishtoexpressthesemeaningsunderthecontrolofgrammaticalrules.2.WithgrammarIfgrammarform19ExampleSomeoftheidiomscanbetransformedintosomeotherexpressions,otherscannot.E.g.Hefoundfaultwiththem.这一短语可以进行被动转换：Faultwasfoundwiththem.ExampleSomeoftheidiomscan203.WithsemanticsSemanticsisthebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthemeaningsoflanguageindifferentlinguisticlevels:lexicon,syntax,utterance(说话的方式),discourse(语篇）,etc.Lexicologyfocusesonthelexicallevel.3.WithsemanticsSemanticsis213.WithsemanticsThetypesofmeaningandsenserelations,suchassynonymy,antonymy,hyponymy,polysemy（一词多义）,homonymy（同形异义）andsemanticfields（语义场）allbelongtothesemanticstudyandconstituteanimportantpartoflexicology.3.WithsemanticsThetypesof22

girlboyboymanwomancarprettyflowerhandsomevesselgardenovercoatcolorairlinervillagetypewritergirl234.WithStylisticsStylisticsisthestudyofoptionalvariationsinthesounds,forms,orvocabularyofalanguageascharacteristicofdifferentusesoflanguage,differentsituationsofuse,ordifferentliterarytypes.4.WithStylisticsStylisticsi24不同的发音，如：Heiseatingnow.(neutral)Heiseatin’.(informal)不同的发音，如：251)Let'sdineonfriedchicken.2)Hey,baby,wannadinetonight?3)MeandBobaredinin'out.4)Wouldjadinewithmetonight?5)Wouldyoudinewithmetonight?6)MrsWhitmorewishesyoutodinewithher.不同的选词1)Let'sdineonfriedchicken261)Let'sdineonfriedchicken.2)Hey,baby,wannadinetonight?3)MeandBobaredinin'out.4)Wouldjadinewithmetonight?Thefirstfoursentencesarehumorous.Thejokeforeachliesintheviolationofco-occurrencerestrictions.1)Let'sdineonfriedchicken271)Let'sdineonfriedchicken.2)Hey,baby,wannadinetonight?Foodeatenwiththefingersisnotanappropriateobjectofdine.“Hey,baby,”impliesthatthespeakerisayoungmaletryingtoputforthamacho（男子气）image.Since,inoursociety,beingmachoisnotassociatedwithrefinement（文雅）,suchspeechformsclash（不谐调）withtheformaldine.1)Let'sdineonfriedchicken283)MeandBobaredinin'out.4)Wouldjadinewithmetonight?In3,thegrammaticalvariant"meandBob"isamarkerofnonstandardspeech.Peoplewhouse"meandBob"arenotlikelytospeakofdiningnomatterhowwelltheyeat.Thepronunciationdinin'ishumorousbecausethe-in'replacementfor-ingisreservedforinformalspeech,butdineisformal.Similarly,wouldjaisamorecasualpronunciationthanwouldyou.

3)MeandBobaredinin'out.I295)Wouldyoudinewithmetonight?6)MrsWhitmorewishesyoutodinewithher.Thelasttwosentencesarenothumorousbecausetheyareentirelyformal,henceappropriatefordine,althoughtheytoocouldbeusedfacetiously（滑稽的）by,say,apersonadoptingtheformaltoneforcomiceffect.5)Wouldyoudinewithmetoni30

再看下面短文：FlorenceNightingalemanifestedunprecedentedattributesofdoggeddeterminationanddriveduringthehideousholocaustoftheCrimeanWarandatlotsofothertimestoo.

作者使用了高度正式、几乎接近拘谨的文体，以一种非常严肃的面孔出现在读者的面前，可是在第一句的后半句，作者突然使用起儿童言语“andatlotsofothertimestoo”摇身一变又戴起儿童的面具来。再看下面短文：FlorenceNightingalem31Onlywordswithsimilarstylisticmeaningscanbeusedtogether.ToSumUpOnlywordswithsimilarstylis32Anglo-SaxonNormanFrenchLatin/Greekaskquestioninterrogatethinspareemaciatedfolkpeoplenationfairbeautifulattractiveheartycordialcardiac

不同类型的词汇具有不同的文体特征Anglo-SaxonNormanFrench33leechdoctorphysicianrisemountascendbookvolumetexthelpaidassistancefearterrortrepidationeatconsumedevourleechdoctor34InlegallanguageGeneral

SpecialisttheftlarcenybeatassaultburningarsoncrimefelonyInlegallanguageGeneral35Inthefieldsofscience

General

Specialistholeorifice/cavityspeedvelocityforceintensityInthefieldsofscience36Inmedicine

General

Specialist

bleedinghaemorrhagewoundlacerationskullcraniumsweatperspirationInmedicineGeneral37Twoapproachestolearn

thiscourseInourlinguisticinquiryintotheEnglishvocabulary,ourfocusisonthesynchronicdescriptionofwordsYetweneedthediachronicapproachasasupplementBecauseaknowledgeofhistoricaldevelopmentofthevocabularywilldefinitelybeofgreathelptousinourlanguagestudy.Twoapproachestolearn

this38Twoapproachestolearn

thiscourseNowadayslanguageteachersandEnglishlexicologyteacherspaymoreattentiontothesynchronicapproachtothestudyoftheEnglishvocabulary.TheydescribewhattheEnglishvocabularyislike,ratherthanhowitcametobethatway.Twoapproachestolearn

this39AimsandSignificanceoftheCourse

Languagestudyinvolvesthestudyofspeechsounds,grammarandvocabulary.Vocabularyhasprovedparticularlyimportantandcertainlythemostdifficult.AimsandSignificanceoftheC40AimsandSignificanceoftheCourseInthediscussionoftherelationshipbetweenwordsandstructure,thelexicologistMcCarthy(1990)says:AimsandSignificanceoftheC41AimsandSignificanceoftheCourseNomatterhowwellthestudentlearnsgrammar,nomatterhowsuccessfullyhemastersthesoundsofaL2,withoutwordstoexpressawiderangeofmeanings,communicationinthatlanguagecannothappeninanymeaningfulway.AimsandSignificanceoftheC42AimsandSignificanceoftheCourseTheroleofvocabularyincommunicationcallsforcontinuingvocabularylearning.SinceEnglishLexicologydealswithEnglishvocabulary,thiscoursewilldefinitelybebeneficial.AimsandSignificanceoftheC43AimsandSignificanceoftheCourseAgoodknowledgeofmorphologicalstructureofEnglishwordandrulesofword-formationwillhelpyoudevelopyourpersonalvocabularyandconsciouslyincreaseyourwordpower.AimsandSignificanceoftheC44AimsandSignificanceoftheCourseTheinformationofthehistoricaldevelopmentandtheprinciplesofclassificationwillgiveyouadee