医学英语教程-生物医学：Unit 7 Social Medicine

Unit7.SocialMedicineSupplementaryWordStudyPara1disguise[dis'ɡaiz]n.1.anoutwardsemblancethatmisrepresentsthetruenatureofsomething Thetheatricalnotionofdisguiseisalwaysassociatedwithcatastropheinhisstories.2.anyattirethatmodifiestheappearanceinordertoconcealthewearer'sidentity3.theactofconcealingtheidentityofsomethingbymodifyingitsappearance Heisamasterofdisguise.v.--makeunrecognizable Theherbdisguisesthegarlictaste. Wedisguisedourfacesbeforegoingtotheparty.Para2inearnestadv.--inaseriousmannerInjustthethreeyearssinceresearchersstartedlookinginearnest,theyhavefoundhundredsofmicroRNAs—morethan150inhumansalone.takeonv.承担；呈现；具有；流行；接纳；雇用；穿上1.takeonacertainform,attribute,oraspectThecampushastakenonanewlook.校园换了新貌。Theoldtermhastakenonanewmeaning.这个旧词有了新的含义。2.takeontitles,offices,duties,responsibilities3.acceptasachallenge4.admitintoagrouporcommunity5.contendagainstanopponentinasport,game,orbattlePara3shedlighton--v.makefreefromconfusionorambiguity;makeclear阐明；使…清楚地显出Theauthorsbelievetheirresearchcouldalsoshedlightonhowhumanslearntospeak.Para4disruption[dis'rʌpʃən]n.1.anactofdelayingorinterruptingthecontinuity2.adisorderlyoutburstortumult3.aneventthatresultsinadisplacementordiscontinuity4.theactofcausingdisorderPara6outrage['autreidʒ]n.1.afeelingofrighteousanger2.awantonlycruelact3.adisgracefulevent4.theactofscandalizingv.1.strikewithdisgustorrevulsion2.violatethesacredcharacterofaplaceorlanguage3.force(someone)tohavesexagainsttheirwilldeny[di'nai]v.1.declareuntrue;contradict2.refusetoacceptorbelieve3.refusetogrant,asofapetitionorrequest4.refusetolethave5.denyoneself(something);restrain,especiallyfromindulginginsomepleasure6.denyformally(anallegationoffactbytheopposingparty)inalegalsuit7.refusetorecognizeoracknowledgePara8inspiration[,inspə'reiʃən]n.1.arousalofthemindtospecialunusualactivityorcreativity灵感2.aproductofyourcreativethinkingandworkHehadlittlerespectfortheinspirationsofotherartists.3.asuddenintuitionaspartofsolvingaproblem妙计4.(theology)aspecialinfluenceofadivinityonthemindsofhumanbeings5.arousingtoaparticularemotionoraction鼓舞6.theactofinhaling;thedrawinginofair(orothergases)asinbreathing吸气Para12oriented['ɔ:rientid]adj.--adjustedorlocatedinrelationtosurroundingsorcircumstances;sometimesusedincombinationThehousehaditslargewindowsorientedtowardtheoceanview.Thefirstweekofthenewsemesterisdevotedtohelpingfreshmenbecomeorientedtocollegelife.Thebookisvalue-orientedthroughout.incorporate[in'kɔ:pəreit,in'kɔ:pərət]v.1.makeintoawholeormakepartofawholeSheincorporatedhissuggestionsintoherproposal.2.includeorcontain;haveasacomponent3.formacorporation4.uniteormergewithsomethingalreadyinexistenceIncorporatethisdocumentwiththosepertainingtothesamecase.adj.--formedorunitedintoawholePara14implementation[,implimen'teiʃən]n.1.theactofaccomplishingsomeaimorexecutingsomeorder Theagencywascreatedfortheimplementationofthepolicy.2.theactofimplementing(providingapracticalmeansforaccomplishingsomething);carryingintoeffectPara16pursue[pə'sju:,-'su:]v.carryoutorparticipateinanactivity;beinvolvedinShepursuedmanyactivities.2.followinorasifinpursuit Thepolicecarpursuedthesuspectedattacker.3.goinsearchoforhuntfor topursueahobby4.carryfurtheroradvance ShehasbeenacceptedtostudyatYaleand planstopursueaPh.D.Para17advocate['ædvəkeit,'ædvəkət]n.1.apersonwhopleadsforacauseorpropoundsanidea2.alawyerwhopleadscasesincourtv.1.pushforsomething2.speak,plead,orargueinfavorof Thedoctoradvocatedasmokingbanintheentirehouse.Para19unfold[,ʌn'fəuld]v.1.developorcometoapromisingstage显露2.opentotheview呈现; Awalkthroughtownwillunfoldmany interestingbuildings.3.extendorstretchouttoagreaterorthefulllength展开4.spreadoutoropenfromaclosedorfoldedstate打开BackgroundInformation1.RudolphCarlVirchow

(13October1821–5September1902)*

-oneofthefoundersofsocialmedicine;thefatherofmodernpathology-“ReportonTyphusEpidemicinUpperSilesia”-oneoftheneglectedclassicsof"socialmedicine"—atermhedidmuchtopopularize.Hisanalysisoftheepidemicemphasizedtheeconomic,social,andculturalfactorsinvolvedinitsetiology,andclearlyidentifiedthecontradictorysocialforcesthatpreventedanysimplesolution.Insteadofrecommendingmedicalchanges(i.e.,moredoctorsorhospitals),heoutlinedarevolutionaryprogramofsocialreconstruction;includingfullemployment,higherwages,theestablishmentofagriculturalcooperatives,universaleducation,andthedisestablishmentoftheCatholicChurch.-conceptof“artificialepidemics”arisinginperiodsofsocialdisruption.2.earlyinspirationofsocialmedicinecamefromEuropeanhealthstatisticsHealthanddiseasewerecorrelatedwithwealthandpoverty.Unfortunately,thisremainstruetodayandhealthinequalitiesareanactiveareaofresearchandactivism.Manysawthesedisparitiesasacallforsocialreformorrevolution（ThomasHodgkin，NormanBethune）DuringthetwentiethcenturyLatinAmericadevelopedoneofthemostactivecentersofsocialmedicine.3.socialmedicineinLatinAmerica-Itemphasizedpraxis:acloserelationshipbetweentheoryandpractice.