第八单元知识与智慧

Unit8

KnowledgeandWisdomByBertrandRussellKnowledge&WisdomWhatarethedifferencesbetweenknowledgeandwisdom?CanyougivesomeexamplesofWISDOM?

KnowledgeandWisdomWisdom:agoodsenseofjudgment,basedespeciallyontheexperienceoflife;knowledgegainedoveralongperiodoftimethroughlearningorexperience.“wise”&“clever”Backgroundinfo–theauthorHisachievementsAninfluentialBritishmathematician,philosopher,andlogician.Aprolificwriter,BertrandRussellwasalsoapopulariserofphilosophyandacommentatoronalargevarietyoftopics,rangingfromveryseriousissuestothemundane.BertrandRussell(May.18,1872–Feb.2,1970)FocusoftheunitTounderstandthelogicaswellasthewayRussellputsforwardhisideas.Toappreciatehisartofwriting.Toreadmoreandexpandmoreaboutthisman,histhoughts,aswellashiswritings.Totrytogainsomewisdom.Mainidea&StructureThetextisneatlystructured,withthefirstparagraphintroducingthetopicandtheotherfourparagraphselaboratingonit.Eachofthefourparagraphsdiscussesonefactorthatcontributestowisdom.Whatwillbetalkedaboutinthisessay?Whatwisdomisandwhatcanbedonetoteachit.OriginaltextMainidea&StructureIdentifythetopicsentenceofPara.2-5andthe4factorsthatconstitutewisdom.1.Asenseofproportionandcomprehensivevision2.Acertainawarenessoftheendsofhumanlife3.Thechoicetopursuewhichendandemancipationfrompersonalprejudice4.Theemancipationfromhereandnow,soastoachieveimpartialityPartI:IntroductionIsknowledgeequaltowisdom,i.e.whenknowledgeincreases,wisdomwillincreaseaccordingly?Althoughouragefarsurpassesallpreviousagesinknowledge,therehasbeennocorrelativeincreaseinwisdom.Thegainofknowledgedoesnotnecessarilyleadtotheincreaseofwisdom.Correlative;Correlate;Correlationcorrelatewithsth;correlateAwithB:v.haveamutualrelationorconnection,esp.ofaffectingordependingoreachother--Wecanoftencorrelateagewithfrequencyofillness.付出的努力与取得的成就是相关的。--Achievementscorrelatewithefforts.correlative:adj.havingorshowingarelation--Rights,whethermoralorlegal,caninvolvecorrelativeduties.Comparison:relative(adj.)relativetosth:adj.

1.consideredinrelationorproportiontosb/sthelse;comparativeTheamountofpetrolacarusesisrelativetoitsspeed.取得的成就与付出的努力成比例。--Achievementsarerelativetoefforts.2.beconnectedwithitArethesequestionsrelativetothematterconcerned?Factor1:ComprehensivenessOftheseIshouldputfirstasenseofproportion:thecapacitytotakeaccountofalltheimportantfactorsinaproblemandtoattachtoeachitsdueweight.Amongthecontributingfactorsofwisdom,Ishouldregardasenseofproportionasthetoppriority.Itreferstotheabilitytogetacomprehensiveviewofaproblem,andatthesametime,toknowwhichaspectismoreimportantandwhichisless.Duedue:adj.proper,adequateDuecaremustbetakenwhileoneisdriving.Withallduerespect,Idisagreewithyoucompletely.Thecompany’sproblemisduetoacombinationofbadluckandpoormanagement.Myrentisn’tduetillWednesday.Sheisdueforpromotionsoon.Thetrainisduein5minutes.Supportingtheargument:examplesTwoexampleshavebeengiventoillustratethepoint.Identifytheexamplesandtrytounderstandhowtheseexamplessupporttheargument.Problem1:researchinscientificmedicineWhenyousucceed,forthefieldofmedicineandalsoforthefieldoutsidemedicine,therearepossibleconsequences…Problem2:thestudyofthecompositionofatomWhenyousucceed,youcreatedthepowerfulnuclearweapons,butatthesametime,…ComprehensivevisionTheproblem,accordingtotheessay,ispartlyduetothefactthatitisnowmoredifficulttoacquireasenseofproportion,ortheabilitytoassigndifferentweightstovariousfactorsrespectively,thusachievingbalance.Inconsequence,breakthroughsinsciencearelikelytobringaboutcorrespondingharmstothehumanrace.

disinterested&uninterestedWeneedtheadviceofadisinterestedparty.Iamcompletelyuninterestedinfootball.disinterested:

adj.havingnopersonalinvolvementorreceivingnopersonaladvantage,andthereforeabletojudgeasituationfairly.disinterestedness:n.Translation从他身高的比例来看，他的脚其实很小。--Hisfeetaresmallinproportiontohisheight.这个月的进出口比令政府担忧。--Theproportionofimportstoexportsofthismonthisworryingthegovernment.这张沙发和客厅不成比例。--Thesofaisoutofproportionwiththelivingroom.你认为他说的话重要吗？--Doyouattachanyimportancetowhathesaid?Factor2:anawarenessofthegoalsManyeminenthistorianshavedonemoreharmthangoodbecausetheyviewedfactsthroughthedistortingmediumoftheirownpassions.Viewpointsofmanydistinguishedhistorianshaveprovedharmfulbecausetheiropinionswerebiasedanddistortedbytheirnarrowfeelings.AnalyzethesentencestructureButthechieflessonofhistorywhichhesoughttoinculcatewasthatfromtheyear400ADdowntohisowntimeGermanyhadbeenthemostimportantnationandthestandard-bearerofprogressintheworld.Subject:thechieflessonofhistoryPredicate:wasPredicative:thatfrom…intheworldAttributive

Clause:whichhesoughttoinculcateComprehensivenessinfeelingToimplantwisdom,oneisrequiredtomakeeffortstorestrainthenarrowpersonalfeelingsandhaveamoreextensivepassionforhumanlife.Wisdomconsistsnotonlyoftheabilitytojudgewhatismostimportantbutalsoofafullawarenessofthegoalsofhumanlife.Hegel’sphilosophicalsystemHegel’sphilosophicalsystemwasperhapsthemostambitioussinceAristotle,comprisinglogic,psychology,religion,aesthetics,history,law.PantheismisthemotivatingforceandthecoreofHegel’ssystem.Itisanidealisticpantheism,inwhichallexistenceandallhistoryarepartofGod’scomicself-development.AccordingtoHegel,Godisabsolutespirit.Buthealsodesirestomanifesthimselfandtomakepeopleknowhimself.Hegelseemstohavehadanethnocentricandegocentricview.TheGermannationwerethehighestcarrierofthewaveofGod’sdevelopment.HegelhadanimmerseinfluenceonGermanthought,notalwayspositive.SomeofhisideashadaclearaftermathstretchingdowntoHitler:hisinsistenceontheidentificationoftheindividual,thenationandthestate,etc.Translation学校给学生灌输尊重法律的思想。--Theschooltriestoinculcateinstudentsarespectforlaw.即使是最出色的医生也治不了他。--Eventhemosteminentdoctorcannotcurehim.他是粗心，而不是愚蠢。--Heismorethoughtlessthanstupid.Factor3:nobleendstobepursuedWhatdoes“inthechoiceofendstobepursued”mean?Tochoosethereallymeaningfulgoalstopursue,goalsthatcantrulydogoodtomankindandnotwasteone’slife.ParaphraseEvenanendwhichitwouldbenobletopursueifitwereattainablemaybepursuedunwiselyifitisinherentlyimpossibleofachievement.Ifanendwerepossibletobeachieved,itmightbenobletopursue.Butifitisboundtofail,itisunwisetopursueit.Itwouldbeunwisetopursueagoalthatisboundtofail,althoughitmightbenobletodoso.Philosopher’sstone&ElixirAlchemywasaformofchemistrystudiedintheMiddleAges,whichwasconcernedwithtryingtodiscoverwaystochangeordinarymetalsintogold.MutualunderstandingMr.AAlistofvicesaboutMr.B(somearetrue;somearefalse)Mr.BAlistofvicesaboutMr.A(somearetrue;somearefalse)hateeachkilltheotherappallingYou,asMr.CMr.Bhasyourlistofvices.Mr.Ahasyourlistofvices.Increasethehatred,Horrifiedbecauseofinjusticenormalshareofhumanwickedness,HarmfulAccordingtoRussell,thevicesofthelackofwisdomareobviousandpalpable,rangingfromdisturbancetopubliclife,includingmostnotablytheupsetofworldpeace,tounpleasantincidentsinprivatelife.So,wisdomisnecessaryforbothpersonalandglobaldevelopments.Translation奴隶的解放是美国政治历史上的一个里程碑(milestone).TheemancipationofslavesisamilestoneinthepoliticalhistoryofAmerica.要解决这个问题你必须从旧思想中解放出来。Emancipationfromoldthoughtsisneededifyouwanttoresolvetheproblem.他对流行音乐怀有偏见。Hehasaprejudiceagainstpopmusic.这部选集显示出对现代作家有所偏爱。Thisanthologyrevealsaprejudiceinfavorofwritersofmoderntimes.牛津大学授予他荣誉博士学位.Anhonorarydoctoratewasconferred

onhimbytheOxfordUniversity.EmancipationEmancipatesbfromsth:setsbfree,esp.frompolitical,legalorsocialrestrictions.Womenarestillstrugglingtobefullyemancipated.Emancipationfromsth:freedomfrompolitical,moral,intellectualorsocialrestraintsoffensivetoreasonorjusticeEmancipationProclamationByAbrahamLincolnduringtheAmericanCivilWar奴隶的解放是美国政治历史上的一个里程碑(milestone).TheemancipationofslavesisamilestoneinthepoliticalhistoryofAmerica.要解决这个问题你必须从旧思想中解放出来。Emancipationfromoldthoughtsisneededifyouwanttoresolvetheproblem.PrejudicePrejudiceagainst/infavorofsb/sth:opinion,likeordislikeofsb/sth,thatisnotfoundedonexperienceorreason.Color/racialprejudiceInordertosucceedyouneedtoeyourprejudice.他对流行音乐怀有偏见。Hehasaprejudiceagainstpopmusic.这部选集显示出对现代作家有所偏爱。Thisanthologyrevealsaprejudiceinfavorofwritersofmoderntimes.conferconfersthonsb:togiveorgrantThehonorwasconferredonhimjustafterthewar.牛津大学授予他荣誉博士学位.AnhonorarydoctoratewasconferredonhimbytheOxfordUniversity.conferwithsbon/aboutsth:tohavediscussionsesp.inordertoexchangeopinionsorgetadviceSheconferredwithheradvisersbeforemakingadecision.Asitis/was;AsitwereAsitis;asitwas:inreality,intheactualsituationIthoughtthingswouldgetbetter,butasitis,theyaregettingworse.我们本来是6点30分到达的，但是实际上，我们午夜才到达目的地。Weexpectedtoarriveat6:30,butasitwas,wedidn’tgettothedestinationuntilmidnight.Asitwere:asif,inasubjunctivemoodHebecame,asitwere,amanwithoutaheart.看着她好像看见我自己一样。Shewasmysecondself,asitwere.Factor4:essenceofwisdomWhat,accordingtoRussell,istheessenceofwisdom?Theessenceofwisdomisemancipation,asfaraspossible,fromthetyrannyofhereandnow.Ithinktheessenceofwisdomistogetone’shorizonsfreefromtheconfinementoftimeandspace.ImpartialityWecannothelptheegoismofoursenses.Itisnaturallydifficultformantoattainimpartiality,asmanisnaturallyboundupbyhisownphysicalstatesfromhisbirth.Ashegrows,however,hishorizonwidens,hisconcernsgetbeyondfromthelimitsoftimeandspace,andhisfeelingsemoreimpersonal,thusthegrowthofimpartialityandwisdom.EgoEgo:individual'sperceptionorexperienceofhimself,esp.inrelationtootherpeopleortotheoutsideworld;partofthemindthatcanthink,feelandactEgoism:stateofmindinwhichoneisalwaysthinkingaboutoneselfandwhatisbestforoneselfExtension:Freud“Id,Ego,Super-ego”SigmundFreudwasanAustrianneurologistwhobecameknownasthefoundingfatherofpsychoanalysis.Freudcametoseepersonalityashavingthreeaspects,whichworktogethertoproduceallofourcomplexbehaviors:theId,theEgoandtheSuperego.TheId,Ego,SuperegoTHEID(“It”):irrationalandemotionalpartofthemind;TheIdistheprimitivemind.Itcontainsallthebasicneedsandfeelings.THEEGO:(“I”):therationalpartofthemindTheEgodevelopsoutofgrowingawarenessthatyoucan’talwaysgetwhatyouwant.THESUPEREGO(“Over-I”):themoralpartofthemindItstoresandenforcesrules.Itconstantlystrivesforperfection,eventhoughthisperfectionidealmaybequitefarfromrealityorpossibility.ParaphraseThisisofcourseamatterofdegree.Thewritersuggeststhatpeoplecannotavoidbeingpartial.Thedifferencebetweenawisemanandanunwisemanistheformerhasalesserdegreeofpartiality.Asoneesmoreimpartial,hiswisdomgrows.Translation他的问题是与他和他父母紧张的关系紧密相连的。Hisproblemisboundupwithhistenserelationshipwithhisparents.他决心出国读书，开拓视野。Heisdeterminedtopursuehisstudiesabroad,soastowidenhishorizon.他们在讨论敏感问题的时候不偏不倚。Theyshowedcompleteimpartialityindiscussingthesensitiveissue.AssignmentReadsomechaptersofRussell’sProblemofChina,andrelatetowhatyouhavealreadyknownfromhistory.Youareencouragedtodosomecriticalthinking.Exercise-ComprehensionI.CII.FTTFFIV.Itwouldbeunwisetopursueagoalthatisboundtofail,althoughitwouldbenobletodoso.Ithinktheessenceofwisdomistogetone’shorizonfreefromtheconfinementoftimeandspace.VocabularyI.1.take…intoconsideration;giveproperimportancetoeach2.Certainly/Veryprobably;broughtagoodandhelpfuleffecttomankind;actually3.totalkaboutsomethinglessimportantorlessworthy;destroyorruineachother4.closelyconnectedwith;dependenton5.accordinglyVocabularyII.pursueceasedattainableenmitypopuloussurpassedimpartialappallinglyVocabularyIII.beneficiariesundesirablehorizontallydescendantsincreasinglyPhilosophicalundulystandardizationVocabularyIII.seektoputfirstengageinrequireofbeboundupwithdescendtoconferuponcontributeto1.requiredof2.soughtto3.descendedto4.putfirst5.contributedto6.engagein7.conferred…upon8.boundupwithVocabularyIV.