Unit2 西方文化导论课件

U3_mainGetStartedTextStudySupplementaryResourcesUnit2CultureinAncientRomeGetStarted_mainGetStartedGetStarted1.AGeneralIntroduction2.FocusInGetStarted_1.1GetStartedGetStarted_1.1GetStarted

AncientRome,oncethelargestempireintheworld,wasoriginatedfromsomevillageslocatedontheApenninePeninsulaalongtheMediterraneanSeainthe10thcenturyBC.In509BC,AugustusbuiltarepubliccountryofRome.Duringthe4thcenturyBC,RomeunifiedItalybymilitaryconquest,andafteryearsofwars,itconqueredCarthage,Greece,Macedon,etc.andbuiltupavastRomanEmpirewithaterritorystretchingacrossthreecontinents.Duringthisperiod,RomesucceedinglyexperiencedtheruleofSullaFelix,thefirstTriumvirate,andthesecondTriumvirate.In27BC,Octaviancalledhimself“Augustus”andheldtogetherinhisowngraspallthemilitary,administrative,judicialandreligiouspowers,becomingtheEmperorofRomanEmpire.InthetwoGetStarted_1.2GetStartedcenturiesafterAugustuscametopower,theRomanEmpirereacheditsculminationineconomy,culture,militaryforceandtrade.However,beginningfromthe5thcenturyorso,theRomanEmpireembarkedonapathofdecline.Economicproblems,socialproblemsandfrequentwarsfinallysplittheRomanEmpireintotwoparts:EasternandWesternParts.In476,WesternRomanEmpirecametoanend.

RomanssucceededinputtingintoeffecttheideasofrulershipborrowedfromancientGreece.TheGreekdemocracyprovidedthepreliminarybasisforthelaterformofWesterngovernmentwhichwouldappearmoreopenandlessautocratic.Thesocietyhasaclearlydefinedsocialstatus.GetStarted_1.3GetStartedRomansalsoborrowed

manyotherculturalideasfromancientGreece,includingdailycustoms,lawsandarchitecturaldesignsaswellasliterarystylesandcreativemethodswhichgreatlyaddedtothetasteandcharmofdailylifebeforetheGreekandRomanculturescamearoundasclassicalcultureasitwastermedbylatereras.However,itstillattributedgreatlytotheWesterncultureinmythology,religion,literature,history,philosophy,architectureandart.GetStarted_2.1GetStartedTogetabriefviewofthehistoryanddevelopmentofancientRomeTogettoknowtheRomansocialstructureandeconomicconditionsTobefamiliarwithmajorcharacteristicsandcontributionsofRomancultureinmythology,religion,philosophy,history,literatureandartsTextStudy_mainTextStudyTextStudyI.TheHistoricalDevelopmentofAncientRome

II.TheRomanSocialandEconomicConditions

III.RomanCulturalAchievements

TextStudy_I_1.1TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeasTheHistoryofAncientRomeOrigin:smallvillageincentralItalyDuring700BC–800BC,SevenHillAllytookshapeandcitiesandtribescameintobeing.Development:In509BC,AugustusbuiltupRomanRepublic.AfterthreePunicwars,inthe4thcenturyBC,avastunifiedRomanEmpirewasestablishedwithterritorystretchingacrossthreecontinents.TextStudy_I_1.2TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeasThreepowerfulrulers:L.SullaFelix,the1stTriumvirate,the2ndTriumvirateIn27BC,OctaviancalledhimselfAugustusandbuiltupacentralizedRome.Decline:In33AD,RomanEmpirewasdividedintotwoparts.End:In476,WestRomewasdefeatedbyGermantroopsandcametoanend.TextStudy_I_2.1TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsInterpretationofCulturalTermsLuciusTarquiniusSuperbus

卢修斯•塔克文•苏佩布(？–496BC):Superbuswasthe7themperoroftheRomanKingdomEtruscan，rulingfrom535BCtotheRomanrevoltin509BCwhichledtotheestablishmentoftheRomanRepublic.TextStudy_I_2.2TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsInterpretationofCulturalTermsRomulusandRemus罗穆卢斯和瑞摩斯：Romulus(771BC–717BC)andRemus(771BC–753BC)werethetwinbrothers,whoweresaidtobethefoundersofRome.InRomanmythology,

theirparentswereMarsandRheaSilvia,thedaughterofLatinKing.ThetwinswereorderedtobedrownedbythenewkingwhodethronedtheLatinKing.However,theyweresavedandraisedbyashe-wolf.Whentheygrewup,thetwinsbuilttheirowncity,butRemuswaskilledTextStudy_I_2.3TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsInterpretationofCulturalTermsbyhisbrotherwhobecamethefirstkingofRome.Nowadays,Romulusisregardedasamythologicalfigure,whosenameistheoriginofRome.TextStudy_I_2.4TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsInterpretationofCulturalTermsPunicWars布匿战争:AseriesofwarsbetweenRomeandCarthagefrom264BCto146BC.ThemaincauseistheconflictofinterestsbetweentheCarthaginianEmpireandtheRomanRepublic.Therearethreelargestwars:FirstPunicWar(264BC–241BC),SecondPunicWar(218BC–201BC),ThirdPunicWar(149BC–146BC).Eventually,aftermorethanahundredyears,RomeconqueredtheCarthaginianEmpireandbecamethemostpowerfulstateintheclassicalworld.TextStudy_I_2.5TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsInterpretationofCulturalTermsTriumvirate三头统治:ApoliticalgroupofthreepowerfulpersonsinRome.TheFirstTriumviratewasaninformalgoverningalliancecomposedofGaiusJuliusCaesar,MarcusLiciniusCrassus,andPompeyinthemid-1stcenturyBC.TheSecondTriumviratewasaformaloneconsistingofOctavian,MarkAntonyandMarcusAemiliusLepidus.TextStudy_I_2.5TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsInterpretationofCulturalTermsTextStudy_I_2.6TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsInterpretationofCulturalTermsOctavian屋大维：Octavian（Augustus）（63BC–14AD）wasadoptedbyJuliusCaesarin44BC.HewasthefirstemperorinRomanEmpirefrom27BCto14AD.In40BC，hewascalledAugustusbytheSenate,whohadpowertoruleRome’sreligious,civilandmilitaryaffairs.Hemadegreatachievementsinhisrulingtime:thelongpeaceaftercivilwar,thesoundcurrency,thehighwaysystem,constructionsofbridgesandbuildings,TextStudy_I_2.7TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsInterpretationofCulturalTermsthegrowthofliterature.TheRomanEmpiresubduedSpain,Gaul,etc.andannexedEgyptandmostofEurope.HewasviewedasagodintheheartsoftheRomansasaresult.

B.ByzantiumC.PaxRomana D.SevenHillAllyTextStudy_I_3.1TextStudyComprehensionExercisesA.RomanRepublic AncientRomancultureistheculturefromtheformationof____totheendoftheRomanEmpire,whichhadlastedabout1200yearsthroughout.ComprehensionExercisesMultiplechoice.A.OctavianandCaesarB.CaesarandRemusD.RomulusandOctavianTextStudy_I_3.2TextStudyComprehensionExercisesC.RomulusandRemus(2)____werethetwins,thefoundersofRomeinthehistory.ComprehensionExercisesMultiplechoice.A.Caesar

C.Remus D.PompeyTextStudy_I_3.3TextStudyComprehensionExercisesB.Octavian(3)____wasthefirstemperorinRomanEmpirefrom27BCto14AD.ComprehensionExercisesMultiplechoice.A.JuliusCaesar,MarkAntony,SullaB.Pompey,Crassus,CleopatraD.Octavian,Brutus,MariusTextStudy_I_3.4TextStudyComprehensionExercisesC.Pompey,Crassus,JuliusCaesar(4)TheFirstTriumvirateconsistedof____.ComprehensionExercisesMultiplechoice.A.Greek B.Sicily C.Spain TextStudy_I_3.5TextStudyComprehensionExercisesD.Carthage(5)PunicwarsareaseriesofwarsbetweenRomeand____.ComprehensionExercisesMultiplechoice.TextStudy_I_4.1TextStudyThinkandDiscussPleasegiveabriefintroductiontothedevelopmentofancientRome.AnalyzethereasonsthatattributedtheconversionofRomanRepublictoRomanEmpire.Reasons:a.RomanrulershipinheritedlargelyfromancientGreece.UndertheRepublic,senatorswereelectedbythepeopletorunthegovernment.b.Territoryexpansecausedrichlandownersandmerchantstobeabletobuyupmostofthecountryland,whichledtoinstabilityofRomanmilitary.ThinkandDiscussTextStudy_I_4.2TextStudyThinkandDiscussThinkandDiscussc.Fightsamongpowerfulrulers,suchasthefightinthefirstTriumvirate,andinthesecondTriumvirate,gavechancetogetthesupremepowertoonlyonepersoninsteadofthepeople.TextStudy_II_1.1TextStudyMainIdeasRomansocietywasdividedintoanumberofsocialclasses.Therewasadistinctionmadebetweencitizensandnon-citizens,patriciansandplebeians,andpatronsandclients.ThesesocialdivisionsdeterminedrightsandprivilegesintheRomanRepublic.MainIdeasTextStudy_II_1.2TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeas

DistinctionsFieldAspectCharacterssocialclassupperclasssenatorialclass:Basedonpolitics.Inheritednobles,consuls.equestrianclass:Basedoneconomy.Primarilyinvolvedinthetypesofbusinessprohibitedtosenators.lowerclassplebs:Allotherfree-bornRomancitizens.Womencouldnotvoteorholdpoliticaloffice.TextStudy_II_1.2TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeasFieldAspectCharacterslowerclassfreedpeople:Slaveswhohadboughttheirfreedom.Lotsofrestrictionsontheirrights.slaves:Propertyoftheirownersbylaw,withoutfreedomandlegalrightsinthesociety.Theywereforcedtoperformphysicallabororothermanuallabor,orplaygladiatorialgamesinthepublicarenasasentertainmentfortheRomans.TextStudy_II_1.2TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeasFieldAspectCharactersconstruc-tionscitygreateconomicdevelopment,betterconstructions.Thesystemforwatersupplywasatanadvancedlevelofengineering.countrysidepovertystrickenfamilylifemale-dominatedabsoluteobediencebywomenandotherjuniorfamilymemberstotheirfathers,husbands,brothersandevensonsTextStudy_II_1.2TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeasFieldAspectCharactersfamilylifenamesTheRomanmaleshadthreenames:forename,middlename,andlastorfamilyname.Womenwereonlygivenonename:femininenamefortheclanorforthefamily.TextStudy_II_1.3TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeas

Socialentertainmenta.attendingbanquetsb.watchinggames(famousforpublicwrestlingandfightsbetweenmenandwildanimals,orchariot-racing)c.joininginaget-togetherwithfamiliesd.playing

musicalinstrumentse.reading,orengagingincarefreeconversation

Romanlaws:famousforJustinianLawandtheLawof

TwelveTablesTextStudy_IV_1.1MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasTextStudy_IV_1.1MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasTextStudy_II_1.4TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeasTextStudy_IV_1.1MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasTextStudy_IV_1.1MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasTextStudy_II_2.1TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsLawoftheTwelveTables十二铜表法：ThelawoftheTwelveTableswastheoldestorallawmadebytenmagistratescalleddecimvir,whichwasinscribedonthebronzeandwoodentabletsin450BC.Theoriginaltablesweredestroyedin390BC.Theyareaseriesofarticlesaboutvariousprivaterightsandthestrictpenalties.ThecodeisthebasisofRomanlaws,existingforalmost1000years.InterpretationofCulturalTermsTextStudy_II_2.2TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsCircusMaximus

马克西穆斯竞技场:AnancientRomanchariot-racing

stadiumandmassentertainmentvenuelocatedinRome,Italy.SituatedinthevalleybetweentheAventineandPalatinehills,itwasthefirstandlargeststadiuminancientRomeanditslaterEmpire.Itmeasured621m(2,037ft)inlengthand118m(387ft)inwidth,andcouldaccommodateabout150,000spectators.Initsfullydevelopedform,itbecamethemodelforcircusesthroughouttheRomanEmpire.Thesiteisnowapublicpark.InterpretationofCulturalTermsTextStudy_II_2.3TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsTheColosseum(ortheColiseum)罗马圆形斗兽场:AnellipticalamphitheatreinthecentreofthecityofRome,Italy,thelargesteverbuiltintheRomanEmpire.ItisconsideredoneofthegreatestworksofRomanarchitectureandRomanengineering.InterpretationofCulturalTermsTextStudy_II_2.4TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsInterpretationofCulturalTermsToga

托加长袍:AdistinctivegarmentofancientRome,aclothofperhaps6m(20ft)inlengthwhichwaswrappedaroundthebodyandwasgenerallywornoveratunic.Thetogawasmadeofwool,andthetunicunderitwasoftenmadeoflinen.Afterthe2ndcenturyBC,thetogawasagarmentwornexclusivelybymen,andonlyRomancitizenswereallowedtowearthetoga.TextStudy_II_3.1TextStudyComprehensionExercisesTrueoffalsequestion.(1)InancientRome,freedslavescouldbecomeRomancitizenwithoutanyrestrictionsontheirlegalrights.(2)Allfree-borncitizenscouldgetmarriedinRomansociety.(3)AllRomansgottheirdailyneedsfromwarravagesandlootinginotherdefeatedcountriesorareas.(4)InRomansociety,womenhadmorechancestodosomesocialactivitiesthanthoseintheEast.(5)TheRomansusuallyentertainedattheriskofslaves’lives.ComprehensionExercisesFFFTT__________ThemajorroletheRomanwomenplayedwasthechildbearer.a.Inpolitics,theyhavenorighttovoteorholdpoliticaloffice.b.Infamilies,theyhadtobeabsolutelyobedienttotheirfathers,husbands,brothersandevensons.c.Innameassignations,womenwereusuallygivenonlyonename,eitherthefemininenamefortheclanorthefemininenameforthefamily.d.Ineducation,someoftheRomanwomencouldgotopublicprimaryschool,andtheyhavemorechancestodosomesocialactivities.TextStudy_II_4.1TextStudyThinkandDiscussPleaseillustratethesocialstatusofwomeninRomansociety.ThinkandDiscussTextStudy_III_1.1MainIdeasTextStudy

TheRomansconqueredtheGreekbytheirtremendousforce,whileontheotherhandwerebeatenbyGreekabundantculture.RomanculturewasdeeplyinfluencedbyGreekculturefrommyth,religion,philosophy

toliterature,architectureandart.MainIdeasTextStudy_III_1.2MainIdeasTextStudyMythandReligionComparedwiththeotherreligiousbelievers,theancientRomanswereneversteadyorfirmenoughinkeepingaconsistentanduniversaldeityasthebasisfortheirnationalreligion.TheycompletelyadoptedtheOlympianpantheonofgodsandthenmodifiedthemintheirownway.TheaverageRomanhadfreedomtochoosehisorhergodtobelievein.From4thcentury,ChristianbecameRomannationalreligion.MainIdeasTextStudy_III_1.2MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasTextStudy_III_1.2MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasGod&GoddessGreeknameCharacterJupiterZeusthemasterofthegodsandmaingodoftheRomansJunoHerathequeenofthegods,thegoddessofwomenandfertilityMarsAresthegodofwar,thestrongestandmostfearsomegodexceptforJupiterVenusAphroditethegoddessofloveandbeautyMinervaAthenathegoddessofwisdom,learning,artcraftsandindustryTextStudy_III_1.2MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasGod&GoddessGreeknameCharacterNeptunePoseidonthepowerfulgodoftheseaCeresDemeterthegoddessoftheharvestVulcanHephaestustheblacksmithofthegodsandagodoftheunderworldDianaArtemisthegoddessofhuntingandagoddessofthemoonBacchusDionysosthegodofwineandpartyingMercuryHermesthemessengerofthegodsTextStudy_III_1.2MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasGod&GoddessGreeknameCharacterVestaHestiathegoddessofthehearthandhomePlutoHadesthegodofdeathApolloApollothegodofthesunCupidErosthegodofloveTextStudy_III_1.2MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasLiterature(1)RomanPoetryNameCharacterWorksVirgilfamousforhisepicpoemsEclogues,Georgics,andAeneidHoraceapoetandcritic,famousforhispoeticforms,hissincerityandfranknessinhisself-portraitures,BookofSatires,OdesandEpistlesTextStudy_III_1.2MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasNameCharacterWorkshispatriotism,hisurbanityandhishumourandgoodsenseBookofSatires,OdesandEpistlesOvidafluent,simple,wittyandingenuouswriter,neatinrhymingandwording,expertinvividandlucidstorytelling,withmanycharmingplaysoffancyandpicturesquedescriptionsMetamorphoses,PhilomonandBaucis,CeyxandHalcyone,ApolloandDaphne,NarcissusTextStudy_III_1.2MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeas(2)RomanDramaNameCharacterWorksTitusMacciusPlautusafamousplaywrightoncomediesTheTwinBrothers,TheBoastfulArmymanandAPotofGoldTerenceThesecondimportantRomancomicdramatist.Hisstyleisclear,simpleandfinished.TheMother-in-Law,TwoBrothersTextStudy_III_1.2MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeas(3)ProseWritersNameCharacterWorksGaiusJuliusCaesarAneminentpolitician,commanderandpoet.Histwoworkswerewritteninunadorned,straightforwardanddetachedstyle.CommentariesontheGallicWar,TheCivilWarCiceroafamousoratorandstatesman57speechesandabout900letters.Brutus,Orator,OntheCrownandDeOptimoGenereOratorum.TextStudy_III_1.2MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasHistoryNameCharacterWorksPolybiusaGreekaristocratandRomanhistorianTheHistoryrecordedtherapidanddramaticriseofRomansupremacyintheMediterranean,fromthebeginningofthe

2ndPunicwartotheendofthe3rdMacedonianwar.LivyOctavian’scontemporaryTheHistoryofRomeconsistedof142volumes,coveringthewholehistoryofRomansociety.TextStudy_III_1.2MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasNameCharacterWorksTacitusgovernorofaminorprovince,consuloftheempire,famoushistorianTheHistoriesdealtwiththereignsoftheemperorsfromGalbatoDomitian.TheAnnalsdealtwiththeearlierperiodfromtheaccessionofTiberiustothedeathofNero.Style:narrativeTextStudy_III_1.2MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasPhilosophyRomanphilosophywasgreatlyinfluencedbytheGreekphilosophers,especiallybytheStoicandEpicureanschools.Theyalsoprovidepracticalexplanationandapplicationofphilosophicalprinciples.TherearetwophilosophersfamousfortheircontributiontotheinterpretationofGreekphilosophy,namelyLucretiusandSeneca.TextStudy_III_1.2MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeas(1)LucretiuswasafamousEpicureanscholarandpoet.InhispoemOntheNatureofThings,heexpoundedtheatomicexplanationofthenatureoftheuniverseputforwardbyDemocritus.HesetforththeatomictheoryofEpicurus,andinsistedthatthesoul,materialinitsnature,ismortalanddieswiththebody.TextStudy_III_1.2MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeas(2) SenecawasasenatorandaprominentStoicscholaratthetime.LikeEpicureanism,StoicismalsoreceivedwidespreadattentionfromtheRomanscholars.ThegeneralintentionofStoicismasdevelopedbySenecaandhissuccessorsweretobecomemorepracticalandmorehuman.Thetranquilitywasseenattainablebyfortitudeandself-controlinordinarylife.TextStudy_III_1.2MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasArchitectureandArt(1)RomanArchitectureThearchitectureofancientRomeadoptedclassicalGreekarchitecturefortheirownpurposes,andcreatedtwonewarchitecturalstyles,whichareconsideredtobeonecategoryofclassicalarchitecture.Theygotawealthofknowledgeessentialfortheirfuturearchitecturalsolutionsintermsofhydraulicsandintheconstructionofarches.Romanarchitectureusedthearch,thevaultandthedomeasthepopularformofbuildings,anddiscoveredhowtomakeconcrete.ExamplesincludethechannelsofRome,theBathsofDiocletianandtheBathsofCaracalla,thePantheon,theBasilicasandtheColosseum.TextStudy_III_1.2MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeas(2)RomanArtAncientRomeisfamousforitssculpturesofwell-preservedfigures.ItstartedtotakeupitsowncharacterfromtheAugustaneraonwardswhenOctavianensuredthathisRomanspiritwasreflectedbothinliteratureandart.Artiststriedtofindtheirownstyleofbeingdiverse,generalandvital.Romanssculptedquitealargenumberofportraitbusts,someofwhicharereputedtobethefinestofallRomanportraitbusts.TextStudy_III_1.2MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasFrom750BCto419AD,Romanartentereditsgoldenperiodcoveringpainting,mosaicworkandsculptureinadditiontosuchminorcategoriesasivorycarving,figuringglass,pottery,metalwork,gemengravingandcoindieaspartofancientRomanculture.AncientRomanmuralpaintingsweretypicallycolorfulanddecorative.Betweenthe4thand6thcenturies,panelpaintingandthewoodenpaintingweregraduallyreplacedbywallpaintings,mosaicceilingandfloorwork,whichstartedtoflourishasanewfashionofartofthetime.TextStudy_III_1.2MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasTextStudy_III_2.1InterpretationofCulturalTermsTextStudyMacedonianWar马其顿战争:TheMacedonianandSeleucidwarswereaseriesofconflictsfoughtbyRomeduringandaftertheSecond

PunicWar,intheEasternMediterranean,theAdriatic,andtheAegean.AlongwiththePunicwars,theyresultedinRomancontrolorinfluenceovertheentireMediterraneanbasin.InterpretationofCulturalTermsTextStudy_III_2.2InterpretationofCulturalTermsTextStudyEpicureanism

伊比鸠鲁学派:AsystemofphilosophybasedupontheteachingsofEpicurus,foundedaround307BC.Epicuruswasanatomicmaterialist,followinginthestepsofDemocritus.Hismaterialismledhimtoageneralattackonsuperstitionanddivineintervention.InterpretationofCulturalTermsTextStudy_III_2.2InterpretationofCulturalTermsTextStudyStoicism

斯多葛学派:

AschoolofHellenisticphilosophyfoundedinAthensbyZenoofCitiumintheearly3rdcenturyBC.TheStoicsbelievedthatdestructiveemotionsresultedfromerrorsinjudgment,andthatasage,orpersonof“moralandintellectualperfection”,wouldnotsuffersuchemotions.TheStoicspresentedtheirphilosophyasawayoflife.LaterStoics,suchasSenecaandEpictetus,emphasizedthatbecause“virtueissufficientforhappiness”,asagewasimmunetomisfortune.InterpretationofCulturalTermsTextStudy_III_3.1ComprehensionExercisesTextStudyComprehensionExercisesPleasematchthefollowingartistswiththeirgreatworks.(1)Livy (2)Terence (3)Virgil (4)GaiusJuliusCaesar(5)Ovid a.TheMother-in-Lawb.HistoryofRomec.AppolloandDaphned.TheCivilWare.TheAeneidTextStudy_III_4.1ThinkandDiscussTextStudy(1)TellbrieflythemajorcharacteristicsandcontributionsofRomanculture,asaredemonstratedinreligion,poetry,historyandarchitecture.Intheearlyperiod,Romancultureoftendependedheavilyontheintroductionandimitationofothercultures,particularly,Greekculture.However,theRomansshowedtheeclecticaspectintheirculture，i.e.Romansdidnottakeinallthattheycollectedfromotherculturesbutmodifiedanddevelopeditaccordingtotheirownneed.ThusRomanscreatedtheirownpowerfulculture,layingthefoundationforsubsequentWesterncultureinmanyfields.ThinkandDiscussTextStudy_III_4.1ThinkandDiscussTextStudyBeforeChristianityappearedinRoma,ancientRomanswerepolytheists.Theyadoptedmanycultsfromotherreligions,fusingthemintotheirownreligion.AccordingtoGreekcultureandothers’culture,theycreatedtheirowngodsandmyth,suchasJupiter,Juno,andVenus,whichbecomesubjectmatterfortheartist,writers,andarchitectsintheircreativeproduction.Inpoetry,ancientRomemadebrilliantachievements,producingnumerousdistinguishedpoetsandpoems.ThepoetVirgil’sAeneidisconsideredasamodelepicintheEuropeanliterarytradition.Heissofamousinpoetrythathewasmodeledformanypastoralwriters.Forexample,ItalianpoetThinkandDiscussTextStudy_III_4.1ThinkandDiscussTextStudyDantecalledhimhisteacherinhismasterpieceTheDivineComedy.Horacewasnotonlyfamousforhispoemsbuthiscritic.InhisEpistles,headvancedmanyinfluentialprinciplesforcreativewriting,exertinggreatinfluencesonlatergenerations.Inthe17thcenturyhisworkwastranslatedintoEnglish.AnotherimportantpoetwasOvid,whoseMetamorphosiswastranslatedintoEnglishandquotedfrequentlybymanyfamouswriters,suchasChaucer,Shakespeare,BenJonson,ShirleyandT.S.Eliot.ThinkandDiscussAnumberofimportanthistorianscameforthintheancientRomanperiod.Polybiuscreatedhistremendousworksconsistingof40books,History,whichspannedabout500years.LivywasresponsibleforthegreatHistoryofRomein142volumes.Hisworkshasalwaysbeencitedbylaterstatesmen,writersandscholarssuchasNiccoloMachiavelliandShakespeare.ThearchitectureofancientRomeadoptedtheGreekstyleforitsownpurposes,buttheRomansalsodevelopedanewkind.Theyweremoreutilitarianandshowedaninterestingrandeurandscale.TheyconstructedmanypublicedificesTextStudy_III_4.1ThinkandDiscussTextStudyThinkandDiscussTextStudy_III_4.1ThinkandDiscussTextStudyedificeswhichstillexistedtodayandbecamethefamouskeypointofinterestfortheworld.Romansusedthearch,thevaultandthedome,anddiscoveredhowtomakeconcrete.TheRomancultureintroducedtheRomanrealismandrealisticstyleinWesterncultureinpaintingandsculpturethroughmoderntimes.RomanculturenourishedemergingWesternculture,andeventheworldculture.Suchasplendidculturehasgreatlyenrichedculturalheritageofhumankind.ThinkandDiscussTextStudy_III_4.1ThinkandDiscussTextStudyThinkandDiscuss(2)InwhatsensedoyouthinkRomancultureoweditsaccomplishmentstothebenefitsobtainedfromGreekculture?Giveexamples.ItisuniversallyacknowledgedthatRomanculturelearnedandinheritedalotfromGreekculture.ThiscouldbeseeninwhatRomancultureadoptedfromGreekcultureasisdemonstratedinreligion,philosophyandliterature.Inreligion,weknowmostofthegodsinRomanmythscamefromGreeklegendsintermsoffunctionandcontributiontotheirmyths.Nevertheless,RomehaditsownsystemofbeliefswhichhadbeensimpleandcouldhardlycomparewithTextStudy_III_4.1ThinkandDiscussTextStudyThinkandDiscussthepluralityofGreekreligion.TheparallelarrangementofgodsprovidesaccurateevidencetoshowthesimilarityofthetworeligionsandRomanwisdominborrowingfineelements