应用英语教程综合英语4 课件 Unit 6 Medical Science

Pre-ClassTasksBackgroundKnowledgeTextATextBPre-ClassTasksI.Mini-ResearchSearchtheInternetforinformationaboutmedicalscienceandanswerthefollowingquestions.1.Whatismedicalscience?Medicalscienceisthescienceofdealingwiththemaintenanceofhealthandthepreventionandtreatmentofdisease.Ithasmanybranches.Medicalspecialtyandmedicinearethebranchesofmedicalsciencethatdealwithnonsurgicaltechniques.Pathologyisthebranchofmedicalsciencethatstudiesthecausesandnatureandeffectsofdiseases.RadiologyisthebranchdealingwiththemedicaluseofX-raysorotherpenetratingradiation.Serologyisthebranchdealingwithserums,especiallywithbloodserumsanddisease.Surgeryisthebranchtreatingdiseaseorinjurybyoperativeprocedures.Orthopedicsisthebranchconcerningwithdisordersordeformitiesofthespineandjoints.Pre-ClassTasksI.Mini-Research2.Howwillmedicalbreakthroughschangetheworld?ThefirstisPenicillinwhichwasdiscoveredbytheEnglishmanFlemingin1928.Penicillinisaclassofantibioticsthatcankillbacteriaandisthefirstantibioticthatcantreathumandiseases.ThesecondisAspirin.It'stheevergreenofcoldandfeverremedies,andit'sstillusedtoday.Asearlyas1853,FrederickGerardsynthesizedacetylsalicylicacidfromsalicylicacidandaceticanhydride,butitdidnotattractmuchattention.Itwasintroducedtotheclinicin1899byDreiserandgiventhenameaspirin.Aspirincanbeusedtotreatawiderangeofdiseases,includingcolds,fever,headaches,toothache,arthralgia,rheumaticpain,etc.Itcanalsopreventthrombosis,myocardialinfarctionandstrokeaftersurgery.Thethirdisdiazepamwhichcanbeusedformentaltension,anxiety,depression,fear,insomniaandotherneurosis,musclespasmandintractableepilepsy.Pre-ClassTasksII.Co-learningWatchavideoclipanddiscussthefollowingquestionsinagroup.WhatisthefurtherproofthatTuYouyouisworthyofpeople’svote?2.WhatistheresultofWHO’saddingartemisinintothelistofessentialmedicines?Thenumberofdeathsduetomalariahavefallenbyalmost50%.3.WhyisTuYouyouoneofthegreatestscientistsofalltime？Shevolunteeredtotestthemedicineattheriskofherownlife.Thedrugsshediscoveredsavedmillionsoflives,peopleinsomeofthepoorestcommunitiesontheearth,millionsofchildren.Pre-ClassTasksIII.PresentationDoyouknowanygreatmedicinesthatchangedtheworld?MakeaPowerPointtointroduceoneorseveralofthem.YourPowerPointshouldcoverthefollowingpoints.1.Thenameofthemedicine,itsinventor,anditseffect2.ThesignificanceofthismedicinetotheworldPre-ClassTasksIII.PresentationOneofthemostimportantmedicinesthathavechangedtheworldispenicillin.ItwasdiscoveredbyScottishscientistSirAlexanderFlemingin1928.Penicillinisanantibioticthatkillsbacteriabyinhibitingtheircellwallsynthesis.Itwasthefirstantibiotictobediscoveredandhassavedmillionsoflivessinceitsintroduction.Penicillinwassignificantbecauseitwasthefirstdrugthatcouldcurebacterialinfections.Beforeitsdiscovery,peoplediedfromsimpleinfectionsthatcouldnotbetreated.PenicillinplayedacrucialroleinWorldWarIIwhenitwasusedtotreatwoundedsoldiers.Italsohelpedtocontrolinfectiousdiseasessuchastuberculosisandpneumonia.Anothersignificantmedicinethatchangedtheworldisthesmallpoxvaccine.ItwasdevelopedbyEnglishphysicianEdwardJennerin1796.Thevaccineismadefromthecowpoxvirus,whichisarelatedvirustothesmallpoxvirus.Thevaccineworksbyexposingthebodytoamilderformofthevirus,whichhelpsthebodytodevelopimmunitytosmallpox.Thesignificanceofthesmallpoxvaccineisthatitwasthefirstvaccineeverdeveloped.Ithaseradicatedsmallpox,whichwasoneofthedeadliestdiseasesinhumanhistory.Beforethevaccine,smallpoxkilledmillionsofpeopleworldwide.TheWorldHealthOrganizationdeclaredsmallpoxeradicatedin1980,thankstothevaccine.Inconclusion,penicillinandthesmallpoxvaccinearetwoofthemostsignificantmedicinesthathavechangedtheworld.Theyhavesavedmillionsoflivesandhelpedtocontroldeadlydiseases.BackgroundKnowledgeAbouttheAuthorLiWenzong,astaffreporterofChinaToday.BackgroundKnowledgeAbouttheTextThetextisexcerptedfromChinaToday(December2,2015)andavailableat/english/society/2015-12/02/content_709112.htmTextATextStructurePartMainideaI(para.1)________________________________________________________.II(paras.2-6)Theauthorintroduceshow___________________________wasfirstintroducedtotheworld.III(paras.7-10)________________________________________________________.IV(paras.11-16)________________________________________________________.V(paras.17-23)NobelPrizeprovesthe_______________________________oftraditionalChinesemedicine.Backgroundofthepassage:gettingtheNobelPrizeartemisininHistoryofthediscoveryofartemisininbyTuandotherChinesescientistsThegreatbenefitartemisininbringstotheworldimmensevalueTextADetailedAnalysisPartI(para1)Backgroundofthepassage:gettingtheNobelPrize.Comprehensioncheck1.Howdoestheauthorbeginthetext?Whateffectisachieved?TheauthorbeginsthetextwiththeinformationthatTuwontheNobelPrize.Itarousesthereaders’excitementandinterest.TextADetailedAnalysisPartI(para1)Wordsandphrases.1.ThiswasthefirstoccasiononwhichaChinesescientistwhoseresearchwascarriedoutexclusivelyinChinawonaNobelPrize.

exclusively:Exclusivelyisusedtorefertosituationsoractivitiesthatinvolveonlythethingorthingsmentioned,andnothingelse.排他地，独占地Eg.Todayhewasabletofocushismessageexclusivelyontheeconomy.Hepaintsfromapaletteconsistingalmostexclusivelyofgreyandmudbrown.Thisofferisavailableexclusivelytopeoplewhocallimmediately.Syn：solely

exclusive:availableorbelongingonlytoparticularpeople,andnotshared独有的，独享的；专用的

Eg.exclusiveaccess/rights/report/interview/coverageTextADetailedAnalysisPartII(paras2-6)HowartemisininwasfirstintroducedtotheWorld.Comprehensioncheck2.WhydosomepeoplesaytheNobelPrizetoTuYouyouhascomelate?BecauseitishalfacenturysinceTudiscoveredartemisinin.

3.WhenandhowdidTuYouyouwinherfameandtheLaskerAwards?Intheyear2011,infectiousdiseasespecialistLouisMillerfromNIHandhiscolleaguespublishedtheirresearchfindingsinCell,themostinfluentiallifesciencesperiodical,andexplainedthatthegreatestcontributionhascomefromTu.TextADetailedAnalysisPartII(paras2-6)Wordsandphrases.2.Andtheyarecorrectinsomesense,asitishalfacenturysinceTuYouyoudiscoveredartemisinin.(para.2)

insomesensesense:[C]awayinwhichsomethingcanbetrueorreal意义，含义，角度inasense/inonesense/insomesensesetc.(=inoneway,insomeways,etc.)innosense/ineverysense/inageneralsense/inarealsenseeg.Whathesaysisright,inasense.Thehotelwasinnosense(=notatall)comfortable.Georgewasabigmanineverysenseoftheworld(=ineveryway).Aheadofaschoolisamanagerinaveryrealsense.(=usedtoemphasizethatastatementordescriptionistrue)TextADetailedAnalysisPartII(paras2-6)Wordsandphrases.3.In1979,theStateScienceandTechnologyCommissionpresentedtheNationalInventionAwardtotheresearchachievementsofartemisinin,andTuYouyouwassingledoutofthemainresearchinstituteasthemaindiscoverer.(para.4)

singlesb/sthout:tochooseonepersonorthingfromamongagroupbecausetheyarebetter,worse,moreimportantetcthantheothers挑出，选出[+for]Idon’tseewhyheshouldbesingledoutforspecialtreatment.[+as]Oneprogrammewassingledoutasbeingparticularlygood.TextADetailedAnalysisPartII(paras2-6)Wordsandphrases.4.ThearticletoldofanassistantprofessorattheChinaAcademyofTraditionalChineseMedicinewhowasinspiredbymedicalbooksoftheEasternJinDynastytofindanewwayofextractingartemisinin.(para.4)

tellofsb/sth:literarytodescribeaneventorperson【文】描述，叙述eg.Thepoemtellsofthedeedsofafamouswarrior.

IneverydayEnglish,peopleusuallysaythatapoem,storyetcisaboutsomethingratherthantellsofsomething.eg.What’shislatestpoemabout?c.f.tellsboff:ifsomeoneinauthoritytellsyouoff,theyspeaktoyouangrilyaboutsomethingwrongthatyouhavedone斥责，训斥eg.Mydadtoldmeoffforswearing.Shellywasoneofthosekidswhowasalwaysgettingtoldoffatschool.TextADetailedAnalysisPartII(paras2-6)Wordsandphrases.5.TuYouyouandherteam’scontributiontoworldmedicaldevelopmentwerestillunacknowledged.(para.5)

unacknowledged:ignoredornotnoticed;notreceivingthepublicthanks,praise,orrewardthatsomethingdeserves未受到重视的；没有得到应有的感谢/赞扬的eg.Unacknowledgedangercanoftencauseproblemsinlaterlife.Women’sworkinthehometendstobebothunpaidandunacknowledged.

acknowledge:toadmitoracceptthatsomethingistrueorthatasituationexists;ifpeopleacknowledgesomething,theyrecognizehowgoodorimportantitis承认（某事属实或某情况存在）；承认，认可eg.Heacknowledgesthatwhenhe’stiredhegetsbad-tempered.Thefilmfestivalisacknowledgedasaneventofinternationalimportance.InmoreformalEnglish,yousayitisacknowledgedthatwhensayingwhatpeoplegenerallyagreeistrue.eg.Itisacknowledgedthattheselettersaregenuine.TextADetailedAnalysisPartII(paras2-6)Wordsandphrases.6.Thesameyear,TuwontheLaskerAward–anaccoladeinmedicalsciences,andgenerallyconsideredprecursortotheNobelPrize.(para.6)

accolade:[C]praiseforsomeonewhoisgreatlyadmired,oraprizegivenothemfortheirwork赞扬，褒奖，奖励ultimate/highest/supremeetcaccoladeeg.ShereceivedaGrammyAward,thehighestaccoladeinthemusicbusiness.HewonaccoladesasoneofAmerica’stoptestpilots.syn.honor,glory,praiseTextADetailedAnalysisPartIII(paras7-10)HistoryofthediscoveryofartemisininbyTuandotherChinesescientists.Comprehensioncheck4WhatinspirationdidTuYouyougetfromTheHandbookofPrescriptionsforEmergenciesbyGeHong?Theprocessofboilingmaydamagesomeeffectivecomponentofartemisininwhileether,whoseboilingpointismuchlowerthanwater,willnot.TextADetailedAnalysisPartIII(paras7-10)Wordsandphrases.7.AconferencewasheldinChinaonMay23,1967tomobilize500scientistsandresearchersfromover60institutesacrossthecountrytofindthroughconcertedeffortsanewantimalarialdrug.(para.7)

mobilize:toencouragepeopletosupportsomethinginanactiveway;tostarttousethethingsorpeopleyouhaveavailableinordertoachievesomething组织，鼓动，动员；调动，调用eg.Theymadeaplanofacampaigntomobilizesupportforthestrike.Theyfailedtomobilizetheirresourceseffectively.Hehelpedenergizeandmobilizemillionsofpeoplearoundthenation.Sudaneventhreatenedtomobilizeinresponsetotheultimatums.syn.organize,remove,structure

concerted:aconcertedeffortisdonebypeopleworkingtogetherinacarefullyplannedandverydeterminedway,suchasconcertedeffort/action/attacketc,butifyoumakeaconcertedefforttodosomething,youtryveryhardtodoit联合的，一致的；极大的eg.Librarieshavemadeaconcertedefforttoattractyoungpeople.Shehasbeguntomakeaconcertedefforttofindajob.TextADetailedAnalysisPartIII(paras7-10)Wordsandphrases.8.Theextractweobtainedthroughtheethermethodprovedeffectiveinsuppressingmalariainmiceandmonkeys.(para.9)

suppress:tostoppeoplefromopposingthegovernment,especiallybyusingforce（尤指用武力）镇压，制止eg.Theuprisingwasruthlesslysuppressed.:ifimportantinformationoropinionsaresuppressed,peoplearepreventedfromknowingaboutthem,eveniftheyhavearighttoknow禁止发表，封锁（消息或言论）eg.Thepolicewereaccusedofsuppressingevidence.:tostopyourselffromshowingyourfeelings抑制，克制（感情）eg.Harrycouldscarcelysuppressasmile.:topreventsomethingfromgrowingordeveloping,orfromworkingeffectively抑制（生长、发展、起作用等）eg.Thevirussuppressesthebody’simmunesystem.adj.suppressiblen.[U]suppressionsyn.control,restrainTextADetailedAnalysisPartIV(paras11-16)Thegreatbenefitartemisininbringstotheworld.Comprehensioncheck5WhydidtheNobelCommitteesayTuYouyou’sdiscoverychangedthefundamentaltreatmentofparasiticdisease？Becausetherearesomanypeopleinfectedwithmalariaeveryyear,andartemisininhasreducedthedeathrateby20%andthatamongchildrenbyatleast30%worldwide.6Whydidmanystatesmen,experts,andordinarypeoplefromAfricancountriesexpressonmanyoccasionstheirdeepgratitudetoTuYouyou?Manystatesmen,experts,andordinarypeoplefromAfricancountriesexpressedonmanyoccasionstheirdeepgratitudetoherfordiscoveringartemisinin.

TextADetailedAnalysisPartIV(paras11-16)Thegreatbenefitartemisininbringstotheworld.Comprehensioncheck7HowdoesChinahelptheAfricancountrieswithmalaria?Chinahashelpedtosetup30antimalarialcentersinAfricancountriestotraindoctorsandnursesineffortstocounteractthehugeimpactofmalaria.TextADetailedAnalysisPartIV(paras11-16)Wordsandphrases.9.In2007,ChinaalongwiththegovernmentoftheUnionofComorosstartedthecompoundartemisininprogramtorapidlyeradicatemalaria.(para.14)

alongwiththegovernmentoftheUnionofComorosinthesentenceisusedasaccompanyadverbial,itisquitelikeandinstructureandtheverbshouldbeinpluralform.

eradicate:tocompletelygetridofsomethingsuchasadiseaseorasocialproblem根除，消灭eradicatesthfromstheg.Wecaneradicatethisdiseasefromtheworld.Thisproblemhasnowbeencompletelyeradicated.n.[U]eradicationsyn.remove,rootoutTextADetailedAnalysisPartIV(paras11-16)Wordsandphrases.10.WorthyofmentionisthatChinahashelpedtosetup30antimalarialcentersinAfricancountriestotraindoctorsandnursesineffortstocounteractthehugeimpactofmalariaonthecontinent.(para.16)

effort:anattempttodosomething,especiallywhenthisinvolvesalotofhardworkordetermination努力makeaneffort(=try)inaneffortto(ineffortsto)(=inanattemptto)effortatthroughsb’sefforts(=becauseoftheirefforts)despitesb’seffortsputeffortinto(doing)sth(=tryhardtodosth)taketheeffortoutofsth(=makeiteasy)TextADetailedAnalysiseg.Shemadeanefforttochangethesubjectoftheconversation.Churchleadersarepreparedtomeettheterroristsinanefforttofindpeace.

Furthereffortsatnegotiationhavebrokendown.Themoneywasraisedlargelythroughtheeffortsofparents.

Despitealloureffortswelostthegame1-0.

Let’stryagain,onlyputmoreeffortintoitthistime.Anautomaticcartakestheeffortoutofdriving.TextADetailedAnalysisPartV(paras17-23)TheinfluencetheNobelPrizeexertedtoTraditionalChineseMedicine.Comprehensioncheck8WhatdoyoulearnfromTuYouyou’sdiscoveryofartemisinin?Opentodiscussion.TextAComprehensionFindoutinformationaboutthefollowingandshareyourfindingsinagroup.1EasternJinDynastyTheEasternJinDynastywasaperiodofChinesehistorythatlastedfrom317to420CE.ItwasthesecondofthetwodynastiesthatmadeuptheJinDynasty,thefirstbeingtheWesternJinDynasty(265-316CE).TheEasternJinDynastywasfoundedbySimaRui,whowasageneraloftheWesternJinDynasty.DuringtheEasternJinDynasty,Chinaexperiencedaperiodofculturalandartisticflourishing.Literature,calligraphy,andpaintingallreachednewheightsduringthistime,andmanyfamouspoetsandartistsemerged.TheperiodisalsoknownforitsemphasisonConfucianismandtherevivalofNeo-Confucianism.However,theEasternJinDynastywasalsomarkedbypoliticalinstabilityandmilitaryconflicts.Thedynastyfacedthreatsfromnomadictribestothenorthandrebellionsfromthesouth.In420CE,theEasternJinDynastywasoverthrownbyLiuYu,whofoundedtheLiuSongDynasty.TextAComprehensionFindoutinformationaboutthefollowingandshareyourfindingsinagroup.2AmericanNationalInstitutesofHealth(NIH)TheNationalInstitutesofHealth(NIH)isaresearchagencyoftheUnitedStatesDepartmentofHealthandHumanServices.Itisthelargestbiomedicalresearchagencyintheworld,withamissiontoimprovehealthandsavelivesthroughscientificresearch.NIHconductsandfundsresearchonawiderangeofhealthtopics,frombasicbiomedicalsciencestoclinicalresearchtobehavioralandsocialsciences.NIHiscomposedof27institutesandcenters,eachwithitsownresearchagendaandbudget.Theseinstitutesandcentersworktogethertoadvancemedicalresearchandtodevelopnewtreatmentsandcuresfordiseases.SomeofthemajorinstitutesandcentersincludetheNationalCancerInstitute,theNationalInstituteofAllergyandInfectiousDiseases,andtheNationalInstituteofMentalHealth.NIHalsoplaysacriticalroleintrainingthenextgenerationofscientistsandsupportingscienceeducationprograms.Itprovidesfundingforresearchgrants,fellowships,andtrainingprogramsforscientistsandstudentsintheUnitedStatesandaroundtheworld.Overall,NIHisakeyinstitutioninadvancingbiomedicalresearchandimprovingpublichealth.TextAComprehensionFindoutinformationaboutthefollowingandshareyourfindingsinagroup.3sub-SaharanAfricaSub-SaharanAfricaistheregionofAfricathatliessouthoftheSaharadesert.Itiscomprisedof46countriesandishometoover1billionpeople.Theregionisknownforitsdiversecultures,languages,andethnicgroups,aswellasitsabundantnaturalresourcessuchasoil,minerals,andagriculturalproducts.Sub-SaharanAfricafacesmanychallengesincludingpoverty,politicalinstability,anddisease.Manycountriesintheregionhavelowlevelsofeconomicdevelopmentandhighratesofunemployment,particularlyamongyoungpeople.Therearealsoongoingconflictsandviolenceinsomeareas,whichhaveledtodisplacementandhumanitariancrises.Intermsofhealth,sub-SaharanAfricahasbeenheavilyaffectedbyHIV/AIDS,malaria,andotherinfectiousdiseases.However,progresshasbeenmadeinrecentyearsinreducingtheincidenceofthesediseasesthroughpublichealthinterventionsandimprovedaccesstohealthcare.Despitethesechallenges,sub-SaharanAfricaalsohasarichculturalheritage,withvibrantmusic,art,andliterature.Theregionisalsohometodiversewildlifeandnaturalecosystems,includingtheSerengetiNationalParkinTanzaniaandtheOkavangoDeltainBotswana.TextAWordApplication1Completethesentenceswiththeproperformofthewordsinparentheses.(1)Itwashardwork,butthesenseof____________ishuge.(achieve)(2)Evenatinymistakecanhavegreateffectsonthe____________ofprecisedata.(extract)(3)Aquarterlymagazineisa____________publishedeverythreemonths.(period)(4)Ourgovernmentistryingeverymethodto____________thattheoldhaveaccesstohigh-qualitycare.(sure)(5)Thecourseconsistsoftencompulsorymodulesandfive____________modules.(option)achievement periodicalextractionensureoptional TextAWordApplication2Paraphrasethefollowingsentences,payingspecialattentiontotheunderlinedparts.Thesameyear,TuwontheLaskerAwards—anaccoladeinmedicalsciences,andgenerallyconsideredprecursortotheNobelPrize.(2)Soitoccurredtomethattheprocessofboilingmaydamagesomeeffectivecomponentofartemisinin.TuwontheLaskerAwardthesameyear,whichisthegreathonorinmedicalsciencesandisgenerallybelievedthepreludetotheNobelPrize–TuwillwontheNobelPrizesoonafterthisaward.IsuddenlyrealizedthattheheatofboilingmaydamagesomeeffectiveelementwhichIneeded.TextAWordApplication(3)Allofuswerewillingguineapigs.(4)MalariahasthehighestmorbidityinTogo.(5)AscholaroftraditionalChinesemedicinesaidthatpridewelledupinsidehimafterhearingthenews.Itwasneededtotestthemedicineonhumansinordertoproveitseffect,andweallvolunteeredtoacceptthetest.ThenumberofpeoplewhoareinfectedwithmalariainTogoisthehighest.Withthecombiningpurifyingeffectofmoderntechnologyandmodernmedicine,herbalmedicinebecameremarkablyeffectiveintreatingmalaria.TextAWordApplication3Completethesentenceswiththeproperformoftheexpressionsgivenbelow. carryout singleout beresistantto engagein inaneffortto benefitfromItwouldbeembarrassingforthemanagerto____________anyonepersontopraiseamongsomanyindustriousemployees.(2)Heiscurrently____________adisputewithhisformerbusinesspartner.(3)Researchersfindsomeoldpeoplehaveanaturaltrustincashpaymentand____________electronicpayment.(4)Thecompany____________havingskilledandeducatedworkers.(5)Despiteasleeplessnight,she____________thetaskefficiently.(6)Pennytendedtoworkthroughherlunchhour____________keepupwithherwork.singleoutengagedinareresistanttobenefitsfromcarryoutinanefforttoTextAWordApplication4Distinguishthemeaningofthewordsineachgroup,andthencompletethesentenceswiththeproperformoftheappropriatewords.extract;refine(1)Thisappliancecanbeusedto____________juicefromfruitsandvegetables.(2)Oilis____________toremovenaturallyoccurringimpurities.precursor;predecessor(3)Thenewmanagerfacedthesamekindofproblemsashis____________.(4)Localpeopleareworriedaboutwhethertheseslightearthquakesarethe____________toamajorearthquake.extractrefinedpredecessorprecursorTextAWordApplicationcompound;mixture(5)Waterisa____________ofhydrogenandoxygen.(6)Theylookedathimwitha____________ofhorror,envy,andawe.therapy;cure(7)Scientistsstillhaven’tfounda____________forthisdisease.(8)Thedoctorsaidafullrecoverywillrequireyearsofphysical____________.compoundsmixturecure therapyTextAWordApplication5Completethesentenceswithappropriateprepositionsoradverbs.(1)Theywereseverelyinjured____________ahigh-speedcrashinParislastyear.(2)Englishmajorsneedtobeaware____________theimportanceofcollocation.(3)JaneAusten’snovelsare____________thebest-lovedclassicsinEnglishliterature.(4)Thefatherpromisedhissonhewouldnotrefer____________hisembarrassmentagain.(5)Toensuresafety,thescientistdecidedtotestthevaccine____________herself.inofamongtoonTextAWordApplication(6)Hemadeaverypositivecontribution____________thesuccessoftheproject.(7)Theteacheraskedherstudentstosearchouttheanswers____________usingalltheresourcesavailabletothem.(8)Theregulationsintheoldfactoryare____________ofdateandconfusing.(9)Manypeopledon’tusetheircomputers____________theirfullpotential.(10)Thetalksbetweenbothsideswereeffective____________settingtheirdisputes.tobyouttoinTextAGrammarApplication1Decidewhichofthewordsgivenintheboxbelowwouldbestcompletethepassageifinsertedinthecorrespondingblanks.ThewordscanbeusedONCEONLY. A.prevent B.hesitant C.catch D.rarely E.incredibly F.obscure G.diseases H.develop I.outbreak J.decrease K.dangerouslyL.deaths M.published N.clear O.volunteersWhenItalktoparentswhoare1____________aboutvaccines,whattheymostwanttotalktomeaboutarepossiblesideeffectsofthevaccine.They2____________worryaboutthediseasesthatvaccinescanprevent—andthat’swhatworriesmemostofall.Itisthetruthofvaccinerefusal:Whenyoudon’tgetvaccinatedagainstanillness,youaremorelikelyto3____________it.B.hesitantD.rarelyC.catchTextAGrammarApplicationAstudy4____________intheJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociationmadethisvery5____________.Researcherslookedatinformationaboutrecentmeasles6____________.Theyfoundthatunvaccinatedpeoplemadeupthemajorityofthosewhocaughtmeasles.We7____________vaccinesforareason:tostopchildrenfromgettingsick.IntheUnitedStates,vaccineshavedonesuchagreatjobthatwehaveliterallyforgottenabouttheravagesofmeasles,polio,andthemanyother8____________thatwecannowprevent.Theytrulywereravages.Whoevenremembersdiphtheria?Between1936and1945,therewereabout1,8009____________ayearofdiphtheria.Wesimplycannotignorethatvaccinesare10____________effective,andsavethousandsandthousandsoflives.Vaccinesareamedicaltreatment,andlikeanymedicaltreatment,theycanhaverisksandsideeffects.Somuchhasbeendone,andisstillbeingdone,tomakevaccinesassafeaspossible.M.publishedN.clearI.outbreakH.developG.diseasesL.deathsE.incrediblyTextAGrammarApplication2Completeeachsentencewithappropriaterelativepronounsoradverbs.(1)Susie,with____________helpwewonthelawsuit,wasanexcellentlawyer.(2)Thegallery____________we’llvisitnextweekisnotfarfrommyhouse.(3)Theyfinallyarrivedatafarmhouse,infrontof____________satanoldlady.(4)Thegirlworkshard,____________winsheralotofscholarships.(5)Thedayon____________Isawhimwasthegreatestinmylife.(6)Thankyouforyourinvitation,____________givesusanotherchancetolinktogether.(7)Thosefiveyearswasthetime____________hewashappilyengagedincomposing.(8)Thereisonepoint____________Iwouldlikeyouradvice.(9)Wearebecomingincreasinglyawareofall____________canbefallpatientsinthecourseoftheirillness.(10)Thereason____________hedidn’tattendthemeetingwasnotconvincing.whosethat/whichwhichwhichwhichwhichw