英文可持续发展文献

Principlesofsustainableurbandevelopment

BackgroundandStrategiesMr.JohannesDell

AS&P-AlbertSpeer&PartnerGmbH,Frankfurt

MitgliedderGeschaftsleitung+Partner/MemberofManagementBoard+Partner

AS&P-ArchitectsConsulting(Shanghai)Co.,Ltd・,Shanghai

ExecutiveDirector

1Introduction

Sincemorethan45years,AS&P-AlbertSpeer&PartnerGmbHhasworkedinthefieldofurbanandarchitecturaldesign,transportationplanningaswellasproject-andprocess-managementinmanyregionsoftheworld.Strategiccitydevelopmentinalargescalewithafocusonresources-efficiencyhasbeenamajorissueintheseprojectsalmostfromthefirstprojectson.Theexperiencesgainedovertheyearshashelpedustoidentifyanumberofthesis'sandstrategiesforsustainableurbandevelopment,whichcanhelptoplan,organizeandimplementcity-growthmoreappropriately;indifferentstagesandscales,fromregionaldevelopmentuptothedesignofsinglebuildings.Inthiscontext,themoretechnicalaspectsofreducingrecoursesconsumptionplayofcourseanimportantrole.Yetapartfromthat,aspectsofsocialharmonization,themixoffunctionstoprovidelively,manifoldanddiversecityscapesand

environmentsmustberecognized.Andlastnotleastthedesignofacityfabric,whichcanbedistinguishedandperceivedbythecitizensas"their”owncity,quarterorneighbourhood.Iamtalkingaboutcitizenshipingeneral,corporategovernance,identificationofthecitizenswiththeircommunity,andintheendaboutcity-marketingor-branding.Cityplanningandurbandesignareintegralpartsofaprocess,whichstartsonaveryabstractlyonastate-orregionalplanninglevelandendswiththeconstructionofourbuildupurbanenvironment,buildings,openspaces,roadsandinfrastructure.Thisprocessrequiresquiteasophisticatedmanagementtobesuccessful,thatmeansthesynchronizationandharmonizationofmanyoftenparallelevolving,sometimeevencontradictorysub-andsideprocesses;inotherwords:theintegrationofallpartsofthepuzzleintothebiggerpicture.Asthecityisunderstoodasalivingorganism,oracomplex,dynamicsystem,thisprocess-managementrequiresnotonlyaparticipatoryandtransparentcommunication-culturewhichintegratestherelevantstakeholders.Itaswellrequiresalotofflexibility,aswellasconstantamendmentandrefinement.Inthissense,thefixedvisionsandimagesofa"MasterPlan”whichtriestopreciselyregulateeverythinguptodetailisnolongerappropriate.Ithastobereplacedbyamoreflexibleplanningtoolwhichallowsorganizing,steeringandmoderatingtheplanningprocessatleastascomprehensivelyastheimplementationoftheresults.Thiswillbepointedoutmoredetailedinthefollowing.Frommypointofviewandmyexperienee,thebiggestandmostseriousshortcominginmostcity-planningprojectswhichIcameacrossinchina,isastillunderdevelopedunderstandingofsuchprocessesandtheirmanagement.Inabroadersensethecityasanorganismmeansthatthetechnical,social,culturalandpoliticalsystems,theirdifferentelementsandthenetworkstheyconstituteshouldberegardedasakindoforganicentity,which"reacts”and"behaves”quitesimilarto“natural”organicentitieswecalleco-system.

Assuch,itmoreorlessdirectlytendstofollowtheprinciplesinherenttoecological,organic,"living”systems.Amongtheserules,therearetwowhichseemtobeofutmostimportanee,astheystronglydetermineasystemsabilitytodevelop,flexiblyadoptandthusintheendsurvive:thesystemstendencytoefficiency,namelytoobtainresource-efficiency,aswellasitstendencyto(self)-organizeasade-centralizednetwork-structureofbasicallysimilarandselfsustained,"humanscale”entitiesormodules,(quarters,subcentres,coreareas,satellitesorwhatevertheymightbecalled)whichconstituteaLargerCities,“Mega-Cities”or“AgglomerationAreas”urbanfabric.

Theideaunderplayingtheseprincipleswithregardtourbandesignisrepresentedbyacomparativelynewsystemicapproachtowardscityplanning:theshiftfromanunderstandingofurbandevelopmentasmerelytechnicallydetermined(stronglyrelatedtoinfrastructure),toaninterpretationthatregardsurbanagglomerationsasnon-linear,dynamic,sometimesevenchaoticsystems(whichhaveindeedmanycharacteristicsincommonwithcomplexlivingorganismsandorganisations).Likealllivingorganismsbytheway,citiesexperieneedifferentphasesintheirlife-time,andtheycanaswellfallill!TheBelgianarchitectLucienKrollaswellhas,alreadymanyyearsago,rightfullyposedthequestionwhetherUrbanDevelopmentisanevolutionaryprocess.Accordingtoourunderstanding,theanswerisyes.

Toahugeextend,theabovementionedprinciplesaredecisiveforwhatweusetocall"sustainableurbandevelopment”.

(side-note:SustainableUrbanDevelopmentisunderstoodasaprocessof

balancingconstantlychangingdeterminingfactorsofcitydevelopment,withtheaimtoprovidetothecitizens:

-satisfyingwork

-integrate,stablesocialconditions

-adequatemobility

-politicalsystemwithbalancedrepresentationofinterestsandvalues

-adequatepublicservices

-builtenvironmentservingtheneedsofmoderneconomicandlifestylewithoutoverstretchingthenaturalenvironmentscapacitytoregenerate.)

wouldliketounderlinetheimportaneeofsuchkindofdevelopmentGiventhestillacceleratingprocessofurbanisation,especiallyinchina,thelargecitiesormegacitiesinfactprovidethebattlegroundswhetherappropriateliving

conditionsforthegenerationstocomecanbeprovidedornot!

Framework-conditionsoftoday'sCityvelopmentinChina

Thegeneralframeworkconditionsaresetbythesocalledglobal"Mega

trends”:

Globalisation,understoodasincreasinginteractionand

interdependencebetween“globalplayerregionsProducinganewdivisionofurbanlabour,ofproductionandservicescapacities,atthesametimeincreasingcompetitionbetweentheseregionstoattractthemostcapableglobaleconomicplayersandgroupsofinhabitants(mobilityofthe"Brains”，"knowledgenomads”).

-Urbanisation,regardedasthehugestshiftfromruraltourbanpopulationinworld'shistory,creatingcomplex,manmadesettlementpatternsandinfrastructuralsystemswithhighdensityandaneedforsophisticatedprocessingandspatialorganisation.(Thedrivingforcesbehindurbanisationare:industrialisation(indevelopingcountries)respectivelyde-industrialisation(growthofservicesector),mobility,telecommunicationsrevolution,information/evolution)

-Systemicapproach:asalreadymentioned,(Shiftfromanunderstandingofurbandevelopment^stechnicallydetermined,toa^ninterpretationthatregardsurbanagglomerationsasnon-linear,dynamic,sometimesevenchaoticsystemswhichhavemanycharacteristicsincommonwithcomplexlivingorganismsandorganisations.)

-Demographicchange:theshiftinthecompositionofage-groups,the"agingpopulation”，firstinthehighlyindustrializedsocietiesinthedevelopedcountries,subsequentlyandalreadystarting(China!)intherapidlyurbanisingregionsofthedevelopingworld,willleadtoradicallynewapproachesinliterallyallfieldsofpolitical,social,economicandculturallive.(Itwillinflictgovernmentalaswellasprivatesocialandinsurancesystems,healthcareandeducation,childcareandelderly-housing,labourtimeandconditions,leisuretimeandtourismactivities,mobility,transportationandotherinfrastructuralsystems,taxationregulations)

Anumberofkeyfiguresandstatisticsclearlyconfirmtheimpactofthesemegatrendsonourfuturelife:

UrbanPopulationwilldoublefrom2000to2025from2,4billionto5billion.

-By2050,app.75to80%oftheearth'spopulationwillliveincities(today:47%)

-InChinaalone,anestimated300.000.000to350.000.000(newerstudiesevenpredict450.000.000migrantswithinthecoming25years)peoplewillhavetobeaccommodatedas"NewCitizens”inexistingorenewlytobuildcitiesoverthenext15years(ifthemanyestimatesbydifferentorganisationsandinstituteswillproofright;theyvaryroughlybetween250millionand400million).GiventheaveragehouseholdsizeinChinesecities(app.26sqm/capitaincities;forcomparison:Germany:38sqm/capita;USA:60sqm/capita),atotalofapp.120.000.000newhouseholdshavetobebuilt,includingallnecessaryinfrastructures,frompowerplants,airports,railwaystations,roads,waterandsewagesystems,hospitalsandschoolstotheneighbourhoodshopandteahouse.Togiveacomparison:theconstructioneffortneededtoachievethisaimequalsthecompletebuildingandinfrastructureconstructionofGermany.Notone,butthreetimes!

Itisnoexaggerationtodrawfromtheabovementionedfirst:thatthereishardlyanyalternativetosustainablecitydevelopmentandsecond:thattimehasalreadystartedtorunout!Itisobviousthatthisunderstandingofcityplanningrequiresanadequateresponsefromarchitects,urbandesigners,administrativemunicipalbodiesinvestorsandpoliticaldecisionmakers.Thisresponseisallthemoredifficultbecauseprocessesinurbandevelopmentplanningnormallyprogressquitslowly,atleastwhenitcomestodurablebuiltupstructures.Theirimplementationnormallyrequiresaconsiderableeffort,inplanning,organisationandmanagement,recourses'inputaswellasinvestment(anditnormallyaffectsthelivesofnumerouscitizens).Incontrast,thetimepressureimposedbydynamicchangeslikemigration,technicalinnovation,automobilisation,socialandeconomicprogressisalreadyhighandevenaccelerating.Itisnoteasytokeeppacewiththesechanges.Thisiswhywebelievethatastrongstrategicplanningforceataregionalplanninglevelisnecessarytosupporttheeffortsoflocalplanningbodiesintheirwork,orputintootherwords:setupandafterthatcontrolandreinforceguidelinesforthe"selforganisingindividualentities”ofacity.

Tosummarizethekeystatements:

-Citiescanberegardedas"livingorganisms”，animatedbytheircitizens

-Theytendtodiversifyandselforganizeinanetworkofpartlyselfcontainedentities

-Sustainability,orrecoursesefficiency,isanaturalprerequisiteofanyhealthyorganicsystem,henceaswellofa"healthy”city-network-planningauthoritiesonaregional,strategiclevelshouldbesetupandbeinchargetoobserve,guideline,superviseandcontrolurbandevelopment-Process-orientationisasimportantasresult-orientation;theplanningprocessanditsappropriatemanagementaredecisiveforthequalityoftheimplementedandoperationofplanningresults.

CSampleprojectsbyAS&P

AS&P节选项目

Whatdoesthismeanfortheworkofaplannerandurbandesigner,inverypracticaltermsofsettingupandimplementingurbanplanning?Andwhatcanwedrawfromourpracticalexperieneeinrealizedprojects?Duringtherecentyears,ourofficehasbeeninvolvedinvariousplanningprojectsforlargercities,nottheleastinShanghai.ThecitydevelopmentinShanghaiaswellasother,rapidlygrowing"secondtier”citieslikeChangchun,withitstremendousactivitiesintheconstructionsector,offerstheopportunitytofunctionasashowcaseforcitydevelopmentstrategies,future-orientedurbanDevelopmentandsustainablebuildingtechnologiesinChineseMegacitiesbyimplementingandtestingsampleprojects・Oururbanplanningforthe"ChangchunAutomotiveIndustriesDevelopmentArea,CAIDA”andaseriesoffollowingprojectsinthecityofChangchun,workedoutoveratimespanofaround5years,atleastpartlyexemplifiesourapproach.Together,theseprojectswellrepresentwhatwecall"strategiccitydevelopmentplanning”，astheycoveratotalplanningareaofapp.2.000sqkmandrangefromregionalplanninginthescaleof1:10.000uptotheconstructiondesignforanumberofbuildings.Apartfromthat,duringthelast10years,ourofficehasgainedampleexperieneewithaseriesoflow-,orevenzeroenergybuildingsaccordingtotheveryrigidGermanenergysavingstandards.Westronglybelievethatthebasicideasoftheseprojectsstillrepresentanappropriateapproachtosustainableurbandevelopment.ParalleltoourengagementinChinawehavebeeninvolvedinstrategiccitydevelopmentplanninginalargerscaleinvariouscountriesandhavegatheredexperienee,amongothers,intheSaudiArabiancapitalRiyadh,BakuinAzerbaijan,inNigeriawiththeplanningforgreaterAbujaaswellasregionalplanningfortheRhein-Main-AreaaroundFrankfurtamMain,Germany.Althoughthesecity'sframeworkconditionsarecompletelydifferent(andreachfrompopulation-shrinkagewithover-agingproblemstodynamicorevenhypergrowthwithover-proportionofunderagedpopulationcombinedwithinsufficientinfrastructure),therearesomeprinciplesthatseemtobealmost"universally”applicable.Theyaresummarisedinthefollowingandrepresenttheexperiencesofourworkduringtherecentyears:

StrategieA:

Theprincipleof"de-centralisedconcentration”mayserveasthebasictooltoimproveurbandevelopmentinagglomerationareas:

RegardingUrbanPlanning,thePreservationofecologicalresourcesandstringentprotectionoftheenvironmentconstitutethebasisforsustainabledevelopment.ToachievethesegoalsitismostimportanttosteertheOrganisationofsettlementpatternswithinanareaonaregionalplanningscale.Densityanddistributionoflanduse,locationandsizeofopenspace,andacorrespondingnetworkoftransportationandtechnicalinfrastructureareessentialrequirementsforefficientdevelopment.Thecharacteroftheurbanfabricbasicallydefinesthequalityofpersonandfreightrelatedmobility,services,microclimateortheefficiencyoftheurbansystemasawholeinclusiveofitssocialstructure.Thisplanningprincipleof"de-centralisedconcentration”allowsforaproperdevelopmentcontrolinmetropolitanareas,itsuggestsadenselyinterlinkednetworkofconcentratedsubcentreswithparticularvitalfunctionswithinthedecentralizedurbanfabricofamegacityoragglomerationarea.Concentrationwillcreatecompactsettlemententitiesbasedonlimitedconsumptionoflandandeffectiveinfrastructurenetworks.Whileade-centralisedplanningapproachwillleadtoself-containedurbanentitiesprovidingefficientanddurabletechnicalandsocialstructures.

Concentration,aslimitedconsumptionofland,requireshighurbandensities,whichisunfamiliartomostEuropeanorNorth-Americancities.WhileforexamplethenumberofinhabitantspersqkmincentralLondonorParisvariesbetweensome25.000and38.000(inBerlin's"Mitte”-district,bytheway,its7.500);itreachesover50.000inShanghai'sorHonkong'smostdenselypopulateddistricts.TherecentrestrictionssetinChinatolimitvilla-compounddevelopmentinurbanareaspointintotherightdirection.Itisimportanttocomplementthenetworkofbuildupareasandsubcenterswithanetworkofopenspaceswhichserveasgreenandasinfrastructurecorridors.Thissettlementpatternhasprovedhighlyefficientinmanyfieldsofplanningandimplementationofcitydevelopment,whiletheattempttocentrallyplan,organizeandimplementthedevelopmentofhighlycomplexsystemshassignificantdisadvantages,increasinglysowithgrowingsizeandincreasinginterdependencebetweenitselements.Giventhedimensionofmegacities,thishastobedoneonthelevelofRegionalPlanning.ItismostimportanttostrengthenandimproveRegionalplanningcapacity,atthesametimeintensifyingco-operationbetweenplannersandlocalauthorities.Webelievethatintheverynearfuture,thekeycriterionforwhetheraurbanismprojectisregardedsustainablewillbeitsefficiencyinland-use.Thepreservationofthestilllargestandmostefficientsolarcollectoronourplanet,namelyarableland,willbeparamount.

changchunprojectstogether

wuxitourismdevelopment

StrategyB:

„Thedown-townIandscape"isavitalstructuralelementtocompensatetheland

useforbuilt-upareasinmegacitiesToday'srapidgrowingmegacitiesdosignificantlylackdowntownopenspace

andregionalgreenbeltsinadimensiontobecalled“landscape”Thiscannotbebalaneedbyartificialwaterways,parksandstreetrelatedgreenbeltsonly.Megacitiesdemandaprofoundecologicalinner-city-landscapeplanning.Thefunctionofinner-city-landscapeismanifold,tonamethemostimportant:-Localclimateimprovement,betterexchangeoffreshair,reductionofairpollution.

-helptoestablishanorderly,recognisablestructure,understoodassequentialmixofopenlandscapeandbuilt-upareasoftheagglomerationwhichmakesitfabricmore"readable”toitsinhabitants.

-helptomaintainthehumanscalewithinlargesettlements

-Urbanagriculturecansupportprovisionfoodsupplieswithshorttransportationways(reductionoftraffic)

-Locatingsportsandrecreationfacilitiesembeddedwithinthedown-townlandscape,intheimmediatevicinityofresidentialareasleadstoreductionofLeisuretimemobility(whichforexampleinGermanygenerates50%ofthetotalofindividualtransportation(km/person))

-Offercorridorsforfutureimplementationoftransportation,aswellassupply/disposalinfrastructure.

Changchunnorth-centre,CAIDA

Changchundongbei

StrategyC:

Thecompatible"OrganisationofMobility”inmegacitiescallsforaprefereneeof

publictransportationTheorganisationofpassengerandfreightgeneratedmobilityisakeyissueinmegacitiesbothwithregardtoecologicalandeconomicreasons.Aboveandbeyondconstructionofagiventransportationinfrastructure,itsoperationisalsocrucial.Whatisnecessaryisanetworked,integratedtrafficmanagementsystemencompassingmultiplemodesoftransport.Thisrequiresnotonlyinvestmentinhigh-techsolutions(detection,satellitenavigation,centralisedadministration,etc.),butalsoanewlyintegratedmannerofthinkingonthepartofindividualoperatorsandorganisations.Tothisend,solutionswillbedeveloped,inpartwithassistaneefromAS&P,inboththeEuropeanandAmericanmarkets.Theseareamustforthesustainablesafeguardingofmobilityinthemegacitiesofthefuture.Awellfunctioningpublictransportationsystemistheonlychaneetoguaranteemobilityin21stcentury.Consequentmeanstowardsthisgoalwillhaveapositiveimpactontheurbanstructuralfabricasawhole.Aboveall,publictransport,incontrasttoindividualtraffic,willdrasticallyreduceairpollutionaswellasenergyconsumption.Organisingaregionalplanningwithregardtoreductionofmobilityisthekeytooverallsustainabledevelopmentandreductionofenergyconsumption.Notonlythis,efficienttransportationhelpstosaveatremendousamountoftimewhichisnowspentinendlesstrafficjamsandrepresentsagiganticwasteof"humanresources”！——HefeiBRTstudy

——Changchunyingyue

StrategyD:

"Networksofinfrastructuresystems”areaprerequisiteforsustainableurbanDevelopmentOrganicgrowthandconstantrejuvenationhavebecomeoneofthemajorobjectivesinstrategicMegaCitydevelopmentplanning,inparticularappliedtoinfrastructuralsystems,leavingmorespacetotheself-organisationofthe"CityOrganism”."Wethinkofcityinfrastructureasstaticinthecentre,growingattheedges.ButtheentireinfrastructureofEuropeancitiescompletelyturnsoverin50years.(CitiesonEarth,byPaulHawken,executivedirectoroftheNaturalCapitalInstituteinSausalito,California,in:UrbanLand,August2005)Onlytheintroductionofanintelligentnetworkofinfrastructuresystemswithinthemegacitieswillpreserveresourcesandreduceemissionsdrastically.Todevelopandoptimiseinfrastructuresystemsaninterdisciplinaryplanningapproachisnecessary,whichfinallyleadstoasustainablesolution.Urbanplanningandplanningofurbantechnicalfacilitieshastobeconductedsimultaneously.Thevariousfieldsofinfrastructure(watersupply,sewage,wastetreatmentaswellasheatingandair-conditioning)maynolongerbeoptimisedseparatelyandsequently,butratherjointlyandparallel,theyhaveto

beconsideredasonesystem,tobeintegratedinoneurbantechnicalnetwork.——urbantechnologies-buildingtechnologies——energygeneration—co2certificates

StrategyE:

Efficiencyincitymanagementanduseoffinancialresourceswillprofitfromclose

"co-operationwithprivateorganisationalstructures”Theprocessofurbandevelopmentcallsforoptimisingtheorganisationalstructures.TheorganisationandmanagementofaPrivatePublicPartnershipprovidesforaproperuseoffinancialresourcesandlastingeconomicsuccess.

Thefollowingkeyissueshavetobetakenintoaccount:

-Organisationofprocessorientedapproachestoidentifyavarietyofconcepts

-Replacementofmasterplansbyplanningtoolsallowingforcontinuousupdating

-Simultaneousworkinallrelevanttasks,schedulingoftheplanningprocesstoallowforaconstantexchangeofinformationwithdeadlinesfordecisionmaking.

-Introductionofad-hocinstitutionstoworkasspecialprojectstaskforceinadditiontotheformalresponsibilityoftheadministration

-Participationofprivatepublicpartnershipintheplanningprocessbyassemblingallplayersconcernedinad-hocorganisations

StrategyF:

Theprincipleofresourcesefficiencymustbefollowedthroughouttheentireplanningprocess,fromtheregionalplanningtotheconceptionofthesinglebuilding.Anychainisonlyasstrongasitsweakestlink.Theefficientuseofrecoursesandenergyinparticularhastobefollowedfromtheproductionthroughthetransportanddistributiontotheend-users.Withregardtourbanplanningandbuildingconstructionthismeansthatonlyparallelandjointeffortsonalllevelsandinallscalesofplanningwillprovideforanoptimumofefficiencyinuseofresourcesandenvironmentalpreservation.Thegeneralplanningapproachtowardssust