二语习得语言迁移L1-transfer

L1transfer：语言迁移6.PsycholinguisticaspectsofinterlanguageWaysofL1transfer1.negativetransfer2.positivetransfer3.avoidance4.overusenegativetransferPositivetransferisaveryimportantpartoflearning.Georgeplayingfootball.ChineseinfluenceGeorgeplayedfootballallthetime.(target)positivetransferLanguagetransferthatfacilitatestheacquisitionoftarget-languageforms.FrenchlearnersofEnglisharemuchlesslikelytomakeerrorsofthiskind:ThemanwhomIspoketohimisamillionaire.

thanArabiclearners.L1transfercanresultinavoidance,whichissaidtooccurwhenspecifictargetlanguagefeaturesareunder-representedinlearnerproductionincomparisontonative-speakerproduction.avoidanceOveruse(过度使用)

Theoveruseofsomefeature(e.g.simplecoordinatestructures)wheresomeotherfeature(e.g.relativeclauses)ispreferredintarget-languageuse.Overusemayornotresultinerrors.e.g.ChinesespeakerstendtooverusetheexpressionofregretwhenapologizeinEnglish.Contrastiveanalysis

Asetofproceduresforcomparingandcontrastingthelinguisticsystemsoftwolanguagesinordertoidentifytheirstructuralsimilaritiesanddifferences.对比分析是把两种语言进行对比，从而确定其中的相同点和不同点，对比分析最终的目的是为了预测母语对第二语言的学习所可能造成的影响。有语言之间的接触，也就有语言的对比。这一派的观点认为母语与目的语的能力彼此冲突，会妨碍母的语的能力。将两种语言对比一下，就能预测可能出现的错误。Contrastiveanalysis(behaviouristview)Problematicpredictions:

Differencesdonotalwaysresultinlearningdifficulty.Speechact(言语行为)

Anactionperformedbytheuseofanutterance,inspeechorwriting,tocommunicate.在请求别人时，用错了语调，会使效果适得其反。例如：学生对教授说：“Wouldn’titbeagoodideaifIpostponethedefence?”时，用了降调。此时，学生请求教授延长答辩时期，本应足够的礼貌，可是降调的使用使得教授觉得学生不是在请求自己，而是在命令自己，结果适得其反。Restructuringcontinuum

重组连续体ThisreferstotheideathatinterlanguagedevelopmentconsistoflearnersgraduallyreplacingL1ruleswithtarget-languagerules.关于母语在二语习得中的作用，中介语（interlanguage)内部出现了两种理论，分别是重组连续体理（Restructuring