高考英语（译林）大一轮复习ppt课件语法专题突破专题一名词和冠词

语法专题突破

语法专题突破

专题一名词和冠词专题一名词和冠词-3-高考感悟考点归纳Ⅰ.单句语法填空1.(2018·全国Ⅲ卷)Unexpectedly,I’mface-to-facewiththegorilla,whobeginsscreamingat

the

topofherlungs.

2.(2018·全国Ⅱ卷)Cornproductionhasjumpednearly125percentoverthepast25years,whilericehasincreasedonly7percent.3.(2018·全国Ⅰ卷)Twooftheauthorsofthereviewalsomadeastudypublishedin2014thatshowedamerefiveto10minutesadayofrunningreducedtheriskofheartdiseaseandearlydeathsfromallcauses(cause).4.(2018·浙江卷)MakingChinesedishes(dish)isseenasespeciallytroublesome.5.(2017·全国Ⅰ卷)Thistrendhashadsomeunintendedside

effects

(effect)suchasoverweightandheartdisease.

-3-高考感悟考点归纳Ⅰ.单句语法填空-4-高考感悟考点归纳6.(2017·全国Ⅰ卷)As

a

result,peoplewilleatmorefoodtotrytomakeupforthatsomethingmissing.

7.(2016·全国Ⅰ卷)Recentstudies(study)showthatwearefarmoreproductiveatworkifwetakeshortbreaksregularly.8.(2016·全国Ⅰ卷)Giveyourbodyandbrainarestbysteppingoutsidefor

a

while,exercising,ordoingsomethingyouenjoy.

-4-高考感悟考点归纳6.(2017·全国Ⅰ卷)Asa-5-高考感悟考点归纳Ⅱ.单句改错1.(2018·全国Ⅱ卷)WhenIwaslittle,Friday’snightwasourfamilygamenight.Friday’s→Friday2.(2018·全国Ⅰ卷)Duringmylastwinterholiday,Iwenttocountrysidewithmyfathertovisitmygrandparents.在countryside前加the3.(2018·全国Ⅰ卷)LastwinterwhenIwentthereagain,theyhadabigseparatehousetoraisedozensofchicken.chicken→chickens-5-高考感悟考点归纳Ⅱ.单句改错-6-高考感悟考点归纳考点一

名词的数一、可数名词的复数1.规则变化-6-高考感悟考点归纳考点一名词的数-7-高考感悟考点归纳-7-高考感悟考点归纳-8-高考感悟考点归纳注意①以-o结尾的下列名词要加-es,它们是:英雄在回声中吃土豆、西红柿,即heroes,echoes,potatoes,tomatoes。但下列以-o结尾的名词既可以加-es,也可以加-s,它们是:mosquitos(mosquitoes)蚊子,volcanos(volcanoes)火山。②以-f或-fe结尾的下列名词需要把f或fe去掉,加-ves。它们是:为了自己活命,小偷和他的妻子手里拿着刀子和树叶站在架子上,把狼劈成两半,即selves,lives,thieves,wives,knives,leaves,shelves,wolves,halves。但有的以-f结尾的名词既可以去掉f加-ves,也可以直接加-s。如:handkerchiefs(handkerchieves)手帕。③名词前有man或woman修饰,变复数时,做定语的man或woman和后面的名词都要变成复数。如:womandoctor→womendoctors。-8-高考感悟考点归纳注意①以-o结尾的下列名词要加-es,-9-高考感悟考点归纳2.不规则变化(1)常见单复数同形的名词Chinese中国人;means方式;works工厂;sheep绵羊;deer鹿;series系列;fish鱼;fruit水果等。其中fish,fruit表示种类时,可加复数词尾,即fishes,fruits。(2)自身有特殊变化的名词child孩子→children

man男人→men

foot脚,英尺→feet

tooth牙齿→teeth

medium传播媒介→media

mouse老鼠→mice

phenomenon现象→phenomena-9-高考感悟考点归纳2.不规则变化-10-高考感悟考点归纳3.有些名词通常只用复数。如:glasses眼镜,clothes衣服,goods货物,trousers裤子,belongings所有物,wages工资,riches财富,surroundings环境,ashes灰尘,compasses圆规,cattle牛,congratulations祝贺有些固定搭配中的名词通常用复数。如:havewordswithsb.同某人吵架,inhighspirits情绪高昂,giveone’sregardstosb.向某人问候,inrags衣衫褴褛,havegoodmanners有礼貌-10-高考感悟考点归纳3.有些名词通常只用复数。如:gla-11-高考感悟考点归纳二、不可数名词1.常见的不可数名词:fun,advice,weather,progress,information,bread,butter,baggage,clothing,equipment,furniture,homework,juice,luggage,luck,music,milk,meat,practice,rubber,rice,soup,wealth,health,wood,English,America等。Wealthstartswithagoalandsavingadollaratatime.财富始于一个目标,要一美元一美元地积攒。2.有些名词既可以用作可数名词,也可以用作不可数名词,但意义不同。work当表示“工作”时为不可数名词,但当表示“作品;著作”时则为可数名词。glass“玻璃”(不可数),“杯子”(可数);room“空间”(不可数),“房间”(可数);experience“经验”(不可数),“经历”(可数);paper“纸”(不可数),“报纸、文件、试卷”(可数)。-11-高考感悟考点归纳二、不可数名词-12-高考感悟考点归纳考点二

名词的所有格名词的所有格表示所属关系,它分-’s所有格和of所有格两种形式。1.-’s所有格(1)多用来表示有生命的东西。Manystudents’

eyesightisgettingpoorerandpoorer.(2)用and连接的并列名词的所有格要分两种情况,即表示各自的所有关系时,要分别在并列名词后加-’s或’;表示共同的所有关系时,只在最后一个名词后加-’s或’。Tom’sandJim’srooms(各自的房间)TomandJim’sroom(共同的房间)-12-高考感悟考点归纳考点二名词的所有格-13-高考感悟考点归纳(3)表示店铺、办公室或某人的家时,名词所有格后被修饰的名词一般省略。atthebarber’sattheteacher’s2.of所有格表示无生命的事物的名词通常用of所有格表示所属关系;名词短语或有定语修饰的有生命的名词也常用of所有格。Fromthe

top

of

the

hill,youcangetabird’sviewofthecity.3.双重所有格指名词所有格或名词性物主代词同of构成的所有格,即

“of+名词所有格”。aplayofShakespeare’safriendofmywife’s-13-高考感悟考点归纳(3)表示店铺、办公室或某人的家时,-14-高考感悟考点归纳考点三

不定冠词a/an的用法不定冠词表示泛指,一般修饰可数名词单数。a用于以辅音音素开头的单词前,an用于以元音音素开头的单词前。如:apen一支笔;anoldman一位老人一、不定冠词的基本用法1.用在首次提到的人或物的可数名词单数前面,泛指某(一)个人或某(一)个事物。The“ChineseDream”isadreamtoimprovepeople’swell-beingandadreamofharmony,peaceanddevelopment.“中国梦”是一个改善民生的梦,一个和谐、和平、发展之梦。2.表示“一”,相当于one。I’llreturninadayortwo.-14-高考感悟考点归纳考点三不定冠词a/an的用法-15-高考感悟考点归纳3.表示“每”,相当于per,常用于表示时间、重量、长度等单位前。Wehavethreemealsaday.4.表示“同一性”,常构成“of+a/an+名词”形式,相当于thesame。Thechildrenareofanage.5.表示类指,意为“某类……”。Hewantstobeadoctor.6.后面接人名可以表示“一个叫……的人”,或是其作品。AMr.Smithisaskingtoseeyou.7.与抽象名词连用,可以表示“一场、一次、一件”。asuccess一件成功的事/一个成功的人;apity一件遗憾的事;anhonour一个引以为荣的人/一件引以为荣的事8.与物质名词连用,表示“一种、一阵、一份”。Whataheavyrain!-15-高考感悟考点归纳3.表示“每”,相当于per,常用于-16-高考感悟考点归纳9.序数词前使用冠词的情况。“the+序数词”表示排序;“a/an+序数词”不表示排序,而表示“又一;再一”。Mr.Lihasdecidedtobuyasecondcar.Ihavefailedtwice,butI’lltryathirdtime.10.比较级和最高级前冠词的选择。“a/an+比较级”表示“(众多人或事物中)比……更……的一个”,属于泛指;“the+比较级”表示“两者中较……的一个”。“the+最高级”表示三者或三者以上的人或事物中“最……的一个”;“amost+形容词”表示“一个很/非常……”,此时后面没有比较范围,most只表示“很,非常”。Tomistheolderofthetwoboys.Thefirstunitisamostdifficultpartbutnotthemostdifficult.-16-高考感悟考点归纳9.序数词前使用冠词的情况。-17-高考感悟考点归纳二、常用含不定冠词的固定搭配allofasudden突然asamatteroffact事实上onceaweek每星期一次ataloss不知所措,茫然beonavisit参观,拜访be/goonadiet节食givesb.alift让某人搭便车haveagiftfor...在……方面有天赋haveagoodtime玩得开心haveawordwith...与……谈话inahurry匆忙地inaway从某种意义上说-17-高考感悟考点归纳二、常用含不定冠词的固定搭配-18-高考感悟考点归纳makealiving谋生takeawalk散步takeaninterestin...对……感兴趣take/havearest休息一会儿-18-高考感悟考点归纳makealiving谋生-19-高考感悟考点归纳考点四

定冠词the一、定冠词的基本用法1.特指上文提到过的、特定的人或事物,或双方都明确的人或事物。Ihaveacar.Thecarisred.Passmethebook,please.2.表示某一类人或物。Thebikeisausefulmeansoftransportation.3.用于世上独一无二的事物名词前。theuniverse;themoon;thePacificOcean4.用于乐器前。playtheviolin;playthepiano-19-高考感悟考点归纳考点四定冠词the-20-高考感悟考点归纳5.表示“一家人”或“夫妇”。—CouldyoutellmethewaytotheGreen’s,please?—Sorry,wedon’thaveaGreenhereinthevillage.6.用于表示国家、党派等以及江、河、湖、海、山川、群岛等名词前。theUnitedStates;theCommunistPartyofChina7.用于表示发明物的单数名词前。ThecompasswasinventedinChina.8.在逢十的复数数词之前,指某世纪的某个年代。inthe1990’s(在20世纪90年代)9.用于表示度量单位的名词前。Ihiredthecarbythehour.(对比Ihiredthecarbytime.)-20-高考感悟考点归纳5.表示“一家人”或“夫妇”。-21-高考感悟考点归纳10.用于形容词或分词前表示一类人。therich;theliving;thewounded11.用于方位名词、身体部位名词前。Thesunrisesintheeast.hitsb.onthehead12.用于普通名词转化而来的专有名词前。theGreatWall;theWestLake-21-高考感悟考点归纳10.用于形容词或分词前表示一类人。-22-高考感悟考点归纳13.与比较级和最高级连用。(1)“the+比较级,the+比较级”表示“越……越……”。Themore,thebetter.(2)表示两者间“较……的一个”,比较级前加the。Whoisthetallerofthetwoboys?(3)三者或三者以上相比较,表示最高程度时,用“the+最高级”的结构表示。这种句式一般常有表示比较范围的介词短语。Maryisthetallestchildinherfamily.-22-高考感悟考点归纳13.与比较级和最高级连用。-23-高考感悟考点归纳二、常用定冠词的固定搭配atthemoment此刻,目前atthesametime同时bytheway顺便说一下onthespot当场makethebest/mostof...充分利用……inthedistance在远处intheend最终inthehabitof有……的习惯theotherday前几天ontheonehand...,ontheotherhand...一方面……,另一方面……tothepoint中肯,切题-23-高考感悟考点归纳二、常用定冠词的固定搭配-24-高考感悟考点归纳考点五

零冠词一、零冠词的基本用法1.专有名词、物质名词和抽象名词表示一般概念时,其前不用冠词。BeijingisthecapitalofChina.Kindnessisvirtue.Snowdissolvesintowater.-24-高考感悟考点归纳考点五零冠词-25-高考感悟考点归纳2.表示季节、月份、星期、节假日、棋类、球类、学科、一日三餐、语言、运动等的名词前一般不加冠词。Springisthebestseasonoftheyear.IhavebeenstudyinginthiscollegesinceJuly,2018.Wehaveaseven-dayholidayonNational

Holiday.Tomenjoysplayingchess.Theboyslikeplayingfootballafterclass.TheycanchooseothersubjectslikeArtandComputer

Science.Doyouhavebreakfastathomeoratschool?-25-高考感悟考点归纳2.表示季节、月份、星期、节假日、棋-26-高考感悟考点归纳3.称呼语、自己的家庭成员及表示头衔、职务的名词做表语、补足语及同位语时,一般不加冠词,但用作主语或宾语时要用冠词。SamhasbeenappointedmanageroftheengineeringdepartmenttotaketheplaceofGeorge.I’mcaptainoftheclassteamatschool.4.当by与表示交通工具的名词连用表示方式时,名词前不用冠词。I’drathertravelbybusthanairplane.-26-高考感悟考点归纳3.称呼语、自己的家庭成员及表示头衔-27-高考感悟考点归纳二、常用零冠词的固定搭配infact事实上 forexample例如indanger在危险中 withpleasure高兴地intime及时 infear恐惧地atwork在上班 atdinner在吃饭afterschool放学后 atfirst起初atlast最终 byhand手工做的payattentionto注意 setfireto放火takepridein以……为豪 takecareof照顾takeoffice就职 takepartin参加intown在城里 keep...inmind牢记introuble处在麻烦中 onfoot步行leaveword留言 ontime按时-27-高考感悟考点归纳二、常用零冠词的固定搭配-28-高考感悟考点归纳catchsightof看见 doharmto对……有害loseweight减肥-28-高考感悟考点归纳catchsightof看见 d-29-ⅠⅡⅢⅠ.单句语法填空1.TheillegalhuntingofTibetantelopeusedtobe

a

seriousprobleminthe1990s.

2.Simmonsandherhusbandgrabbedtwoboardsandpaddleddownthehumanchainuntilshereachedtheswimmers(swimmer).Sherescuedthemonebyone.3.Underthedirectionofthesephilosophical

theories

(theory),thiskungfustylegainsgoodeffectsintheboxingandswordskills.

4.China’ssilkwasintroducedintowestern

countries

(country)throughthisoldtraderoute.

5.Theeastsideoftheirstemsgrowsfasterduring

the

day,causingthestemstograduallybendfromeasttowest.

-29-ⅠⅡⅢⅠ.单句语法填空-30-ⅠⅡⅢ6.JohnDewey,anAmericanpsychologist,oncesaidthatgainingothers’respectisthedeepesturgeinhumannature.7.Ahundredyearsago,explorers(explorer)atthattimeweretakingatremendousriskinapproachingthecoldwonderlandonthesouthernmosttipoftheplanet.8.Infact,figuringoutwhowillgetthebillisalways

a

headachefortheChineseatformalmeals.

9.AsChineseeconomydevelopsveryfastandplays

an

importantroleintheworld,moreandmoreforeignerslearnMandarininConfuciusInstitutes.

10.Chinesepeoplearebecomingricherandmoreinternational.Whathasnotchangedistheirstomachs(stomach).-30-ⅠⅡⅢ6.JohnDewey,anAmerica-31-ⅠⅡⅢⅡ.单句改错1.ShehastaughtusalotofEnglishknowledgesandhowtobeagoodcitizen.knowledges→knowledge2.Firstofall,Chinahasmadeagreatprogressinthesocialandeconomicdevelopmentinthepastdecades,andpeoplehavemoretimeandenergytoenjoytheirlife.去掉a-31-ⅠⅡⅢⅡ.单句改错-32-ⅠⅡⅢ3.Itwasusefulexperienceforallofus,whichI’llneverforgetfortherestofmylife,andwhichI’llalwaystreasure.useful前加a4.Fromthislesson,wecametoconclusionthatitwasnotsodifficulttolearnEnglishifwecouldfindagoodway.conclusion前加a

5.Ihopemyadvicescanhelpyouimproveyourhealth.advices→advice-32-ⅠⅡⅢ3.Itwasusefulexperie-33-ⅠⅡⅢⅢ.语篇填空Villagesindevelopingcountriesoftenlackmanythings:books,cleanwater,electricity.Theseshortagesareeasytosee.But1.

a

differentkindofshortageisnoteasytosee.Thatis2.

the

shortageofexperts.Manyvillageshavenodoctors,engineersorscientists.Theyhavenoonewhoknowshowtotreatunusualmedical3.problems(problem)ordesignanewexpertsystem.Thereisawaytoease4.

the

problems.Theycandoitwith5.computers(computer).In6.

the

pastfewyears,computerscientistsaroundtheworldhavedevelopedwhattheycall“expertsystems”.-33-ⅠⅡⅢⅢ.语篇填空-34-ⅠⅡⅢAnexpertsystemisaspecialkindofcomputerprogram.Insomesituations,itcantake7.

the

placeof8.

a

humanexpert.Forexample,anexpertinthemedicalsystemcanhelptotakecareofasickperson.Afteraskingafew9.

questions

(question)ofthepatient,itcantellwhatmedicineorother10.treatment(treat)isneeded.

-34-ⅠⅡⅢAnexpertsystemisasdsfdbsy384y982ythb3oibt4oy39y409705923y09y53b2lkboi2y58wy0ehtoibwoify98wy049ywh4b3oiut89u983yf9ivh98y98sv98hv98ys9f698y9v698yv98x98tb98fyd98gyd98h98ds98nt98d8genklgb4klebtlkb5ktkeirh893y89ey698vhkrnelkhgi8eyokbnkdhf98hodfhxvy78fd678t9fdu90gys98y9shihixyv78dfhvifndovhf9f8yv9onvkobkwkjfegiudsfdbsy384y982ythb3oibt4oy39y409705923y09y53b2lkboi2y58wy0ehtoibwoify98wy049ywh4b3oiut89u983yf9ivh98y98sv98hv98ys9f698y9v698yv98x98tb98fyd98gyd98h98ds98nt98d8genklgb4klebtlkb5ktkeirh893y89ey698vhkrnelkhgi8eyokbnkdhf98hodfhxvy78fd678t9fdu90gys98y9shihixyv78dfhvifndovhf9f8yv9onvkobkwkjfegiudsfdbsy384y982ythb3oibt4oy39y409705923y09y53b2lkboi2y58wy0ehtoibwoify98wy049ywh4b3oiut89u983yf9ivh98y98sv98hv98ys9f698y9v698yv98x98tb98fyd98gyd98h98ds98nt98d8gendsfdbsy384y982ythb3oibt4oy39y456384866666gjfdghmghm