新世纪医学英语教程生物医学试卷五

新世纪医学英语教程生物医学MedicalEnglishTestI.Thereare25incompletesentencesinthispart.Foreachsentencetherearefourchoices,choosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentenceaccordingtothemedicalknowledgeyouhavelearned.Theinitiallineofdefenseofhumanbodyisthe sweatglandsB)hairfolliclesC)breaksintheskinD)Ophthalmologistisadoctorwhotreats liverB)lungC)eyeD)Iftoomanywhitebloodcellsforminaperson?sbody,evenunderconditions,hebesufferingfrom A)insomniaB)anemiaC)leukemiaD)Apersistentcoughmaybea ofsyndromeB)symmetryC)sympathyD)Takeone ofthiscoughsyrupthreetimesadoesB)doseC)dossD)Aconditioninwhichthelensslowlycloudsoverandthusobscuresightisknownas hyperopiaB)myopiaC)cataractD)diaphragmB)diarrheaC)spleenD)aspirationB)inspirationC)expirationD)Incisionofthetracheathroughtheneck,usuallytoestablishanairwayincasesoftrachealA)tracheotomyB)tracheostomyC)trachectomyD)trachometryThetwouretersdumpurineintoasinglestoragesac, ,whichinanadultcanholdabout500mlofgallbladderB)urethraC)kidneyD) diseaseisthemedicaltermfordisordersoftheheart.CardiacB)MuscularC)VascularD) isthestateofbeingresistanttoinjury,particularlybytoxicchemicals,foreignsubstances,orAntibodyB)ImmunityC)AntigenD) inthebodyplaysamoreimportantroleinregulatingOxygenB)DiaphragmC)CarbonmonoxideD)CarbonBeginninginthethirdmonth,the iscalledababyB)embryoC)ovumD)Nosocomialpneumoniaisaparticularproblemin hostsB)patientsC)pre-operativepatientsD)post-operativeII:Choosethewordfromthefouranswerchoicesgiven,whichisasynonymfortheunderlinedword.analysisanddeterminationofA.restrained.B.trained.C.sustained.D.ExtracorporeallithotripsyandpercutaneousremovalcanbeusedtoreducethedamageA.caused.B.occurred.C.cured.D.cursed.UreteroscopicremovalthepassageofaninstrumentthroughtheurethraintothebladderandthenintotheA.includes.B.needs.C.revolves.D.in1984fortreatmentofkidneyA.agreement.B.application.C.permission.D.A.removed.B.restored.C.secret.D.AsthealveoliarenolongertheaffectedpersonfindsitmoreandmoredifficultbendableB)resilientC)flexibleD)intentionalB)carefulC)unhurriedD)23.A)transfusedB)transientC)transferableD)see-througheffectsofeverydaystress.A)endureB)getoverC)benefitD)A)factorB)representativeC)spyD)Translatethefollowingphrasesandsentences.1.肾动脉2.3.先天性白4.5.6.Thedifferingtypesofcausalorganismsfoundinthehospitalsituationaredueinparttothealteredimmunocompetencyofpatientswhoareafflictedwithotherseriousdisease,inparttothealterationofbacterialflorathatresultsfromtreatmentwithantibioticsandinparttotheinstrumentationorintubationoftheupperairwaysof7(Percutaneousneprostomyinvolvestheinsertionthroughtheflankofasmall-gaugeneedleintothecollectingsystemofthekidney;theneedletractinthendilatedandaninstrumentcalledanephroscopeisinsertedintotherenalpelvis.TheprocedureisperformedunderA2fluoroscopicCompletethefollowingtwopassagesbyaddingappropriatewordsfromthelistbelowrespectively.10%Passage1Medicineisthescienceofcaringforpeople?youonthedayyouarrivedintheworld,andevenduringthemonthsbeforeyouHereisanotherusetheword„medicine?–asubstanceyoutaketocureyourillness.PassageThisisaccomplishedwithinthesystem,whichiscomposedofthethreebasiccomponents–vessels.mustkeepbeatingalltheReadthefollowingpassagesandchoosethebestanswertoeachquestionsfollowingthepassage.25%PassageOne:Someheartattacksmaybeallinyourhead.ScientistsinCanadahavefoundaregioninthebrainthatmaycontroltheactivityoftheheartandbloodvessels.Theysaythatabnormalitiesinthatoccureveryyear.AndrewKing,DavidCechettoandtheircolleaguesattheUniversityofWesternOntarioinLondonreportedatthemeetingthattheyaskedfivesubjectstocarryoutsimpletasksthatraisebloodpressure.Forinstance,theyweretoldtosqueezeacylinderastightlyaspossible,orholdtheirbreathforseveralseconds.Astheydidthis,theresearchersmonitoredthesubjects?bloodpressureandheartrateTheteamthenaskedallthesubjectstorepeatthetaskswhileinahigh-resolution(高分辨率)A3functionalmagneticresonancebrainscanner,andwatchedwhichareasofthebrainthetasks脑岛皮层),whichistuckedinsideafoldinthebrainjustaboveearleavel.Theresearcherssuspectthattheinsularcortexcontrolstheheartandbloodvessels.ThistheorywouldfitinwithastudyCechettocarriedoutseveralyearsago,whichshowedthataregionofcardiovascularcontrolexistsinrats?brains.Byelectricallystimulatingthatregion,hecouldaltertheheartrate,andevenbringaboutlethalcardiacarrhythmiaintheanimals.KingandCechettobelievethatmanyunexplainedheartattackscouldbeduenotsimplytothetraditionalfactorslikepoordietandcolggedarteries,buttoabnormalitiesinthebrain?scardiovascularcontrolcenter.“Theymayhaveaneuralbasis,”KingtoldNewScientist.“Therearepeoplewhorunallthetime,eatwell,andyettheyendupdying.”Theunexplainedheartattacksincludethosethatafflictabout6percentofallstrokepatients,eventhoughtheyhavenohistoryofheartproblems.Kingspeculatesthattheattacksarisebecausetheirstrokesmayhavedamagedthebrain?scardiovascularsite.Thisisthefirsttimethatahigherbrainregionthatcontrolsinternalorganshasbeenidentifiedinhumans.Theresearcherssaytheywouldliketoknowwhattheirnewresultssayaboutthelinkbetweenstressandheartdisease.Itiswellknownthatangerandstressplayamajorroleinsuddencardiacdeath,atherosclerosis,heartattacksandstrokes,butexactlywhythishappensisunclear.Theteamsaysthattheirresultsmightleadtowaysofpreventingmanyheartattacks.Theyhopetofindoutifpeoplewhoseheartandbloodpressureincreasedramaticallyinresponsetostressalsohavemoreactivationinthesebrainareas–andwhetherheartattacksapparentlycausedbystressandangermightbetriggeredintheseregions.“Therearedefiniteclinicalapplications.”saysKing.Hundredsofthousandsofcardiacarreststhatoccureveryyear,accordingtotheCanadianscientists,couldbeattributed A)constantbloodpressure.B)amysteriousregionintheunexplainedcardiovasculartheabnormalitiesinthebrain?scardiovascularcontrolTheexperimentonfivesubjectswas tolocalizetheinsularcortex.B)tospottheactivatedareasintheirbrains.toexplorethefunctionsoftheinsulartodeterminetherelationshipbetweenstressandbloodBothKing?sandCechetto?sresearchboileddown thetraditionalfactorslikepoordietandcloggedthesameactivatedregionintherats?thebrain?scardiovascularcontrolcenter.D)theinsularcortexinthehumanbrain.Theteamwouldliketoextendtheirfindingstotherelationshipbetween heartdiseaseandsuddendeath.B)theneuralbasisandlifestyles.A4C)thebrainandinternalorgans.D)stressandheartTheresearchershopetofindoutif thereexistsalinkbetweentheneuralareasandstress-relatedheartattacks.theinsularcortexcanbringaboutstressandmanyheartattacksarepreventable.D)alloftheabove.PassageTwo:Ifwetakeabird?seyeviewofmedicineoverthepastcentury,theprogresswehaveachievedhasbeennothingshortofastounding.Onehundredyearsago,doctorswereliterallyhelplessaginstalmostallseriousillnesses,frominfectionstocancer.Today,physicianshaveavastarmamentarium(设备)ofpowerfulantibioticsandeffectivevaccinestocombatinfectiousdisease,andsophisticatedsurgery,radiationandchemotherapytotreatcancer.Admittedly,progressagainstcancerhasn?tbeenasimpressiveasagainstinfecions,butwhatwecandotodayisworldsapartfromwhatthedoctorsofthelatenineteenthcenturyhadattheirdisposal.Needlesstosay,manychallengesremain,someofwhichprobablyowetheirexistence,atleastinpart,totheindustrializedandtechnologicallyadvancedsocietythathashelpedustobringotherdiseasesundercontrol.Coronaryarterydisease,almostunheardofatthestartofthetwentiethcentury,isbyfarthebiggestkillerintheindustrializedworld.And,sincepeoplearelivinglonger,conditionslikeAlzheimer?sdisease,cataractsaremuchmorecommonthantheyusedtobe.AndnowweareconfrontedwithAIDS!Thegoodnewsisthatweshallbemorethanreadytofacethesechallenges.Comparedwithwheremedicinehasalreadytakenus,weshallbejourneyingintothescientificstratosphere.Aworldofmedicalmiraclesisbeingcreatedeverydayinlaboratoriesandhospitals,andhowfastthingswillhappenwillsurpriseusasmuchasthebreakthroughsofthiscentury.Manyofthebreakthroughswillbefuelledbyadvancesinmolecularbiology,geneticsandimmunology.Overthepastfourdecades,scientistsaroundtheworldhavebeenfiguringoutjustexactlyhowourgenesorchestratethecomplexsymphonyofbiochemicalreactionsthatmakeourcellswork.Whilethereisstillmuchmoretobelearned,enoughhasnowbeenlearnedtomovefromthelaboratorytopatients?bedsidesanddoctors?Beforetheendofthedecade,wewillhaveroutinegenetictestsforcolon(结肠)andbreastcancerwhichwillbeappliednotonlytoinheritedcases,buttoallcases.Thiswillleadtotherapy–molecularandimmunologic–atafarearlierstage,whenthediseaseisstilllocalizedtocells,andwecanthereforeexpecttremendousincreasesincurerates.Coronaryarterydiseasewillfirstbetreatedwithlasersandothersophisticateddevicesbutthattoo,withintwentyyears,willsuccumbtomoleculartreatment.Soonwewillhavecompounds–calledlazaroids–totreatstrokeatthecelllevel.ThefirstdrugsarenowavailabletotreatthesymptomsofAlzheimer?sdisease,butwithin15yearstherewillbedrugstotreatthecause.Cheapantioxidants(likevitaminE)willofknowledge.ThefirstvaccinesareundergoingtrialsandabreakthroughinthisfieldA5mustEventually,everyonewillhaveageneticprofileperformedonthematbirth,whichwillhighlightwhatdiseaseswearepredisposedtodevelop,fromhypertensiontorheumatoidarthritistocancer.Preventionwillbeginattheearliestpossiblestage.Canweaffordtodoallthis?Politicalandsocialinfrastructuresnotwithstanding,wecannotaffordnotto.Thecostforpreventiveandearlytreatmentsatthecelllevelmaybefairlyhigh,butthecostsavings,bothincurrencyandinhumansuffering,alongthisroadarealmostimmeasurable.Andthesetechniqueswillbeavailablevirtuallyeverywhereintheworld.Withtheadvancesinmedicine,doctors havebecomemorehelpfulagainstserioushavebeencapableofcuringallserioushavedevelopedeffectivevaccinesagainsteveryAlloftheItcanbeinferredthatthemostastoundingprogressachievedmedicine A)thecombatagainstcoronaryarterydiseaseB)thecombatagainstC)thecombatagainstinfectionsD)thecombatagainstTheauthoristryingtotellusthatindustrialtechnological A)startedatthetwentiethcenturyB)havemadeushelplessagainsthavebroughtusnewmedicalhavecausedpeopletosufferfromAlzheimer?sdiseaseandcataractsthatwereunheardofItisagoodthingthatwe,facingnewchallenges, arecreatingmedicalmiraclesinsteadofmedicalarebuildingmoreandmorelaboratoriesandaremorethanreadytobringalldiseasesonearthundercontrolinnotimearestillmaking,andwillconinuetomakebreakthroughsinWithadvancesinmolecularbiology,geneticsandimmunology,scientists willgetadeeperinsightintoourwillfigureouthowmuchremainstobewillorchestratethecomplexsymphonyofbiochemicalreactionsinourcellswilldevotethemselvestotreatingpatientsattheirTheauthorisconfidentthatdoctorswillapplyroutinegenticteststoallcases forthelocalizationofcellsB)forthepreventionofcolonandbreastcancerC)forearlierdetectionD)foralloftheFromcoronaryheartdiseasetoAIDS,theauthoristryingtotellusthat AIDSwillbethelastcasetosuccumbtoimmunologicmedicaltreatmentwillbegettingcheaperandmoleculartreatmentwilltaketheplaceofsophisticatedmedicalmoreandmoremedicalproblemswillbetreatedatthemolecularandimmunologiclevelA6Asregardspreventionattheearliestpossiblestage,medicaladvanceswilleventually highlightwhatdiseaseswearelikelytodevelopatperformageneticprofileonmakeeveryonefreefromanymedicalmakeeveryoneawareofhis/hergeneticsusceptibilitytoaparticularTheauthorarguesthatthecostforpreventiveandearlytreatment isimmeasurableB)isworthC)istooexpensiveforeveryoneD)isavailableThetoneofthisarticleis humorousB)astoundingC)optimisticD)seriousPassageThesurgeonshouldneverleavetheoperatingroomareauntilthereportisdictated,unlesshisorherattendanceisrequiredforanemergencyelsewhere.OperativereportsshouldnotbeconsideredachoreTheyareremindersofstepsnotdoneproperlyandrequiringimmediateremedy(suchasforgettingtotiethecysticduct);theyareindispensabletothewelfareofapatientifheorsheishospitalizedagain;andtheyaremandatorybylaw.Dictatinganoperativereportcanbefun,becauseitisachallengetobeconciseandcomprehensive,whiledictatingclearlyenoughsothatthemostinexperiencedsecretaryinthetranscriptiondepartmentcannotgarbleone?sstatements.Aninchoate(不完全的)reportissensitiveindicatorofasurgeon?sconlusionoranxietyattheoperatingtable.Theutilityandaccuracyofareportdependdirectlyonitsproximityintimetotheoperation.Somesurgeonssaythattheirremoteandunaidedmemoryisinfallible.Onesuchsurgeon,surroundedbyrecordsanddictatingseveralhundredoperativenotessoastobegrantedhisdiplomaafterfinishinghisresidency,evensaid,“IremembereverydetailofeveryoperationIhaveeverdone.”Ifso,everystepmusthavebeenanemotionalcrisis.Theoperativereporthas12essentialparts:NamesofthesurgeonandassistantsPreoperativediagnosisPostoperativediagnosisNameoftheoeprationDescriptionoftheoperativeapproachSpecificationofabnormalfindingsSpecificationofrelevantnormalfindingsDescriptionofwhatwasdoneRationale(理论根据)forwhatwasStatementofcorrectnessofspongecounts–andofneedleandinstrumentcounts,iftheyareroutinelycarriedAccountofthepatient?sconditionattheconclusionDispositionoftissuesandorgansremovedAlthoughtherelevantinformationcanbegivenformallyundereachofthesesubjectheadings,followingtheoutlineliterallyisartificialandstifling,exceptfortheitemsintheheading.Inthatsection,thepostoperativediagnosisshouldincludeadiagnosistoaccountforeachspecimensubmittedforhistologicexamination.If,forexample,aliverbiopsy(活检)isperformedincidentaltoagastricexclusion(分离术)andbypassforobesity,thepresumptivediagnosisfattylivershouldbegivenasadiagnosis.Thenameoftheoperationshouldincludethetitlesofallinterventionsresponsibleforobtainingthosespecimens,forallformsofsplinting(夹板)orotherapparatusapplied,)studiesdone.andforanyroentgenologic(XToooftenthenarrativerelateswithexquisitecompulsivitythenuances(细微差别)ofposition,thesizeandkindofeverysutureused,andconfessionsofguilt,whileslightingboththelogicdirectinganyunusualstepsandthedescriptionofthestepsthemselves.ParagraphsareessentialtoconveythenecessarysenseofTheyshowthatthesurgeonisorganizedandthoughtful.Theyalsopreventthedauntling(吓人的)appearanceofasolidsheetoftype,letalonetwoorthreeofThegrammaticaltensetobeusedisthesimplepastIfaresidenthasbeenassociatedwithastaffsurgeonlongenough,theresidentcandictatethereport,providedthattheresponsiblesurgeonreviewseachreportwiththeresidenttoindicatehowitmightbeimproved.Otherwide,onlythesurgeonrecognizeswhatheorshewouldliketoknowifitbecomesnecessarytoreoperat