英语国家概况V.-British-Education

BritishEducationChapter6IntroductionThepurposeofBritisheducationsystemisnotonlytoprovidechildrenwithliteracy(“3R’s”:reading,(w)rtingandand(a)rithmetic)andtheotherbasicskillstheywillneedtobecomeactivemembersofsocietybutalsotosocializechildren.HistoryofEducationHistorically,educationwasvoluntaryandmanyoftheschoolsweresetupbychurches.Theinfluenceofthechurchonschoolingisstrong:religiouseducationwastheonlysubjectwhichthestateinsistedallschoolsteachtheirpupils(othersubjectswereleftuptoschoolstodecideupon).Dailyprayersandsinginghymns(圣歌)isaregularpartofschoollife.HistoryofEducationBefore1870,only4o%ofchildrenunder10wenttoschoolregularly.Themainreceiversofamoreadvancededucationwerethesonsofthewealthy.In1870,alawwaspassedtocallforgovernment–fundededucation,involvinggovernmentintakingresponsibilitiesfortheeducationofchildren.HistoryofEducation

By1880,attendanceatschoolforchildrenbetween5and10wascompulsoryratherthanvoluntary.AndbytheendofWWItheschoolleavingagewasraisedto14todissuade(劝阻)childrenfromleavingschoolinordertoworktosupporttheirfamilies.

HistoryofEducationIn1944,EducationActmadeChildrenadmittedtoschoolsnotbecauseoftheirsocialclassortheirparents’possession,butfortheabilitiestheydisplay.Themainconcernwastomakesuremorechildrenhadaccesstoagoodeducation.HistoryofEducationThroughanexamcalled“the11-plus”,thegovernmenttriedtoraisedthequalityofeducation

1.

GrammarSchools-----wherethemostacademicallycapablepupilsweresenttobepreparedforuniversity.2.

VocationalSchools-----wherelesssuccessfulpupilsweresenttolearntrades.HistoryofEducationInthe1960s,comprehensiveschools

（综合学校）wereintroducedalloverthecountry,whichendedthedivisionbetweengrammarschoolsandvocationalschools.Entranceexamswereabolishedandschoolswerenolongerallowedtoletchildrencompeteforplaces.HistoryofEducationIn1976,theLaborPartystarted“theGreatEducationDebate”------nationalstandardsandstylesofteaching.In1989,theConservativePartyledbyMargaretThatcherintroducedaNationalCurriculum(全国教学大纲)andunified(使统一)subjects.HistoryofEducationNowallchildrenthroughoutthecountrymuststudythefollowingsubjects:

English,mathematics,science,religiouseducation,history,geography,technology,music,art,physicaleducation,andamodernforeignlanguage.

Theymustalsopassnationaltestsandschoolsarerankedaccordingtothesuccessoftheirpupilsinreachingnationaltargets.HistoryofEducationTheNationalCurriculumhasreintroducedcompetitionsbetweenschools.Goodschoolsattractgoodpupilsandthereforeattractmorefunding,whichmeanstheycanhirebetterteachers,buymorebooksandequipmentandthereforeproduceevenbetterstudents.EducationandSocialClassBritainisasocietyinwhichsocialclassisstillveryimportant.Ifyouunderstandtheimportanceoftherelationshipbetweeneducationandsocialclass,youcanunderstandagreatdealaboutBritishcultureandsociety.

InBritain,whereyouareeducatedisstillveryimportanttoyourfuture.

EducationandSocialClassInBritain,theaccentyouspeakwith,theclothesyouwear,andtheschoolsyouattendareallmarkersthatidentifyyoursocialclass.Theschooltieisaclearmarkerofsocialclass.Evenoninformaloccasionsyouwillsometimesseemenwearingtheirschooltiesasbeltstoholduptheirtrousers---proudlydisplayingtheirattendanceatacertainschool.

EducationandSocialClass“Theoldboysnetwork”referstotheelite（社会精英）groupsofmenwhowenttopublicschools(私立学校)likeEtonandWinchester;andprestigiousuniversitieslikeOxfordandCambridge(Oxbridge—whichisstillthebestwaytoguaranteeasuccessfulcareer).Theydominategovernment,andareinfluentialinbanking,themedia,theartsandeducation.

EtonCollege

northofWindsorCastledistinguishedformerpupilseighteenformerBritishPrimeMinistersmembersofBritishandoverseasroyalfamiliesthemostfamouspublicschoolintheworldaboutathirdofitsgraduatesgotoOxfordorCambridgefamousforitshighqualityeducationanduniquetradition,uniform,languageandgamesqualificationsforadmission:money&talentover￡20,000peryearstrictadmissionrequirementsOxbridgeUniversities:OxfordandCambridgeoldestandmostrespecteduniversitiesfoundedinthe13thcenturyOxbridge:OxfordandCambridge(牛桥)withimplicationsofsuperiorintellectualorsocialstatusanelitethat"continuestodominateBritain'spoliticalandculturalestablishment“(occupiesahighproportionofthetoplevelofmanyaspectsofBritishsociety---9%0fthe22seniorgovernmentministers)SchoolmottoDominus

illuminatiomea(Latin)TheLordismylight(English)OxfordCrest(饰章)Oxford1664-1668theatretheoldestmuseuminBritainCambridgeShield（盾形纹章）Presenteducationalsystem

Britisheducationsystemisrunbythestate.Primaryandsecondaryeducationiscompulsory.Childrenbetween5--16yearsoldareobligedtoattendschool.1)3-5:nurseryschoolsordaycarefacilities(paid)Presenteducationalsystem

2)5-12:primaryschools(free)expensivepublicschools/independentschools:EtonorHarrow(privateschools)lessexpensivepublicschoolsfreestateschools3)12-16:secondaryschools(free)grammarschoolscomprehensiveschoolsPresenteducationalsystem

4)16-18:tertiaryschoolsWhoplantoentertheuniversityWhochoosesomekindofvocationaltrainingFormsAdvanceddegrees:eveningclassesAssociatedegree:2yearsCollegedegree:3yearsDegreesBachelor’s:3yearsMaster’s:2yearsDoctorate:2yearsOpenUniversitybycorrespondencethroughTVPresenteducationalsystem

ReformsofNationalExaminationstheEleven-Plus(thegovernmenttriedtoraisedthequalityofeducation)

GrammarSchools---wherethemostacademicallycapablepupilsweresenttobepreparedforuniversity.VocationalSchools---wherelesssuccessfulpupilsweresenttolearntrades.

ReformsofNationalExaminationstheO-levels:GeneralcertificationofEducationOrdinaryLevel

A-levels(Advancedlevels):中学高级水平考试arequirementtoenterauniversitythecomprehensiveschools:combinationofthetwokindsofschools(综合中学)

ReformsofNationalExaminations

GCSE(GeneralCertificateofSecondaryEducation)Exams中学毕业证书考试----after5yearsofsecondaryeducation,English,NorthernIrishandWelshstudentssittheexamswhichistoassesstheirprogressintheirfinal2yearsofcompulsoryeducation.

ReformsofNationalExaminations

GCE-A(GeneralCertificateofEducation-Advanced高级水平测试结业证书)exams-----Pupilswhohopetoattenduniversitycarryontheiracademicstudyinthe6thformforafurthertwoyearsandthensitA-levelsexams.

ReformsofNationalExaminations

GNVQ(GeneralNationalVocationalQualifications(国家专业资格证)exams-----Studentsmaychoosetotakevocationaltrainingwhichprovideabroadlybasedpreparationforwork.

ReformsofNationalExaminations

GCE-A(GeneralCertificateofEducation-Advanced)高级水平测试结业证书。学生16岁通过中学毕业考试后，想继续深造进高等学府，必须通过高级水平测试。从16岁到18岁的两年里，学生根据自己想读的大学专业选定数门有关课程学习，一般选三门。通过A级水平考试合格者都可以入大学深造。

ReformsofNationalExaminations

GNVQ(GeneralNationalVocationalQualifications):国家专业资格证书。这一证书是为职业技术学校毕业的学生设置的，共分5个级别，便于人们按阶梯逐步攀登，根据自己条件通过实际工作和专业培训由低级向高级发展。获四级国家专业资格证书相当于学士学位，获五级相当于研究生水平。（seepicture）

HigherEducation

HigherEducationhasalonghistoryintheUK.OxfordandCambridgedatefromthe12thand13thcenturies,whileScottishuniversitiesofStAndrews,etc.fromthe14thand15thcenturies.Therestwerefoundedinthe19thand20thcenturies.

Inrecentyears,accessformaturestudentsandstudentswithouttraditionalA-levelqualificationsiswidening.

HigherEducation

Inthe1960salargenumberofuniversitieswerebuilt.In1992,thenumbergrewwhenpolytechnicsandotherhighereducationestablishmentsweregiventherighttobecomeuniversities.By1994,Britainhad83universities.In1980,1in8pupilswenttouniversities;by1990itwas1in5;by2000itwas1in3.

HigherEducation

Britis