世界农业的技术及主要发展（PPT 18）

1SectionB.3Farmingtechnologyandmaindevelopmentsinworld世界农业的技术及主要发展2Farmingtechnologyandmaindevelopmentsinworld

世界农业的技术及主要发展Mechanization机械化Useoffertilizers化学肥料Diseaseandpestcontrol病菌和害虫的控制Introductionofnewvarieties引入新品种

(Greenrevolution绿色革命)Irrigation灌溉3Mechanization机械化Advantages优点1.Speed速度morequickly更快速e.g.preparationofapadi-field准备稻田-buffalo-plough水牛拉犁翻土:90hrs/hectare公顷-tractor拖拉机:7.5hrs/hectare公顷41.Speed速度a)-spring春天/autumn秋

-harvestingbeforecropisspoiledbyfrostorrain在未受结霜及春雨损坏前收割b)-atightworkingschedule紧密的工作程度

-double-cropping2造收成

-mixedfarms混合式农田562.reducedlabor减少劳工投入-substituteslabor代替劳工especiallyimportanttofarmingregionswherelandisabundantbutfarmingmanpowerisinadequate.对那些土地广阔但农业人手不足的地方,特别重要e.g.-cottonplantationsofsouthernUSA/wheatfarmingofSEAustralia美国南部棉花企业农场/澳洲东南部的小麦农业-populationissparse人口稀少-introductionofmachinecanincreaseproductivityperworker引进机械可以增加劳工的生产力73.Betterquality,lesswastage质素较佳,浪费少cleaner较清洁,highvalueofcrop农作物价值上升healthy健康lesswastage少浪费

(两用收割机combine-harvest:由一步骤到另一个的流失/损失少lesslostfromoneprocesstoother)decreasehumanerror减少人为错误84.cheapness便宜-inlongterm长期-inthecaseofharvesting,machinesarealsomuchcheaperthanemployingextralabor.特别在收割季节,使用机器比额外聘请人手更便宜9Problems困难

~alackofproperplanning缺乏适当计划a.)unemployment失业insocietywithtraditionallylabor-intensiveagricultures传统劳工密集的农会社会farmerslosejobs农夫失业ontheotherhand另一方面shortageofskilledmen技术人员缺乏notimeavailablefortraining培训时间少highwagesforthoseskilledlabor技术劳工薪金高10b.)overequipment设施过多equipmentforaspecialpurpose设备过于专门onlyusedatcertaintime只适用于某些时段uneconomic经济效益少speciallyinsmallfields特别在小型农田solution:co-operatives合作社11c.)machinemanagement管理机器-usetoomuch使用太多-usetoolittle使用太少-usewrongly使用错误Thus因此~likelytodeteriorate容易折旧lessefficient效率低lostofproductionrise成本上升solution---training培训

---provisionofrepairandmaintenanceservice提供保养及维修服务12d.)unevenmechanization机械分布不均Therichpracticemechanizationbutnordothepoor富有者使用机械但贫者则不能13Association有关条件Highlevelofmechanizationisoftenassociatedwith机械水平高与……..有关-Advancedregions先进地方-Richfarmer富有农户-Highlevelofeducation教育水平高-Lowpopulation人口稀少-Largefarms农田广大-Welldevelopedtransportnetwork运输系统完善-Commercial/export-orientedfarmingsystem商业性/出口导向的农业系统14Greenrevolution绿色革命1.Developmentofhigh-yieldingvarietiesofcerealcrops发展收成高的谷类品种a.)Traditionalstrains传统品种:applicationofffertilizer引用化肥b.)Crossing/hybridization混种:diseaseresistance抗病,hardiness坚硬,shorterstem短茎c.)IR8(miraclerice神奇稻米):Shortstrongstem短而且强壮的茎

highgrainyield谷物的收成:unpalatable不美味152.Improvementinfarmtechnology农业技术的发展-fertilizer化肥-weedkillers除草剂-insecticides杀虫剂-irrigationscheme灌溉工程Problems困难~smallfarmsize农田面积细小~fallingprice价钱下降

16Stabilitywithinanagriculturalsystem农业系统的稳定性

Inanaturalecosystem在自然的生态系统中thestabilityismaintainedby稳定性由……….维持1.solarenergy太阳能2.nutrientssuppliedbythenature自然界提供的养份3.complexecologicallinkages复杂的生态联系~self-maintained自我维持自我运作~morestable更稳定17Inanagriculturalsystem在农业系统中thestabilityismaintainedby稳定性由…….维持1.heavyinputoffossilfuels大量的矿物燃料(eguseofmachines使用机械,f