中西文化之鉴最终版

Chapter2

BecomingAware中西文化之鉴——

跨文化交际catalogue:WhatiscultureCharacteristicsofcultureBeginningtodocultureWhatisculture?Simplyput,cultureisasystemofmeaning.Thatistooabstractadefinitiontoreallyunderstand,soconsiderthefollowingimages.CULTURECultureisoursoftware.Cultureisthestorywetellourselves.Cultureisthegrammarofourbehavior.Cultureislikethewaterafishswimsin.Cultureislikeaniceberg.Cultureislikeaniceberg.--Mostpartofcultureisunconsciousart,literature,historymusic,dance,customs,language,game,cooking,clothes…ObjectivecultureSubjectiveculturefeelingsandattitudesabouthowthingsareandhowtheyshouldbe…Example:西方中国称呼类型对等式非对等式文化取向平等权势、尊卑社会关系平行垂直式称呼不同价值观不同Cultureisoursoftware.Cultureisthebasicoperationsystemthatmakesushuman.Wethinkofourphysicalselvesasthehardware,butwecannotbehumanwhenprogrammedwiththesoftwareofculture.Culturefadesintothebackground,justknowthatwecanbe.Example:Cultureislikethewaterafishswimsin.Likeanycreatureafishscansitsenvironmenttofindfood,reproduceandprotectitselffromdanger.Itnoticeseverythingexceptthewateritisswimmingin.ConfidentinherknowledgeofAmericancultureTakeitforgrantedQuotingfamouspeopleOut-of–datemetaphorfollowtheprescribedorderLiketodosomethingunexpectedAChinesestudentAmericanpeopleExample:AfishinunfamiliarwatersCultureisthestorywetellourselvesaboutourselves

Peopletellstoriestotellwhotheyare.

WhoamI,whereIcomefrom?关于这个问题……小时候，妈妈对我说~你是哪里哪里船上抱来的。…………原来我不是亲生的！中国古人的官方解释人类起源第一功臣：女娲——“大地之母”（孤独的女神）女娲造人某天，她灵机一动：“虽然，世间各种各样的生物都有了，可单单没有像自己一样的生物，那为什么不创造一种像自己一样的生物加入到世间。”以下皆为个人观点：1.崇神。女娲是神，地位崇高，人是神造的，自然不同凡响。2.早期血缘时代是母系社会，女性占主导地位。所以是女娲造人。为什么会有女娲造人的故事？神的子民CultureIntheWestthestoryofAdam&EveGardenofEdenHumanbeingsarecreatedbytheLordGodhumanbeingsGodreveredominatereligionButstoriesalsochangetoadapttochangingcircumstances.IMotherGrandmotherGreat-greatgrand-motherGreat-grandmother……Manhasevolvedfromtheape.Whatiswidelyacknowledgednowisthat……changeTheape（类人猿）Cultureisthegrammarofourbehavior

Example

有位留学生汉语讲得很好，有一次对一个中国姑娘说：“你真漂亮。”姑娘谦虚地说：“哪里哪里。”留学生一紧张母语就出来了，“everywhere，everywhere.”

这则笑话的产生是留学生一方面不懂得“哪里哪里”的非疑问句法，另一方面是不了解中国的文化，中国人听到称赞通常会谦虚，不然就显得轻浮自大。Peoplelearntheirculturalgrammarunconsciouslyandapplythemautomaticallyinordertobehaveappropriatelyinanysociety.例：中西方饮食方式的差异中西就餐习惯聚餐围坐，共享一席单盘独碟、分而食之礼仪相互敬酒、劝菜自己动手氛围和睦、团圆随意自由culturalgrammarsarerepetitive.CharacteristicsofculturePeoplewiththesamecultureCultureissharedshareideas,waysofbehaving,andawholewayoflife?

Cultureisthetotalaccumulationofbeliefs,customs,values,behaviors,institutionsandcommunicationpatternsthatareshared,learnedandpasseddownthroughthegenerationsinanidentifiablegroupofpeople.Valuesandbeliefs,customs,gestures,certainfoodsandwaysofeating,historyandartifacts,artistictraditionWhatcausesmembersofaparticularculturetoagreethatcertainbehaviorsorhistoricaleventshavecertainmeanings.Aremeaningsbuiltintothings?CultureissharedDefinitelyNO.Agesture,apainting,oracontracthasnomeaninguntilsomeoneassignsit.Humansarethemeaning-makinganimals,anditisinmakingmeaningsthatourhumanancestorscreatedcultureandtheparticularcultureswithinwhichwealllive.Aremeaningsbuiltintothings?Weareconstantlybutunconsciouslycreatingorderandpredictabilityoutoftherawmaterialofourday-to-dayexperiencebyassigningmeaningtoit.Sharingcultureissharingmeanings.CultureissharedTheimpactofeventsCulturesarealwayschangingContactwithotherculturesCulturesarechangingandevolving.Raiseyourlevelofawareness.Practiceseeingyourculturethewayotherswhoarenotapartofitseeit.Gainsomedistancefromyourhomeculturebylookingatitasifyouwereascientistobservingitsystematicallywithnoprejudgmentas