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SecretstoWritingBetterScientific

ArticlesTomLangTomLangCommunicationsandTrainingForMoreInformationHowToReportStatisticsinMedicine

AnnotatedGuidelinesforAuthors,Editors,andReviewers,2ndEditionThomasALang&MichelleSecicAmericanCollegeofPhysicians,2006ForMoreInformationHowtoWrite,Publish,andPresentintheHealthSciencesAGuideforPhysiciansandLaboratoryResearchersTomLangAmericanCollegeofPhysicians,2021Sciencecannotexistwithoutwriting!•

Speechandpicturesarenotenough!•

Publishingisthefinalstageofresearch•

Evidence-basedmedicineisliterature-basedmedicine

Thetruthnoonetoldyou...Ifyouhavechosentobecomearesearcher,youhavechosentobecomeawriter!Whatisthemostimportantpartofascientificarticle?

TitleResults

AbstractDiscussion

IntroductionReferences

MethodsFigures&TablesWhichpartusuallyhasthemosterrors?TheReferences•Referencestaketimetoformatcorrectly•ErrorsinreferencesindicatelackofattentiontodetailWhichpartisusuallytheweakest?

TitleResults

AbstractDiscussion

IntroductionReferences

MethodsFigures&TablesWhichpartisusuallytheweakest?TheDiscussion•

Youhavetodecidewhatyourresultsmean•YouhavetotellhowyourresultssupportordifferfromotherresultsWhatJournalEditorsWantManuscriptsthatfollowtheInstructionsforAuthors!MulfordLibrary,MedicalCollegeofOhioLinkstoInstructionsforAuthorsformostbiomedicaljournalsTheEQUATORNetworkLinkstoreportingrequirementsfordifferenttypesofresearch

Editorswanttopublishresearchthatis:NewTrueImportantClearlyReportedTopicsofthisLectureHowtowritebetter:TitlesIntroductionsTablesandGraphsDiscussionsHowtoWriteBetterTitlesTitleshelpreadersfindanddecidewhethertoreadthefullarticleTitleshelpreadersNOTreadthearticleifitwillNOTbeofinterestIdentifywhatwasstudied,notwhatwasfoundRemember:“SPICED〞 Setting(location) Patients(whatwasstudied) Intervention(treatment) Comparator(controlgroup) Endpoint(outcomeofinterest) Design(studydesign)OriginalARandomizedTrialofLow-Air-LossBedsforTreatmentofPressureUlcers[72charactersandspaces]RevisedLow-Air-LossBedsvs.FoamMattressesforTreatingPressureUlcersinNursingHomePatients:ARandomizedTrial[111charactersandspaces]HowtoWriteBetterIntroductionsBiomedicalscientistsare: •

Researchers •WritersTheserolesrequiredifferentskills

ScientificCommunicationSystem

ScientistResearchInputsActivitiesOutputsWriting

Activities

OthersintheSameFieldInanareaofscience...ScientistsfindaproblemStudytheproblemasresearchersAnd,aswriters,reporttheirresultsinarticlesScientificCommunicationSystemDiscoveryorAssignmentScientist1.Background3.Technical

Information

Activities2.Problem4.Writing

Statement

Activities

OthersintheSameFieldThe4-PartIntroduction1.Backgroundstatement:providestheinformationneededtounderstandtheproblemandtheresearch2.

Problem

statement:describesthenature,extent,severity,orimportanceoftheproblemthatstimulatedtheresearchThe4-PartIntroduction3.Actionstatement:givestheresearchquestion,hypothesis,approach,oractivitiesundertakentoinvestigatetheproblem4.Forecastingstatement:tellsreaderswhattheywillfindiftheycontinuetoread Part1:BackgroundStatement“Inpatientswithatheroscleroticvasculardisease,aspirinisrecommendedtopreventmyocardialinfarctionandgraftocclusion.〞Part2:ProblemStatement“However,aspirinisalsoassociatedwithbleeding.Patientsareoftenaskedtostoptakingaspirinbeforebronchoscopy,toreducetheriskofbleeding.Theeffectivenessofthispracticehasneverbeentested.〞’Part3:ActionStatement“Thus,wewantedtodeterminewhetheraspirinincreasestheriskofbleedingafterbronchoscopy.〞Part4:ForecastingStatement“Here,wedescribeourstudyinwhichwecomparedthenumberandseverityofbleedingeventsinpatientstakingaspirinwiththosewhowerenotanddeterminedthataspirindoesnotincreasetheriskofbleeding.〞ProblemswithIntroductionsWeakbackgroundandproblemstatementsManyauthorsassumereaderswillknow: 1)Whatproblemwasstudied 2)Whytheproblemisimportant

HowtoWriteBetterResultsSectionsSummarizethestudyinadiagramPutyourresultsintablesandfiguresTakethetimetomakegoodtablesandfigures

MakingGoodTablesandGraphsWhatlevelofdetaildoyouneedtoshow?Willreaderswantanalyticalorreferenceinformation?Willreaderswanttoseeexactvaluesorpatternsinthevalues?

1.Whatlevelofdetaildoyouneedtoshow?Focusingreaders’attentionon:•Individualvalues•Groupsofvalues•Comparisonsbetweenvaluesor groupsComparisonsbetweenGroupsMakingGoodTablesandGraphs2.

Willreaderswantanalyticalorreferenceinformation?Analytical:organizethedataReference:organizetheheadingsTypeofCancerDeathsn/yLung

160,000Colorectal

57,000Breast

44,000Prostate

39,000Cervical

5,000AnAnalyticalTableTypeofCancerDeathsn/yBreast

44,000Cervical

5,000Colorectal

57,000Lung

160,000Prostate

39,000AReferenceTableMakingGoodTablesandGraphs3.

Willreaderswanttoseeexactvaluesorpatternsinthevalues?ReadersseevaluesfasterandmoreaccuratelyintablesReadersseepatternsofvaluesfasterandmoreaccuratelyingraphsWeekWeekVAS1……………….

18.92…………...

26.83…….

33.24…

41.55..

51.10369VASScoreExactValuesorPatternsintheValuesMakingGoodTablesandGraphsWhatlevelofdetaildoyouneedtoshow?Willreaderswantanalyticalorreferenceinformation?Willreaderswanttoseeexactvaluesorpatternsinthevalues?

Tables

andHowto

DesignThemPrinciplesofTableDesignTablesusedtorecorddatamaynotbegoodforcommunicatingdata•Placevaluestobecomparedside-by-side,ifpossibleMedianSurgicalSimulationScore(0=low;100=high)ExperienceCuttingSuturingAblatingResidents(n=12)796380Fellows(n=8)888791Staff

(n=15)969297P0.030.0040.05MedianSurgicalSimulationScores(0=low;100=high)TaskResidents(n=12)Fellows(n=8)Staff

(n=15)PCutting796380

0.03Suturing888791

0.04Ablating969297

0.0546PrinciplesofTableDesignRoundnumbersto2significantdigits,unlessmoreprecisionisnecessary19.6815.22891.387.4387.072.347.6103.593.2046.62015891878772481049347PrinciplesofTableDesignKeepthedataconsistentwithcolumnandrowheadings

TraitGroupAn(%)GroupBn(%)Men29(63)35(64)Age22(9)25(11)PrinciplesofTableDesignKeepthedataconsistentwithcolumnandrowheadings

TraitGroupAGroupBMen,n(%)

29(63)

35(64)Mean(SD)Age,y

22(9)

25(11)PrinciplesofTableDesignDonotleavecellsempty:indicatethatthecellcontainsnovaluewithanellipsis(...)13456…798778365431PrinciplesofTableDesignConsiderhighlightingimportantvaluesTestControlTreatmentP24553

0.1212496

0.001PrinciplesofTableDesignAligndata,symbols,andtextconsistentlywithincolumns.

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ConsiderGivingTotalsSenton:Letter1/122/143/12#1646066#2514861#3465359ConsiderGivingTotalsSenton:Letter1/122/143/12Total#1646066190#2514861160#3465359158Total161161186344GraphsandHowtoDesignThem

54321005101520

54321005101520PrinciplesofGraphDesignIndicatethezero-zeropointBreakscalelinesandthedatafieldwhenthescaledoesnotstartatzeroPrinciplesofGraphDesignEmphasizethedataoverotherelementsinthegraphEmphasizethedata!PrinciplesofGraphDesignWhenpossible,presentcomparisonsoflengthagainstacommonbaseline

LengthonaCommonBaselineFromBarChartstoDotorBoxChartsBarChartABDotChartA……………….……………

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05101520ProblemswithGraphsDonotusea3-dimensionalgraphtoshow2-dimensionaldata

HowtoWriteBetterDiscussions

Summarizethestudyandthemainresults.InterpretandexplaintheresultsTellhowyourresultssupportordifferfromotherresults:reviewtheliteratureSuggesthowtheresultsmightbegeneralizedDiscusstheimplicationsoftheresultsStatethelimitationsofthestudyListtheconclusionsConclusionsWeconcludethatTamoxifenreducedtheincidenceofDMH-inducedcoloncance