泰特勒和严复的翻译理论比较和分析(英文)

AlexanderFraserTytler

——1747-1813AlexanderFraserTytlerNationality：Britain（Edinburgh,Scotland）Biography：AlexanderFraserTytler,LordWoodhouseleeFRSE(15October1747–5January1813)wasaScottishadvocate,judge,writerandhistorianwhoservedasProfessorofUniversalHistory,andGreekandRomanAntiquities,intheUniversityofEdinburgh.Mainwork：(1791).EssayonthePrinciplesofTranslation.(论翻译的原则）

EssayonthePrinciplesofTranslation“ThreeprinciplesofTranslation”（comprehensive&systematic）Itmarksanewbeginingofwesterntranslationstudies.(标志着西方翻译史上一个时期的结束和一个时期的开始)In1921,MrZhengZhenduopublishedthethreeprinciplesonthe《NovelMonthly》.AndthisideafirstbeimportedintoChina.LawsofTranslationItwillfollow:Ⅰ.ThattheTranslationshouldgiveacompletetranscriptoftheideasoftheoriginalwork.即译文应完全复写出原作的思想Ⅱ.Thatthestyleandmannerofwritingshouldbeofthesamecharacterwiththatoftheoriginal.即译文的风格和笔调应与原文的性质相同Ⅲ.ThattheTranslationshouldhavealltheeaseoforiginalcomposition.就是译文与原作同样流畅CHAPTERⅠDescriptionofagoodTranslationIwouldthereforedescribeagoodtranslationtobe,That,inwhichthemeritoftheoriginalworkissocompletelytransfusedintoanotherlanguage,astobeasdistinctlyapprehended,andasstronglyfelt,byanativeofthecountrytowhichthatlanguagebelongs,asitisbythosewhospeakthelanguageoftheoriginalwork.原作的优点完全移植在译作语言之中，使译语使用者像原语使用者一样，对这种优点能清楚地领悟，并有着同样强烈的感受CHAPTERⅡ

FirstGeneralRule:ATranslationshouldgiveacompletetranscriptoftheideasoftheoriginalwork—Knowledgeofthelanguageoftheoriginal,andacquaintancewiththesubject.CHAPTERⅡ…thetranslatoriscalledupontoexercisehisjudgement,andtoselectthatmeaningwhichismostconsonanttothetrainofthoughtinthewholepassage,ortotheauthor’susualmodeofthinking,andexpressinghimself.我记忆中最早的一件事,是提着家里唯一的热水瓶去公共食堂打开水。——莫言（诺贝尔奖讲座）Myearliestmemorywasoftakingouronlyvacuumbottletothepubliccanteenfordrinkingwater.——葛浩文（译）CHAPTERⅤSecondgeneralRule:ThestyleandmannerofwritinginaTranslationshouldbeofthesamecharacterwiththatoftheOriginal.…whethertothatofthegrave,theelevated,theeasy,thelively,thefloridandornamented,orthesimpleandunaffected;andthesecharacteristicqualitieshemusthavethecapacityofrenderingequallyconspicuousinthetranslationasintheoriginal.星期天，豫园游人络绎不绝。OnSundays,YuyuanGardenisalwayscrowdedwithvisitors.（negative）OnSundays,YuyuanGardenattractsalargenumberofvisitors.（positive）CHAPTERⅨThirdgeneralRule:ATranslationshouldhavealltheeaseoforiginalcomposition.郑振铎：译文必须含有原文中所有的流利。（1921）谭载喜：译作应具备原作所具有的通顺。（1991）李德凤：译文应该与原作的行文一样自如。（2007）挖开坟墓后，我们看到，棺木已经腐朽，母亲的骨殖，已经与泥土混为一体。——莫言（诺贝尔奖讲座）Whenwedugupthegrave,wesawthatthecoffinhadrottedawayandthatherbodyhadmergedwiththedampeartharoundit.

——葛浩文（译）我们将认真听取各位坦诚地对我们的工作提出意见和建议。Wewilllistenattentivelytoyourstraightforwardcomments&suggestionsonourwork.Yourcommentsandsuggestionswillbeappreciated.CHAPTERⅨ…thatinallcaseswhereasacrificeisnecessarytobemadeofoneofthoselawstoanother,adueregardoughttobepaidtotheirrankandcomparativeimportance.预示了现代翻译的“得”、“失”问题CHAPTERⅨ

译者VS.画家…yetthepainteremployspreciselythesamecolours,andhasnoothercarethanfaithfullytoimitatethetouchandmannerofthepicturethatisbeforehim.[Thetranslator]usesnotthesamecolourswiththeoriginal,butisrequiredtogivethepicturethesameforceandeffect.Themorehestudiesascrupulousimitation,thelesshiscopywillreflecttheeaseandspiritoftheoriginal.…hemustadopttheverysoulofhisauthor,whichmustspeakthroughhisownorgans.Adventage首先"他扬弃传统的翻译二分法(dichotomies)，斯内尔霍恩比指出：西方翻译史上最有影响力的概念是古老的词/义二分法。传统译论从未能真正解决这一问题"就连当今的翻译研究也为其困扰不休。而泰特勒尽量回避二分法"凡是容易引起争议的术语如直译(Literaltranslation)，意译(freetranslation)等"他都一概不用。其次"他澄清并深化了人们对“译者是画家”这一比喻的认识。他认为"译者的工作（和画家）完全不同。译者虽然用的不是与原作相同的色彩"但必须给其“画面”以同样的力量和效果。译者不能照搬原作的笔法"而必须用自己的笔法来译出完美的“摹本”。他越是注意仔细摹拟"就越不能表现出原作的流畅和神采。DisadventageTytler’stranslationthoughtsmainlybasedonhispracticalexperienceandsubjectiveobservation.Inhisbook"EssayonthePrinciplesofTranslation”mainlyprovidedreaderswithsomepracticalmeansforsolvingtranslationproblems,suchasamplification,deletionandpolish.Somepeopleevensaythatthebookjustlookslikeatextbookdiscussingthetranslationarts;Atthesametime,fromhistranslationtheories,wecanseethatheimitatesothertranslators’theory,especiallyDryden.ItwasevenconsideredasplagiarismbyCampbell.Forexample,hisfirstprinciple"ThattheTranslationshouldgiveacompletetranscriptoftheideasoftheoriginalwork",whichissimilartoCampbell’s"accuratelyreproducetheoriginalmeaning缺点泰特勒的翻译思想主要基于他本人的翻译实践经验和主观观察，他在《论翻译的原则》一书中提供给读者的主要是一些解决翻译问题的实用手段“如增词，减词，修改润色等翻译技巧”，有人甚至说它像一本探讨翻译艺术的教科书；同时从其翻译思想我们也可以看出，他过多地借用他人的理论，特别是德莱顿的，甚至被坎贝尔认为有剽窃之嫌。如他的翻译三原则的第一点“译作应完全复写出原作的思想”，这和坎贝尔的“准确地再现原作的意思”，极为相似。LawsofTranslationItwillfollow:Ⅰ.ThattheTranslationshouldgiveacompletetranscriptoftheideasoftheoriginalwork.即译文应完全复写出原作的思想Ⅱ.Thatthestyleandmannerofwritingshouldbeofthesamecharacterwiththatoftheoriginal.即译文的风格和笔调应与原文的性质相同Ⅲ.ThattheTranslationshouldhavealltheeaseoforiginalcomposition.就是译文与原作同样流畅Tytler’sfirsttwolawsoftranslationconcernthe

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