跨文化交际课件01new

GatewaytoInterculturalCommunication

跨文化交际导论

Weekone1.tohelplearnersbecomemoresensitivetointerculturalcommunicationdifferences2.toprovidelearnerswiththeknowledgeandskills3.morecompetentincommunicatingwithpeoplefromotherculturesA.PurposeofThisCourseRequirements1.Attendance2.involvementintheclassactivities3.pre-readingifthematerialsareavailableChapterone

IntroductiontointerculturalcommunicationWhatisinterculturalcommunication?Peoplefromdifferentcountriesmaychoosedifferentwaystodealwiththesamesituations.Thus,sometimes,misunderstandingarises.CulturalDifferencesWarming-upSituation1

–homevisitSituation2

–toapartySituation3

–beinginvitedtodinnerSituation4

–anappointmentSituation5

–aninterviewWarming-upHowtodealwiththesesituations?Situation1:Onyourwayhome,itoccurredtoyouthatyourAmericanfriendMaryhadinvitedyoutovisitherwhenyouwerefree.Thenyoudropped

inonherhouse.

Butwhenyouknockedatthedoor…Warming-upInChina,it’sOKtovisitfriendswithoutcallingaheadoftime.WhileintheU.S.,it’simpolite

todoso.Maryfeltsurprised.Why?Warming-up

WhatisthepolitewayintheU.S.?Callingaheadoftime.Warming-upSituation2:YourAmericanfriendinvitedyoutoherpartytonightat7:30.Whenareyousupposed

togetthere?Why?A.Before7:00,tohelphertoprepare.B.5’~10’late,nottobethefirstguest.C.After8:00,I’mtheVIP.D.5’~10’earlier,it’sapolitewaytoshowmyrespectforher.Warming-upIntheU.S.,peopletendtobe_____________.

InChina,closefriendstendtoarrive_______________，butacquaintancestendtoarrive_______________.5’~10’late(B)before7:00(A)

5’~10’earlier(D)Warming-upSituation3:YourAmericanfriendinvited

youtoherhousefordinnerat6:30.

Whenareyousupposedtogetthere?A.Rightontime.B.Befashionablylate.C.Halfanhourlate.D.About5’－10’earlier.TheAmericans：ATheChinese:BWarming-upSituation4:Dr.TomDivernfromNYispracticingmedicineinaruralareainArab.Hisopeningday

wasbookedfullyaweekago.ButhalfanhourWhy?Why?Why?Why?Warming-uppassed,

neitherofhisfirsttwopatientsarrived.Americanstendtobe_________.TotheArabians,________________________isacceptable.punctualhalfanhouror40minuteslateWarming-upDuringaninterview,theAmericanbossasksaboutyourideaonsalaryasasecretary,whichanswerwillbegoodforyou?Situation5:Warming-up1.AnysumofmoneyisOKforme.2.Atleast$2500,I’mthebest.Warming-up3.Oh,moneyisnot

importanttome.Idon’tcomehere

simplyformoney.4.$1,000a

month.Icanmakeit.Warming-upInAmerica,aperson’ssuccessisbasedonhowmuchmoneyhemakes.AndAmericansarenotafraidofshowingtheirconfidence.TomostChinese,it’dbetheresponsibilityofthecompanytodecidethesalaryaccordingtotheemployee’sperformance.THISMAYBEDUETOCULTURALDIFFERENCESTipsWarming-upgreetingsthinkingexpressingideaseducatingparentingrespondingtocompliments&praise…TipsWarming-upCulturaldifferencesexistinthewaysof…

Learningaforeignlanguagewellmeansmorethanmasteringthepronunciation,grammarandexpressions.Italsomeanslearningitsculture.Warming-upChapterone

IntroductiontointerculturalcommunicationWarm-upquestions.DoesagoodknowledgeofEnglishgrammarguaranteeproperuseofthelanguage?Whyorwhynot?Givemeanexample.CaseStudy1.HowdoyouthinkofBurmesepeoplewhokeepalongneck?Discussion2.Isitacceptabletoyounowthatgirlsshouldboundtheirfeetfromaveryearlyagetokeepso-calledbeauty?3.WillmanwearskirtsintheirdailylifelikewhatScottishmendo?WhatisInterculturalCommunication?InterculturalCommunicationasaHumanActivityInterculturalCommunicationasaFieldofStudy

Q:Howdidthestudyoftheinterculturalcommunication

comeintobeing?Answer:1.tosmoothcommunicationbetweendifferentculturalgroups2.tosolveconflictsbetweenthem3.thedesiretopromotebetterunderstandingofpeopleofdifferentculturalgroupsInterculturalCommunicationasaFieldofStudyImportanttimes1950s1970s1980stodayInterculturalcommunicationstudyinchinaFirstintroducedIn1980sCommunicativeapproachSometerminologiesInterculturalcommunicationCommunicationthattakesplacebetweenpeopleofdifferentculturalbackground.Cross-culturalcommunication

Thestudyofcommunicationpatternsofonecultureincomparisonwiththoseofanotherculture.Internationalcommunication

CommunicationbetweenpeoplefromdifferentnationsChapter2UnderstandingCommunication

ComponentsofcommunicationSourceofinformationencodingmessage*channel*mediumdecodingreceiverHowabouthavedinnertogetherVerbalchannel:bywayoftakingInformationModelOrganizetheideaandputsitintotheideaInterpretthemassageencodingresponse*channel*medium*noisedecodingFeedbackNoNoiseMrs.yaosaid,refusehim.Idon’tlikehimsincehealwaysrunawaywhenit’stimetopaythebillChapter2UnderstandingCommunicationFeaturesofcommunicationCommunicationisdynamicCommunicationisinteractiveCommunicationisbothverbalandnon-verbalCommunicationcanbeeitherintentionalorunintentionalCommunicationisrule-governedChapter2UnderstandingCommunication6.Communicationdependsontheuseofsymbols7.Communicationisirreversible8.CommunicationtakesplaceinbothaphysicalandasocialcontextChapter3understandingcultureTheconceptofcultureFromIntellectualPerspectiveAccordingtotheConciseOxfordDictionary,cultureis"theartsandothermanifestationsofhumanintellectualachievementregardedcollectively"MusicExhibitionDance

FromAnthropologicPerspectiveCultureis"thecustoms,civilizations,andachievementsofaparticulartimeorpeople."FromSocialPerspectiveCultureiswhatasocietydoesandthinks.Culturecoverseverythingofasociety.FromPsychologicalPerspectiveCultureisthecollectiveprogrammingofthemindwhichdistinguishesthemembersofonecategoryofpeoplefromanother

FromInterculturalCommunicationPerspectiveCultureis“everythingthatpeoplehave,think,anddoasamembersofasociety”(Ferraro,1995)ComponentsofcultureWhatpeoplehaveEverythingpeoplethinkWhatpeopledoFeaturesofculture1.cultureislearnedbehaviorWelearnculturefrom________,________,_____,______________________________.familyschoolsfriendsandevenstrangerswhoarepartofthecultureFeaturesofculture2.cultureisusuallyacquiredunconsciouslyFeaturesofculture3.cultureissharedamongitsmembersCultureissharedintermsoftheideals,values,normsandbeliefsareheldbymembersofaculture.Discussion

ThinkofsomeculturephenomenonthatissharedbymostpeopleinagivencultureFeaturesofculture4.Cultureispersistentandenduring5.Culturemanifestsitselfbothimplicitlyandexplicitly6.Cultureisadaptiveandchangeable7.Cultureisrelational3.Cultureandcommunication

CultureconditionscommunicationCultureisthefoundationofcommunicationCulturedictateseverystageofthecommunicationprocess3.Cultureandcommunication2.Communicationhasmadethedevelopmentofhumanculturepossibleanditisthroughcommunicationthatcultureistransmittedfromonegenerationtoanother.Atthesametime,cultureislearnedthroughcommunication.一天，我去公社供销社，进门就听到一个中学生和售货员的对话，

中学生：“关心群众生活——给我拿支钢笔。”售货员：“为人们服务——你买哪一种？”中学生：“我们都是来自五湖四海——多拿几支让我挑挑”售货员：“反对自由主义——不让挑，买哪支拿哪支。”中学生：“我们的责任是向人们负责——你就多拿几种让我挑挑吧”售货员：“在路线问题上没有调和的余地——说不能挑就是不能挑。”中学生：“凡是敌人反对的，我们就要拥护——为啥不让挑？”

售货员：“凡是敌人拥护的，我们就要反对——不为啥，不让挑就是不让挑！”中学生：“注意工作方法——有这样卖东西的吗？”售货员：“一切权利归农会——爱买不买”中学生：“打倒土豪劣绅——你这是什么工作态度？”售货员：“友谊还是侵略——咋着，你想打架？”中学生：“凡是反动的东西，你不打他就不倒——你以为我怕你？”我见俩人的战争一触即发，就急忙上前调节“要团结不要分裂——你们有话好好说。”

中学生：“将革命进行到底——我看还能咋着。”

售货员：“人不犯我，我不犯人——我还能咋着。”

中学生：“人若犯我，我必犯人——你当个售货员有啥了不起”

看他俩谁也不肯停止舌战，我便劝中学生一走了之：“敌进我退——你先走吧，明天再买。”

中学生听了，就顺势下了台阶，转身而去。他边走边说：“别了，司徒雷登——哼！！”

售货员如得胜将军立即回敬道：“一切反动派都是纸老虎——呸！”

VariationsofcultureDominantcultureormainstreamcultureTheculturalcomponentscommontomostmembersofsociety.VariationsofcultureSubculturesorco-culturesSubculturesarevariationsofthedominantculturethatexistinsociety.Discussion1.Brainstormallthewordsthatcometoyouaspartofculture.Suggestedanswer:WhatandhowpeopleeatHowtokeephealthyHowtoraisechildrenHowtodobusinessHowtousetimeHowtointroducepeopleHowtoparticipateinceremoniesRulesforgesturesRulesforfacialexpressionsandeyecontactRitualsEtiquetteWorkspeedSenseofrightandwrong,beautifulorugly,cleanordirty,goodorbadTheoriesofdisease,sin,death,godorgods,sanity,self,etc.Chapter4PerceptionsthroughthelensofcultureLeading-inDiscussionWhatdofallenleavestellyou?Chapter4PerceptionsthroughthelensofcultureDiscussion:Dowehavethesameinterpretationandevaluationforthesamething?Q:Whatwillyourelateto?fishBat4813More:AsmiletostrangersAfullmoonWindRedBlackYellow……..Ourculturefilterswhatwepayattentiontoanddetermineswhatmeaningsweattachtoourselection.Wetendtoneglectsomeofthestimuliinourenvironmentandfocusonafew.Sotheperceptionisselective.WhatisPerception?Iswhatapersontakesintohis/hermindaboutwhathe/shesees,hears,smells,feelsortastes;Itistheprocessbywhichwecometounderstandthephenomenaintheworldaroundusandrelateourselvestothem.Perceptualdifferenceshindersthesharingofmeaningandunderstandingbetweenpeoplefromdifferentculture.Tounderstandotherpeoplewemustgointotheirperceptualworldandtrytoexperiencerealityinthesamemannerastheydo.Thefollowingcharterswillhelpustolearnotherpeople’sworldviewandsocialrelationship.LanguageandperceptionStrongversionofSapir-WhorfHypothesisOurperceptionofrealityisdeterminedbyourthoughtprocesses,andthoughtprocessesarelimitedbyourlanguage.OurperceptionofrealityisdependentonourlanguageWeakversion

ofSapir-WhorfHypothesisLanguagehasprofoundinfluenceonourperceptionandthoughtandtherefore,peoplewhospeakdifferentlanguagesperceiveandthinkabouttheworlddifferently.Chapter5DiversityinbeliefsystemLeading-indiscussion:Q:WhydomanyrestaurantsinChinahavefishtanks?Andwhydomanyofficebuildingshavelionstatuesinfrontofthemaindoor?Leading-inDiscussionQ:IfyouwillhaveanegotiationwithBillGatesseveraldayslater,wheredoyouchoosetohavethenegotiation,inacoffeebarorinarestaurant?Why?Leading-inDiscussionIfyoucanarrangesight-seeingbeforethenegotiation,wouldyoudothat?Whyorwhynot?Inthenegotiation,whatdoyouregardasthemostimportant?Why?goodrelationsorsignthecontract.Beforethenegotiation,wouldyouliketohaveabrieftalkonsomegeneralproblems,suchasthesignificanceofcooperationorthestatepolicyontradepolicy?Tips:Ininternationalnegotiation,theChinesewouldregardgoodrelationshipasthemostimportantthingButforAmericans,businessisbusiness,theycan’tseethelogicallinksbetweenthenegotiationandsight-seeingorstatepolicy.differentpatternofthinking

Whypeopleactsodifferentlyinnegotiations?

Theirpatternofthinkingislinear,chain-likeandanalytical.Thescientificmethodisusuallytheirapproachtoproblemsinlife.Whileeasternerstendstobemoresubjective.Theirpatternofthinkingiscyclical,holistic(整体的),andintuitive（直觉的）.WorldviewWhydopeoplehavedifferentpatternofthinking?Whatisworldview?Thewordofviewisthesetofsystematizedbeliefsandvaluesbywhichaculturalgroupsevaluatesandattachesmeaningtothesurroundingreality.(Gudykunst,1984)Thecentralquestionconcerningworldviewistheperceptionoftheuniverse.Istheuniversecreatedbyadivinepower?Whatistheman’spositionintheuniverse?Whatistheman’srelationshipwithnature?AcomparisonofworldviewbetweenWesternersandEasternersWesternersCreatedandcontrolledbydivinepower.Easternersaharmoniouslyself-operatingorganismeachpartisrelatedtootherpartsinasystemofhierarchy(等级制度)Istheuniversecreatedbyadivinepower?Whatistheman’spositionintheuniverseWesternersSeparateentities.EasternersManispartofnature.Whatistheman’srelationshipwithnature?WesternersSothetherearelawsofnature.Peoplemustfollowthelaws.goaloflife:toconquerthenature.Changeisconsideredasprogress.Attitude:moreobjectiveandrational.EasternersManandnatureareinterrelated.goaloflife:tokeepharmonywithnature.Stabilityishighlyvalued.Attitude:moresubjective.

Adualistic(二元论)worldofviewTheirpatternofthinkingislinear,chain-likeandanalyticalAholistic(整体的)worldofviewTheirpatternofthinkingiscyclical,holistic(整体的),andintuitive（直觉的）Reflecting:inthewaytheyperceivetheworld,intheirjudgmentaboutwhatisrightandwrongAppropriateandinappropriatebeautifulanduglyvaluableandworthlessthesystemofcriteriaforconductionandevaluation,thevaluesystemofacultureFourvaluedimensions(Geert

Hofstede)(1)Individualismvs.Collectivism(2)Uncertaintyavoidance(3)Powerdistance(4)Masculinityvs.Femininity

Fourpairsofcontrastingvaluesusedtoevaluateculturaldifferencesamongdifferentcountries.Thefindingsweretheresultofaresearchconductedinalargeenterprise,IBM,withitsbrachesin67countries.

TheGeert

Hofstede’sfourdimensions

Individualorientedsociety：alooselyknitsocialframework;individualsaresupposedtotakecareofthemselves.(ICulture)

Examples:America,NorthEuropeancountries

Grouporientedsociety：atightlyknitsocialframework;individualscanexpecttheirrelatives,orotheringrouptolookafterthem.(WeCulture或I-lessCulture)

Examples:AsiancountriesandLatinAmericancountriesandMiddleEasterncountriesDimensionone:IndividualismVersusCollectivism

CountryorRegionIDVCountryorRegionIDVUSA91Austria55Austria90India48GreatBritain89Japan46Netherlands80Philippines32

Canada80Mexico30Sweden71HongKong25France71Singapore20Switzerland68Taiwan17Germany67Pakistan14DimensionTwo:

PowerDistance：LargeversusSmallPowerDistance

LargePowerDistancecountries:acceptahierarchicalorderExamples:AsiancountriesandLatinAmericancountriesandMiddleEasterncountries

SmallPowerDistancecountries:striveforequalizationExamples:America,EuropeancountriesAttitudesandBehaviorsLargepowerdistanceSmallpowerdistanceHierarchyHierarchiesreflectthebasicinequalityofpeopleHierarchiesareonlyconvenientwaysoforganizingactivitiesRelation-shipsComfortablewithhierarchicalrelationshipsPreferequalrelationshipsPowerAcceptdifferencesinpowerDislikeordistrustauthorityUseofpowerWhoeverholdspowerisrightandgoodWhoeverusestheirpowerwillbejudgedastowhethertheyuseitintherightwayDepend-encyThelesspowerfularedependantonthepowerfulInterdependencebetweenlessandmorepowerfulpersonsDecisionmakingauthorityDecision-makingtendstobecentralized;theleaderdecidesDecision-makingisdispersedthroughoutorganization.Leader-shipLeadersdirecttheactivitiesofsubordinatesbygivingspecialinstructionsLeadersmotivatetheirsubordinatestoworktowardgoals.Theydonotgiveasmuchspecificdirection.InitiativeOnlytheleaderinitiatesEveryoneisexpectedtoinitiateCommunicationflowFromtopoforganizationtothebottomFromthetopdownandfromthelowerlevelstohigherlevelsStatusHighstatuspeopleenjoyprivilegesPeopledisapproveofspecialprivilegesandsymbolsofstatusHowtochangetheorganizat-ionReplacepeopleatthetopReformtheorganizationCountryorRegionPDICountryorRegionPDIMalaysia104Italy50Philippines94USA40India77Netherlands38Singapore74Switzerland34HongKong68

Ireland28SouthKorean60Denmark18Taiwan58Israel13Japan54Australia11DimensionThree:

StrongUncertaintyAvoidanceVersusWeakUncertaintyAvoidance

StrongUncertaintyAvoidance：uncomfortablewithuncertaintyandambiguity,intolerantwithdeviance.ForExample:Greece,Belgium,Portugal,Japan,Chile,Israel,SpainWeakUncertaintyAvoidance：practicecountsmorethanprinciples;devianceismoreeasilytolerated.Forexample:Singapore,Sweden,Denmark,MalaysiaDimensionFour:MasculinityVersusFemininityMasculinity:achievement,heroism,assertiveness,materialsuccessForExample:Japan,Austria,ItalyFemininity:relationships,modesty,caringfortheweak,qualityoflifeForexample:Sweden,Norway,Denmark

CountryorRegionMASCCountryorRegionMASCJapan95Taiwan45Austria79

Thailand44

Italy70France43Switzerland70NorthKorea39

Mexico69

Denmark16

Ireland68Netherlands14

GreatBritain66

Norway8Germany66

Sweden5

Chapter6diversityininternationalrelationshipWhatcaninfluencethewaypeoplereacttooneanotherinourculture.nametherelationshipofthatpersontoyouself.Whatcaninfluencethewaypeoplereacttooneanotherinour?Socialstatusfamilybackground,age,genderandeconomicalsituationWeekfourChapter7Thepowerofverbalcommunicationhowdoweevaluatesilence?Insomecultures,silenceisgolden.Hewhoknowsdoesn’tspeakandhewhospeaksdoesn'tknow.Japan:outofmouthcomesallevil.Insomecultures,silenceisgolden.Forinstance,Finns.PeopleinFinlandcanwalkwithfriendsintheforestwithouttalking.Theycanevenwalkforalongtime,andtheydon'tfeeluncomfortableatall.Japanesecanalsoputupwithlongsilences,butnotAmericans.Americansfeellongsilenceisawkward.Theycanputupwithsilenceofonlyafewseconds.Butsilenceofmorethantensecondswillmakethemverynervous,theywillstartthinkingofsomethingtosay.Theywanttoavoidtheawkwardnessofsilence.

Howdoweevaluatespeech?Westerners:SincethetimesofancientGreeks,westernershavetendtoviewspeechasavehicleforthediscoveryandexpressionoftruth.Reflecting:1.Inschools,coursesareofferedtotrainthestudentsinthelogicalandeffectiveuseofthespokenandwrittenword.2.Inbusiness,communicationinwordsisemphasizedandwidelystudied.3.Inpolitics,speech-makinginAmericaaccompaniesmanystatesmanintheirpoliticallife.Easterners:SinceancienttimestheEasterntraditionhasappearedtovaluepreservingtheharmonyofthesocialgroupmorehighlythanindividualexpressionofone’sinnerthoughtsandfeelings.Conclusion:Easterners:meansofkeepinglogicalharmonyratherthanasthemereexpressionofthoughts.Togetthetruemessage,onehastoresorttoothercues.Whatisnotsaidisoftenemphasized.westerners:informative,expressiveandpersuasive.Tips:Silencehastodowithturn-taking.Whotakestheinitiativeintalkingvariesfromculturetoculture?InBritain,itisthebosswhotakestheinitiativeintalking,andthenthesubordinateswillsaysomethingafterhim.InAmerica,it'softenthesubordinateswhowilltaketheinitiativeintalkingwhereasthebossremainssilent.Andthenafterthesubordinateshavetalkedforsometime,andthebosswillstartsayingsomething.IfaBritishbosshasanAmericanemployee,whatmayhappen?

IfaBritishbosshasanAmericanemployee,hemayexpecthisAmericanemployeetoremainsilent,andheshouldbetheonetospeakfirst;buttheAmericanemployeethinksthatheshouldbetalkingfirst.Sotheremaybeaculturalconflict,thatis,theAmericanemployeemaythinktheBritishBossisnotright,andtheBritishbossmaythinktheAmericanemployeeisnotright.Hall’sTheoryonHighandLowContextCulturesahigh-contextculture:mostoftheinformationiseitherinthephysicalcontextorinternalizedinthepersonwhileverylittleisinthecoded,explicitpartofthemessage;meaningisnotnecessarilycontainedinwords;informationisprovidedthroughgestures,age,sex,education,familybackground,etc.

illustration:twinswhohavegrownuptogetheralow-contextculture:themassoftheinformationisvestedintheexplicitcode;messagesaredetailed,clear-cut,anddefinite;

illustration:twolawyersinacourtroom;achildtryingtoexplaintohismotherwhyhegotintoafightDifferentapproachestoMessageDecoding高语境文化与低语境文化的差异Highvs.LowContextCulturesHighContextCultureLowContextCultureReliesonimplicitcommunicationReliesinexplicitcommunicationEmphasizesnonverbalcommunicationEmphasizesverbalcommunicationSubordinatestaskstorelationshipsSeparatestasksfromrelationshipsEmphasizescollectiveinitiativeanddecision-makingEmphasizesindividualinitiativeanddecision-makingViewsemployer/employeerelationshipashumanisticViewsemployer/employeerelationshipasmechanistic高语境文化与低语境文化的差异Highvs.LowContextCulturesHighContextCultureLowContextCultureReliesonintuitionortrustReliesonfactsandstatisticsUsesindirectstyleinwritingandspeakingUsesdirectstyleinwritingandspeakingPreferscircularorindirectreasoningPreferslinearreasoningAdherestothespiritofthelawAdheresontheletterofthelawAdoptedfromEdwardHall高语境文化与低语境文化的差异高语境文化与低语境文化高语境文化低语境文化依赖含蓄的沟通依赖明确的（书面的）沟通强调非语言沟通强调语言沟通远甚于非语言沟通任务从属于关系把工作任务和关系分割开来强调集体的主动性和集体决策强调个体的主动性和个体决策以人本主义的观点来看待雇主/员工关系以机械化的观点来看待雇主/员工关系高语境文化与低语境文化的差异高语境文化与低语境文化高语境文化低语境文化依赖直觉或信任，而不是事实和统计数据依赖事实、统计数据以及其他细节资料，作为支持性证据在书写和言谈中倾向于间接的风格在书写和言谈中采用直接的风格喜欢迂回或间接的推理方法偏爱直线式推理方式忠于法律的精神忠于法律的字面意义——摘自爱德华·霍尔的著作HIGH-CONTEXT内隐，含蓄暗码信息较多非语言编码反应很少外露人际关系紧密内外有别高承诺时间处理高度灵活LOW-CONTEXT外显，明了明码信息较多语言编码反应外露人际关系不密切内外灵活低承诺时间高度组化

司马相如：“一二三四五六七八九十百千万”卓文君：“一别之后，二地相悬，只说是三四月，又谁知五六年，七弦琴无心弹，八行书无可传，九连环从中折断，十里长亭望眼欲穿，百思想，千系念，万般无奈把君怨。万语千言说不完，百无聊赖十依栏，重九登高看孤雁，八月中秋月圆人不圆，七月半烧香秉烛问苍天，六月伏天人人摇扇我心寒。五月石榴如火偏遇阵阵冷雨浇花端，四月枇杷未黄我欲对镜心意乱。忽匆匆，三月桃花随水转。飘零零，二月风筝线儿断，唉！郎呀郎，巴不得下一世你为女来我为男。”ARed,RedRose一朵红红的玫瑰

RobertBurns

Omyluveislikeared,redrose,

That’snewlysprunginJune;

Omyluveislikethemelodie

That’ssweetlyplayedintune.

Asfairthouart,mybonielasso,

SodeepinluveamI;

AndIwillluvetheestill,mydear,

Tilla’theseasgangdry.

Tilla’theseasgangdry,mydear,

Antherocksmeltwi’thesun;

AndIwillluvetheestill,mydear,

Whilethesandso’lifeshallrun.

Andfaretheeweel,myonlyluve,

Andfaretheeweelawhile;

AndIwillcomeagain,myluve,

tho’itweretenthousandmile!

一朵红红的玫瑰

罗伯特·彭斯

啊，我爱人象红红的玫瑰，

在六月里苞放；

啊，我爱人象一支乐曲，

乐声美妙、悠扬。

你那么美，漂亮的姑娘，

我爱你那么深切；

我会永远爱你，亲爱的，

一直到四海涸竭。

直到四海涸竭，亲爱的，

直到太阳把岩石消熔！

我会永远爱你，亲爱的，

只要生命无穷。

再见吧，我唯一的爱人，

再见吧，小别片刻！

我会回来的，我的爱人，

即使万里相隔！

天净沙·秋思

马致远

枯藤老树昏鸦。

小桥流水人家。

古道西风瘦马。

夕阳西下，断肠人在天涯。

语言沟通方式——直接vs.间接直接方式与间接方式在中国，人们追求沟通的最高境界是“意会”而不是“言传”；相反，美国人追求的是尽可能用语言表达一切。“意会”就是“高语境”，爱人之间、朋友之间不用语言表达爱情或友情，用了语言好像就显得浅薄；而能说会道，用语言表达一切就是“低语境”，爱人之间“sweet”、“honey”、“Iloveyou.”挂在嘴边，朋友之间也经常彼此称赞。I’msorrytoinformyou…”Wehavereadyourmanuscriptwithboundlessdelight.Ifweweretopublishyourpaperitwouldbeimpossibleforustopublishanyworkofalowerstandard.Andasitisunthinkablethatinthenextthousandyearsweshallseeitsequal,weare,toourregret,compelledtoreturnyourdivinecomposition,andbegyouathousandtimes,tooverlookourshortsightandtimidity.又如拒稿信。如果翻译成中文，是：“我们满怀喜悦地阅读了您的大作。如果我们发表您的作品，将无法再发表其他水平更低的作品。以后我们要发现与你文章同等水平的作品几乎是不可思议的事，所以我们非常遗憾，不得不将您夺目的大作退还于您，并请您千万次地饶恕我们的短视和懦弱。”与美国人相比，英国人说话就比较婉转，用词谦虚含蓄，喜欢让自己的观点藏而不露以便使争论不那么白热化，但同时又在其语调中表示出自己是正义的化身。他们会恰到好处地含糊其辞以显示自己的礼貌涵养，避免尴尬的冲突；有时会为了拖延时间而适当胡扯几句。英国人认为说话语气平和，始终保持低调才是在争论中占上风的表现，大喊大叫本身就是失败。

大卫：请买一张从东京到大阪的机票。满脸笑容的服务员：嗯，去大阪的飞机票……请稍等。大卫：多少钱？服务员：从东京坐火车去大阪挺不错的，沿途可以看风景。是不是要买一张火车票？大卫：不要，请给我买一张飞机票。服务员：那……其实，坐长途巴士也很好，上面设备齐全，豪华舒适。要不要来一张巴士票？大卫：不要。请给我买一张飞机票。（……）语言沟通方式——直接vs.间接直接方式与间接方式这样来来去去几个回合，大卫才搞清楚原来机票已经售磬，而服务员又不好意思直接告诉他，才拐弯抹角地试图用其他手段来帮助他到达目的地。语言沟通方式——直接vs.间接日本心理学家Iwao曾这样描述日本人的沟通：“日本人心中有一种心照不宣的信念，那就是，把深刻的情感体验用语言表达出来会损坏其价值，不用言词而达到的默契比通过讨论解释而达到的彼此相知更为珍贵。”明确/含蓄的沟通：国际比较SwissGermansGermansScandinaviansNorthAmericansFrenchEnglishItaliansLatinAmericansArabsJapaneseHighcontext/implicitcommunicationCultures高语境/含蓄的沟通文化Lowcontext/explicitcommunicationCultures低语境/明确的沟通文化Chapter8CulturaldifferencesonlexicallevelTypeoflexicalmeaningDenotationmeaningConnotationmeaningMeaningareculturespecificCulturaldifferenceindenotativemeaningCulturaldifferenceinconnotativemeaningChinglishHeartflowerangryopen心花怒放（bewildwithjoy）AmericanChinesenotenough美中不足（aflawinanotherwiseperfectthing）Youhaveseed.

Iwillgiveyousomecolortoseesee.有种你等着，老子给你点颜色看看（Ifyouareamanwithplentyofguts,Ishallteachyoualesson.）。ChinglishWatchsister表姐（cousin）Bigwinestore大酒店（hotel）Bigricestore大饭店（restaurant）Onetimesexthings一次性用品（disposablegoods）Bakethecall-phone

烘手机（handdrier）ChinglishStartafamily成家（getmarried）Whiteboiledwater白开水（plainboiledwater）Enterthemouth入口（entrance）Familiarfood熟食（preparedfood）Fuckgoods干货（driedfruit）ChinglishTheSlipperyAreVeryCraft（滑得很狡猾）路滑，小心（Caution,Slip）DeformedManToilet（变形人厕所）残疾人厕所（HandicappedToilet

）搞笑菜单Threetextscure三文治（sandwich）Manyprivates多士（toast）Ideapowder意粉（spaghetti

）Cloudswallows云吞（馄饨，wonton）Rollingdonkey

驴打滚（一种类似豆面糕的北京小吃）关于“语言”Everylanguagehasdifferentvarieties/styles.每一种语言都有不同种类/不同形式。Usersoflanguageneedtohavesensitivitytoitsstyles.

语言的使用者需要对语言的形式很敏感。Usersoflanguageneedtousetherightstyleattherighttime.

语言的使用者需要在正确的时间使用正确