化学专业英语课件

Lesson2THECLASSIFICATIONOFINORGANICCOMPOUNDS无机化合物分类1最新版整理pptchemist化学家equation方程式become适合，与……相称aqueous水的radical

基，根，原子团balance天平，平衡acidic

酸的，酸性的substance物质anhydride酐sour酸的，酸味的；变酸basicanhydride碱酐taste味道，气味，味觉negative负的，阴的lemon柠檬acidradical酸根orange柑，桔；橙色share共享，分享citric柠檬的transfer转移citricacid柠檬酸

coordinate配位citrus柑桔属coordinatevalence配键lactic乳的hydroniumion水合氢离子lacticacid乳酸词汇2最新版整理pptlitmus

石蕊soapy肥皂般的，滑腻的litmuspaper石蕊试纸slippery滑的dye染料neutralization

中和soak浸泡，浸渍evaporation蒸发enable使……能够positive正的，阳的indicator

指示剂positiveion正离子methyl

甲基negativeion负离子methylorange甲基橙lattice格子，点阵phenolphthalein

酚酞crystallattice晶格react(with,on)反应electrovalent

电价的strongacid强酸orient定向，取向ionize

离子化，电离pattern模型，形式bitter苦味3最新版整理pptTheClassesofCompounds

1.Thousandsandtensofthousandsofcompoundsareknowntothechemisttoday.Itwouldbeimpossibletolearnpropertiesandbehaviorofevenafractionofthisnumberifithadtobedoneonthebasisofindividualcompounds.Fortunately,mostchemicalcompoundscanbegroupedtogetherinafewclasses.Then,ifwecanproperlyclassifyacompound,weareatonceawareofthegeneralpropertiesofthecompoundfromknowledgeofthepropertiesofthatclassorgroupofcompounds.Forexample,HClisclassedasanacid,andbybecomingfamiliarwiththebehaviorofacidsasadistinctclass,weareatonceawareofthegeneralpropertiesofthecompound.Agreatmanyofthecompoundswe

aretostudymaybeclassifiedasacids,bases,salts,metallicoxides,ornonmetallicoxides.Ofthesefiveclassesofcompounds,thefirstthree-acids,bases,andsalts-arebyfarthemostimportant.4最新版整理pptTheClassesofCompounds

Thousandsandtensofthousandsofcompoundsareknowntothechemisttoday.

化合物分类现今，化学家知道了成千上万的化合物。

thousandsandtensofthousands成千上万

beknownto被……所知chem(o)化学（的）

chemistry

化学

chemical化学的，化学药品

chemosynthesis

化学合成5最新版整理pptItwouldbeimpossibletolearnpropertiesandbehaviorofevenafractionofthisnumberifithadtobedoneonthebasisofindividualcompounds.

如果根据个别化合物来了解这么多化合物的性质，即使其中的一小部分也是不可能的。afractionof

一小部分onthebasisof

根据……,在……基础上6最新版整理pptFortunately,mostchemicalcompoundscanbegroupedtogetherinafewclasses.

幸运的是，大多数化合物能够组合在一起分成几类。7最新版整理pptThen,ifwecanproperlyclassifyacompound,weare

atonceawareofthegeneralpropertiesofthecompoundfromknowledgeofthepropertiesofthatclassorgroupofcompounds.

那么，如果我们能够恰当地将一个化合物归类，我们立刻就能从这类化合物的性质来了解这个化合物的一般性质。

beawareof

知道，意识到……8最新版整理ppt

Forexample,HClisclassedasanacid,andbybecomingfamiliarwiththebehaviorofacidsasadistinctclass,weareatonceawareofthegeneralpropertiesofthecompound.

become(be)familiarwith…熟悉，通晓例如，盐酸归类为酸，由于已熟悉作为不同类别的酸的性质，我们就会立即知道这一化合物的一般性质。9最新版整理ppt

Agreatmanyofthecompoundswearetostudymaybeclassifiedasacids,bases,salts,metallicoxides,ornonmetallicoxides.Ofthesefiveclassesofcompounds,thefirstthree-acids,bases,andsalts-arebyfarthemostimportant.我们将要研究的众多化合物可以分类为酸、碱、盐、金属氧化物或非金属氧化物。这五类化合物中的前三类－－酸、碱和盐－－是最重要的。

agreat（good）manyof

很多，大量10最新版整理ppt2.Whenanacid,base,orsaltisdissolvedinwatertheresultingsolutionisaconductoroftheelectriccurrentandistermedanelectrolyte.Ifnoconductionofcurrentoccurs,thecompoundisknownasanonelectrolyte.11最新版整理ppt

2.Whenanacid,base,orsaltisdissolvedinwatertheresultingsolutionisaconductoroftheelectriccurrentandistermedanelectrolyte.Ifnoconductionofcurrentoccurs,thecompoundisknownasanonelectrolyte.酸、碱或盐溶于水中得到的溶液是电流的导体，它们被定义为电解质。如果没有电流的传导发生，这种化合物被称为非电解质。conductor

导体electriccurrent

电流term

被称作electrolyte/nonelectrolyte

电解质，非电解质12最新版整理ppt3.ClassificationofCommonCompoundsBylookingatthechemicalformulaswemayclassifymanycommoncompoundsinthefollowingway.1.Acids,intheconventionalsense,mayberecognizedbynotingthattheHiswrittenfirstintheformulaandthattherestofthecompoundisgenerallynonmetallic.Ex.,HCl,H2SO4,HClO.2.ConventionalbaseshaveOHradicalswrittenlastintheformula.Thefirstpartoftheformulaisusuallyametal.Ex.,NaOH,Ca(OH)2,Fe(OH)3.3.Asaltconsistsofametal,writtenfirst,combinedwithanon-metalorradicalwrittenlastinaformula.Ex.,NaCl,Fe2(SO4)3,Ca(ClO)2.4.Oxidesarecompoundscontainingoxygenandonlyoneotherelement.13最新版整理ppt

ClassificationofCommonCompoundsBylookingatthechemicalformulaswemayclassifymanycommoncompoundsinthefollowingway.

普通化合物分类我们可以根据化学式按着下面的方法分类许多普通化合物。Class

n,类别Classify

Vt.分类

Classificationn.分类14最新版整理ppt1.Acids,intheconventionalsense,mayberecognizedbynotingthattheHiswrittenfirstintheformulaandthattherestofthecompoundisgenerallynonmetallic.Ex.,HCl,H2SO4,HClO.

intheconventionalsense按传统的观念（常识）1.按传统的观念，可以通过在分子式中将H写在第一位并且化合物中的其余部分通常是非金属来辨认出酸，例如，HCl,H2SO4,HClO。

15最新版整理ppt2.ConventionalbaseshaveOHradicalswrittenlastintheformula.Thefirstpartoftheformulaisusuallyametal.Ex.,NaOH,Ca(OH)2,Fe(OH)3.

2.传统碱的分子式中将OH基写在最后面。分子式的第一部分通常是一种金属。例如，NaOH,Ca(OH)2,Fe(OH)3。

16最新版整理ppt

3.Asaltconsistsofametal,writtenfirst,combinedwithanon-metalorradicalwrittenlastinaformula.Ex.,NaCl,Fe2(SO4)3,Ca(ClO)2.

3.盐的分子式由写在第一位的金属和写在最后一位的非金属或原子团组成。例如，NaCl,Fe2(SO4)3,Ca(ClO)2。

17最新版整理ppt4.Oxidesarecompoundscontainingoxygenandonlyoneotherelement.4.氧化物是由氧和唯一一种其它元素组成的化合物。18最新版整理ppt

4.Iftheelementotherthanoxygenisanonmetal,theoxideclassedasanonmetaloxideoranacidicanhydride.Thelatternamecomesaboutbecausewateraddedtononmetaloxidesundercertainconditionsproducesacids.Likewise,ifwaterisremovedfromanacidcontainingoxygen,theacidanhydride(withoutwater)results.19最新版整理pptIftheelementotherthanoxygenisanonmetal,theoxideclassedasanonmetaloxideoranacidic

anhydride.

otherthan

除了，不同于anhydride

酐

anhydr(o)脱水，无水，酐

anhydration脱水，干化

anhydrous

无水的

anhydroglucose脱水葡萄糖如果除氧以外的元素是非金属，这种氧化物被称为非金属氧化物或酸酐。20最新版整理pptThelatternamecomesaboutbecausewateraddedtononmetaloxidesundercertainconditionsproducesacids.

酸酐的名称来源于在一定条件下将水加到非金属氧化物中能够生成酸。comeabout

产生，发生，出现21最新版整理ppt

Likewise,ifwaterisremovedfromanacidcontainingoxygen,theacidanhydride(withoutwater)results.

同样，如果将水从含氧酸中除去，就会生成酸酐（没水）。

acidcontainingoxygen含氧酸22最新版整理ppt5.Theotherclassofoxides,metallicoxidesorbasicanhydrides,consistofoxygencombinedwithametal.Whenwaterisaddedunderproperconditionstobasicanhydrides,basesresultandviceversa.23最新版整理pptTheotherclassofoxides,metallicoxidesorbasicanhydrides,consistofoxygencombinedwithametal.

basicanhydride

碱酐

另一类氧化物，金属氧化物或碱酐，由氧和一种金属组成。24最新版整理pptWhenwaterisaddedunderproperconditionstobasicanhydrides,basesresultandviceversa.

在合适的条件下将水加到碱酐中就会产生碱，反之亦然。

viceversa

反之亦然25最新版整理ppt6AcidsAllacidsintheconventionalsensecontainhydrogen,whichmaybereplacedbymetals.Thenegativeportionoftheacidmoleculeiscomposedofanonmetaloraradical(negativevalencegroup).Thesenegativevalencegroups(exceptoxideandhydroxide)areoftenreferredtoacidradicals.Allacidsarecovalentcompoundsinwhichtheatomsareheldtogetherbyasharingofelectrons.Whenanacidisdissolvedinwater,ionsareformedasaresultofthetransferofahydrogenion(proton)fromtheacidmoleculetothewatermolecule-----forexample,26最新版整理pptAcidsAllacidsintheconventionalsensecontainhydrogen,whichmaybereplacedbymetals.

酸按传统意义，所有酸都含有氢，并且氢能够被金属取代。27最新版整理pptThenegativeportionoftheacidmoleculeiscomposedofanonmetaloraradical(negativevalencegroup).

酸分子中负电部分由一种非金属或原子团(负价基团)组成。Radical

根、原子团28最新版整理pptThesenegativevalence

groups(exceptoxideandhydroxide)areoftenreferredtoacidradicals.

这些负价基团（除氧化物和氢氧化物外)通常被定义为酸根。

valence

化合价acidradicals

酸根29最新版整理ppt

Allacidsarecovalentcompoundsinwhichtheatomsareheldtogetherbyasharingofelectrons.所有酸都是共价化合物，在化合物中原子通过电子共享结合在一起。

covalent

compounds共价化合物30最新版整理pptWhenanacidisdissolvedinwater,ionsareformedasaresultofthetransferofahydrogenion(proton)fromtheacidmoleculetothewatermolecule-----forexample,当酸溶于水中，酸分子中的氢离子（质子）从酸中迁移到水分子中形成离子，例如：

31最新版整理ppt7.Thisisacaseofcoordinatevalence,inwhichanunusedpairofelectronsfromthewatermoleculecombineswithahydrogeniontofromahydroniumion.Thehydroniumionisahydratedhydrogenionorproton(H+·H2O)and,whiletheionization

ofacidsinaqueoussolutiondependsonitsformation,weshallordinarilyusethesimpleH+inwritingequations.Suchequationsaretherebysimplifiedandeasiertobalance.32最新版整理pptThisisacaseofcoordinatevalence,inwhichanunusedpairofelectronsfromthewatermoleculecombineswithahydrogeniontoformahydroniumion.

这是配位键的一个例子，在配位键中水分子中未被使用的电子对同氢离子结合形成水合氢离子。coordinatevalence

配位键

combinewith

与……结合hydroniumion

水合氢离子33最新版整理pptThehydroniumionisahydratedhydrogenionorproton(H+·H2O)and,whiletheionization

ofacidsinaqueoussolutiondependsonitsformation,weshallordinarilyusethesimpleH+inwritingequations.Suchequationsaretherebysimplifiedandeasiertobalance.水合氢离子是一种含水的氢离子或质子(H+·H2O)，并且酸通过形成水合氢离子在水溶液中电离，在书写方程式时，我们通常写成简单的H+。因此，方程式被简化了，并且更容易配平。hydroniumion=hydratedhydrogenion水合氢离子Hydrate

与水化合；Hydrated

与水化合的，含水的Ionization

离子化、电离Equations

方程式Thereby

因此34最新版整理ppt

8.Thechiefcharacteristicofanacidisitsabilitytofurnishhydrogenions(protons);therefore,anacidisusuallydefinedasasubstancewhichmayfurnishprotons.35最新版整理pptThechiefcharacteristicofanacidisitsabilitytofurnishhydrogenions(protons);therefore,anacidisusuallydefinedasasubstancewhichmayfurnishprotons.

furnish提供，供给

bedefinedas

定义为

酸的主要性质是能够提供氢离子（质子），因此，酸通常被定义为能够提供质子的物质。36最新版整理ppt9.PropertiesofAcids.Ingeneral,aqueoussolutionsofacidsarecharacterizedbythefollowingproperties:1.Theyhaveasourtaste.Lemons,oranges,andothercitrusfruitsowetheirsourtastetothepresenceofcitricacid;thetasteofsourmilkisduetothepresenceoflacticacid.2.Theyturnbluelitmuspaperred.Litmusisadyewhichhasaredcolorinacidsolutionandabluecolorinbasicsolution;paperwhichhasbeensoakedinlitmusisreferredtoaslitmuspaper.Substancesofthistype,whichenableustodeterminewhetheragivensolutionisacidorbasic,arecalledindicators.Methylorangeandphenolphthaleinareotherindicatorsfrequentlyusedbychemists.3.Theyreactwithcertainmetalstoproducehydrogen.Reactionsofthistypewerestudiedinconnectionwiththepreparationofhydrogen.4.Theyreactwithbasestoproducesaltsandwater.37最新版整理pptPropertiesofAcids.Ingeneral,aqueoussolutionsofacidsarecharacterizedbythefollowing

properties:酸的性质。通常，酸的水溶液具有下面的性质：

aqueous

水的

properties

性质38最新版整理ppt1.Theyhaveasourtaste.Lemons,oranges,andothercitrusfruitsowetheirsourtastetothepresenceofcitricacid;thetasteofsourmilkisduetothepresenceoflacticacid.

1.它们有酸味。柠檬、橙子和其它柑桔属水果由于含有柠檬酸而有酸味；酸牛奶的酸味是由于乳酸的存在。

39最新版整理ppt2.Theyturnbluelitmuspaperred.Litmusisadyewhichhasaredcolorinacidsolutionandabluecolorinbasicsolution;paperwhichhasbeensoakedinlitmusisreferredtoaslitmuspaper.2.它们使蓝色石蕊试纸变红。石蕊是一种在酸溶液中显红色，在碱溶液中显蓝色的染料；已经被浸渍在石蕊中的纸称为石蕊试纸。40最新版整理pptSubstancesofthistype,whichenable

us

todeterminewhetheragivensolutionisacidorbasic,arecalledindicators.Methylorange

and

phenolphthaleinareotherindicatorsfrequentlyusedbychemists.

enable…to

使……能够Indicators

指示剂Methylorange

甲基橙

phenolphthalein

酚肽能够用来确定某一特定溶液是酸性或碱性的这类物质称为指示剂。甲基橙和酚酞是经常被化学家使用的另一些指示剂。

41最新版整理ppt3.Theyreactwithcertainmetalstoproducehydrogen.Reactionsofthistypewerestudiedinconnectionwiththepreparationofhydrogen.4.Theyreactwithbasestoproducesaltsandwater.3.它们和某些金属反应产生氢气。这类反应在氢气制备方面被研究。4.它们和碱反应生成盐和水。inconnectionwith

与……有关，在…..方面42最新版整理ppt10.CommonstrongacidsareH2SO4,HNO3,HCl,HBr,andHI.Mostotheracidsaregenerallyonlypartiallyionizedandconsequentlyonlymoderatelystrongorweak.43最新版整理pptCommonstrongacidsareH2SO4,HNO3,HCl,HBr,andHI.Mostotheracidsaregenerallyonlypartiallyionizedandconsequentlyonlymoderatelystrongorweak.普通的强酸有H2SO4、HNO3、HCl、HBr和HI。大多数其它酸通常只部分电离，因此它们只是中强酸或弱酸。44最新版整理ppt11.BasesAllmetallichydroxidesareclassedasconventionalbases.OfthecommonbasesonlyNaOH,KOH,Ca(OH)2andBa(OH)2are

appreciablysolubleinwater.Ifthesecompoundsaredissolvedinwater,theOH-iscommontoalloftheirsolutions.45最新版整理pptBasesAllmetallichydroxidesareclassedasconventionalbases.OfthecommonbasesonlyNaOH,KOH,Ca(OH)2andBa(OH)2are

appreciablysolubleinwater.Ifthesecompoundsaredissolvedinwater,theOH-iscommontoalloftheirsolutions.

appreciably略微，有一点所有的金属氢氧化物被归类为传统的碱。在普通的碱中，只有NaOH,KOH,Ca(OH)2和Ba(OH)2略微可溶于水。如果这些化合物溶于水中，均产生OH-。46最新版整理pptAnaqueoussolutionofNH3isalsoclassedasabase,sinceOH-ionsarepresentinthesolution.

NH3的水溶液也归类为碱，这是因为在水溶液中存在OH-。

47最新版整理ppt

12.Ineachofthesecompoundswefindacombinationofametal(orNH4)withthehydroxidegroup.Justasthecharacteristicpartofanacidishydrogenion,sothecharacteristicpartofabaseinwatersolutionisthehydroxideion,OH-.Latertheconceptofabasewillbeextendedtoincludesubstanceswhichdonotfurnishhydroxideionsinsolution.48最新版整理pptIneachofthesecompoundswefindacombinationofametal(orNH4)withthehydroxidegroup.

我们发现这些化合物中的每一个都由一种金属（或NH4）和氢氧根组成。49最新版整理ppt

Justasthecharacteristicpartofanacidishydrogenion,

sothecharacteristicpartofabaseinwatersolutionisthehydroxideion,OH-.正如酸的特征部分是氢离子，碱在水溶液中的特征部分是氢氧根离子，OH-。

Justas…,so…正如……那样……50最新版整理pptLatertheconceptofabasewillbeextendedtoincludesubstanceswhichfurnishhydroxideionsinsolution.后来，碱的概念被扩展到包括在溶液中没有提供氢氧根离子的物质。51最新版整理ppt

13.PropertiesofBases.Ingeneral,watersolutionsofmetallichydroxides(bases)exhibitthefollowingproperties.1.Bittertaste.2.Soapyorslipperyfeeling.3.Turnredlitmuspaperblue.4.Reactwithacidstoformsaltsandwater.5.Mostmetallichydroxidesareinsolubleinwater.Ofthecommonones,onlyNaOH,KOH,Ca(OH)2,Ba(OH)2,andNH3aresoluble.ThecommonstrongbasesareNaOH,KOH,Ca(OH)2,andBa(OH)2.52最新版整理pptPropertiesofBases.Ingeneral,watersolutionsofmetallichydroxides(bases)exhibitthefollowingproperties.

碱的性质。通常，金属氢氧化物（碱）具有下面的性质。

53最新版整理ppt1.Bittertaste.2.Soapyorslipperyfeeling.3.Turnredlitmuspaperblue.4.Reactwithacidstoformsaltsandwater.

1.苦味。2.滑腻感。3.使红色石蕊试纸变蓝。4.同酸反应生成盐和水。

54最新版整理ppt5.Mostmetallichydroxidesareinsolubleinwater.Ofthecommonones,onlyNaOH,KOH,Ca(OH)2,Ba(OH)2,andNH3aresoluble.ThecommonstrongbasesareNaOH,KOH,Ca(OH)2,andBa(OH)2.5.大多数金属氢氧化物难溶于水。普通的氢氧化物中，只有NaOH,KOH,Ca(OH)