Contrastive Analysis语言学中的对比分析课件

ContrastiveAnalysisGroupMember：...ContrastiveAnalysis语言学中的对比分析OutlineWhatisContrastive

Analysis/

Study/

Linguistics?WhatisthepsychologicalbasisofCA?WhatproceduresshouldweadoptwhileconductingCA?Whatdowecontrast/compare?ContrastiveAnalysis语言学中的对比分析DefinitionAninductiveinvestigativeapproachbasedonthedistinctiveelementsinalanguage.Itinvolvesthecomparisonoftwoormorelanguagesorsubsystemsoflanguageinordertodetermineboththedifferencesandsimilaritiesbetweenthem.Itcouldalsobedonewithinonelanguage.CAcanbeboththeoreticalandappliedaccordingtovariedpurpose.ContrastiveAnalysis语言学中的对比分析kindsIntralingualCross-linguistic/InterlingualPhonologicalinterferenceSyntacticinterferenceContrastivepragmaticsContrastiveAnalysis语言学中的对比分析KindsIntralingual---Analysisofcontrastivephonemes.---Featureanalysisofmorphsyntacticcategories.---Analysisofmorphemeshavinggrammaticalmeaning---AnalysisofwordorderContrastiveAnalysis语言学中的对比分析KindsCross-linguistic/Interlingual---Comparativeanalysisofmorphsyntacticsystems.---Comparativeanalysisoflexicalsemantics---Analysisoftranslationalequivalence---StudyofinterferenceinforeignlanguagelearningContrastiveAnalysis语言学中的对比分析kindsPhonologicalinterference----Thosewhocannotdistinguish/n/and/l/soundinChinesecannotdistinguishthetwosoundsinEnglish,eitherContrastiveAnalysis语言学中的对比分析KindsContrastivepragmatics----Analysisneedstoconsidernotonlylinguisticcontrastsbutalsopragmaticcontrastssuchasthesimilaritiesanddifferencesinthestylisticuses,cultures,andothercommunicativenetworks.ContrastiveAnalysis语言学中的对比分析TheoreticalbasesHeavilyinfluencedbyStructuralismandBehaviorism.ThefocusonCAisonthesurfacestructure,includingthephonology,morphology,syntaxanddiscourse.Followingbehaviorism,CAemphasizesontransferinlanguagelearningContrastiveAnalysis语言学中的对比分析BasisassumptionsL2learninginvolvesovercomingdifficultiesinthelinguisticsystemsofthetargetlanguage.ThemaindifficultiesinlearningaL2arecausedbyinterferencefromtheL1.CAcanpredict,oratleastaccountfor,difficultiesinL2learning.Teachingmaterialsbasedoncontrastiveanalysiscanreducetheeffectsofinterferenceanddifficulties,andfacilitateL2learning.ContrastiveAnalysis语言学中的对比分析TwotypesoftransferPositivetransfer:similarstructurefacilitatelearning.L1habitscansuccessfullybeusedintheL2.Negativetransfer:“interference”fromtheL1.L1habitswillcauseerrorsintheL2.ContrastiveAnalysis语言学中的对比分析ProceduresofconductingCATheproceduresfollowedinvolve:

1)description

(i.e.aformaldescriptionofthetwolanguageswasmadesuchasdistinctivefeaturesofeach)

2)selection

(i.e.certainareasoritemsofthetwolanguageswerechosenfordetailedcomparisonsuchasphonology,syntaxandlexicon)Thelivelychatwaspunctuatedbyshoutsand

laughters.Thelivelychatwaspunctuatedbyshoutsandburstsoflaughter.

3)comparison(i.e.theidentificationofareasofdifferenceandsimilarity)ContrastiveAnalysis语言学中的对比分析DifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglish:

Asforthesamething,ChineseandEnglishgiveadifferentnamebecauseoftheirdifferentfocus.

Generally,blackisequivalentto“黑”，andredisto“红”.“青睐”inChinesemeans“like”and“favor”whilegreeneyedinEnglishmeans“jealous”.“眼红”inChineseisequivalenttogreen-eyedinEnglish.Then,whatdoes“red-eyedflight”mean?ContrastiveAnalysis语言学中的对比分析SimilaritiesinChineseandEnglish:Therearesomesimilaritiesinsyntax,lookatthefollowingexamples:一朝被蛇咬，三年怕井绳。Oncebitten,twiceshy.眼不见，心不烦。Outofsight,outofmind.4)prediction

(i.e.determiningwhichareaswerelikelytocauseerrors)whichisalwaysconsideredasafailureofdoing.ContrastiveAnalysis语言学中的对比分析Whatwearegoingtodonextisdatacollection.Therearetwotypesofdata:

1)corpus-baseddata

2)introspectivedataCorpus-baseddata:acollectionofmaterialsthathasbeenmadeforaparticularpurpose,suchasasetoftextbookswhicharebeinganalyzedandcomparedorasampleofsentencesorutteranceswhicharebeing

analyzedfortheirlinguisticfeatures.Introspectivedata:akindofdatainvolvingthesubjectreflectingthekindsofdecisionstheymakeandthekindsofstrategiestheyusewhilecarryingoutatask,andreportingthemastheyoccur.ContrastiveAnalysis语言学中的对比分析Corpus-baseddata/IntrospectivedataIntrospectivedataisbasedonintuitiontomakejudgment,thejudgmentofsentimentality.Personaljudgmentmaynotalwaysbereliable,butthis

procedurecannotbeabandonedbecauseitisvery

convenient.Sothatiswhyeverybodyusesit.

Youcannotmixthetwodata.Youcanonlyuseone,eithercorpus-dataorintrospective.ContrastiveAnalysis语言学中的对比分析Whatdowecontrastorcompare?Canweimproveourlinguisticcompetencewithoutsystematicallycomparingourmothertongueandthetargetlanguage?First,wemustunderstandthemeaningofawordwhilelearningaforeignlanguage.Second,wemustlearnitsgrammarwhilelearningaforeignlanguage.Third,weshouldalsobefamiliarwithotheraspectsoflanguage,suchassemanticsandpragmatics.Finally,weshouldknowthetargetculturewhilelearningaforeignlanguage.

ContrastiveAnalysis语言学中的对比分析ContrastiveanalysisonlexicallevelAsSwedishlinguistFerdinanddeSaussuresays,“Languageisasystemofmutuallydependentlexicalitem,whosevaluecanonlybeacquiredfromotherlexicalitems.Forexample,thevalueoftheword“bachelor”canonlybegeneratedfromspinster,woman,andhusband.”Therearesomecollocationsthataretakenforgranted.Nowtake“salary”asanexample:abig/highsalary/fatsalaryacomfortablesalary/ahandsomesalarylowsalaries/asmallsalaryamodestsalaryContrastiveAnalysis语言学中的对比分析ContrastiveAnalysisonSyntacticLevelHumboldt,aGermanlinguist,saysthatanysentenceinanylanguagehastwolevels:oneislogicandtheotherisgrammar.Chineselanguagehasmuchmorecoincidenceinlogicandgrammaranditismorebasedonlogic.TherearemanydifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglishinsyntax.Theyareasfollows:hypotactic(主从的)vs.paratactic（并列的）,grammaticalprinciplevs.semanticprinciplesubordinationvs.coordinationgrammaticalwordordervs.pragmaticwordordernon-pro-dropvs.pro-drop（主语脱落）ContrastiveAnalysis语言学中的对比分析Takepro-dropandnon-pro-dropasanexample,Question:[]开门了吗？Answer:[]开了[]。发现了错误，一定要改正。Wrongsmustberightedwhentheyarediscovered.看树看果实，看人看作为。Atreeisknownbyitsfruit,andamanisknownbyhisaction.ContrastiveAnalysis语言学中的对比分析SinceEnglishisasortofanalyticalandgrammaticallanguage,itismorestrict,stringentanddefiniteeveninagentlesspassivesentences.However,ChineseisquitedifferentfromEnglish.Itisvague,anddependsheavilyoncontextandsemanticsratherthanongrammar.SinceChinesehasnomorphology,itisnecessaryforEnglishlearnersofL2ChinesetohavetheknowledgeofpragmaticswhenunderstandingChinesegrammar.Otherwise,itwillcauseambiguityormisunderstandinginmeaning.ContrastiveAnalysis语言学中的对比分析ContrastiveAnalysisonMacroscopicLevelThedifferencebetweenmicroscopicCAandmacroscopicCAisthatmicroscopicCAfocusesonphonology,lexis,grammar,etc.whilemacroscopicCAfocusesontext,anddiscourse.Whatistext?Textisnotlimitedbyitsform;itcanbespokenorwrittenorevenaproseorpoem.Inaword,textisasemanticunitofexpressingideas.ContrastiveAnalysis语言学中的对比分析Example:Insummary,therearetwodifferencesinthecomponentofconnectioninEnglishdiscourseandChinesediscourse：oneisvisibleandinvisibleconnection,andtheotheristhewayofmakingpausesinsentences（断句）.Therewerefewearthlythingsmorebeautifulthanauniversity,saidMasefield.Hedidnotrefertospiresandtowers,campusgreensandivi