财政学教学课件：Chapter-06 POLITICAL ECONOMY

环境保护部污染源监控中心2013年第二季度湖北省国控重点污染源监督性监测结果绍兴印染温州电镀两个“污染大户”转型升级黑采砂船疯狂吞噬钱塘江河床短短数小时吸金近万

富阳造纸业壮士断腕百余企业年底前关张

CHAPTER6

POLITICALECONOMYPoliticalEconomyPoliticaleconomy:Thefieldthatapplieseconomicprinciplestotheanalysisofpoliticaldecisionmaking.Selfishnessdoesnotnecessarilyleadtoinefficientoutcomes–undercertainconditions,themarketplaceharnessesself-interesttoserveasocialend.Whilethemaximizationassumptionmaynotbetotallyaccurate,itprovidesagoodstartingpointforanalysis.政府信任度中国以88%排全球第一巴西第二舆情监测显示民众对政府专家及媒体信任度低美国贫富悬殊日甚对政府信任度低市场对于美国政府的信任还能维持多久

企业家和政治家公众信任度低美国政府不受信任债务上限大限将至市场对于美国政府的信任还能维持多久

Sections:DirectDemocracyRepresentativeDemocracyExplainingGovernmentGrowthDirectDemocracy-UnanimityRulesrperyear00’Adam’sshare(SA)Eve’sshare(SE)DrATheLindahlModelDrEr*S*Lindahlprice:Thetaxshareanindividualmustpayperunitofpublicgood.FeasibilityofUnanimityRulesLindahlmodelshowsthetaxsharesandlevelofpublicgoodprovisiontowhicheveryoneagrees.Lindahlprices----taxshares(vs.marketprices)LindahlequilibriumallocationisParetoefficient.Lindahlmodelassumespeoplevotesincerelyanditsdecisioncostsarelow.Reachingequilibrium-auctioneerPracticalproblemsStrategicbehaviortimetoreachequilibrium《五月花号公约》（MayflowerCompact）

1620年11月11日，经过在海上66天的漂泊之后，一艘名为“五月花”的大帆船向美洲陆地靠近。船上有102名乘客。他们的目的地本是哈德逊河口地区，但由于海上风浪险恶，他们错过了目标，于是就在现在的科德角外普罗温斯顿港抛锚。为了建立一个大家都能受到约束的自治基础，他们在上岸之前签订了一份公约。41名男乘客在船上签了这份公约。在这份后来被称为《“五月花号”公约》的文件里，签署人立誓创立一个自治团体，这个团体是基于被管理者的同意而成立的，而且将依法而治。这是美国历史上第一份重要的政治文献。《五月花号公约》以上帝的名义，阿门。我们，下面的签名人，作为伟大的詹姆斯一世的忠顺臣民，为了给上帝增光，发扬基督教的信仰和我们祖国和君主的荣誉，特着手在弗吉尼亚北部这片新开拓的海岸建立第一个殖民地。我们在上帝的面前，彼此以庄严的面貌出现，现约定将我们全体组成政治社会，以使我们能更好地生存下来并在我们之间创造良好的秩序。为了殖民地的公众利益，我们将根据这项契约颁布我们应当忠实遵守的公正平等的法律、法令和命令，并视需要而任命我们应当服从的行政官员。THEMAYFLOWERCOMPACTInthenameofGod,Amen.Wewhosenamesareunderwritten,theloyalsubjectsofourdreadsovereignLord,KingJames,bythegraceofGod,ofGreatBritain,FranceandIrelandking,defenderofthefaith,etc.,havingundertaken,forthegloryofGod,andadvancementoftheChristianfaith,andhonorofourkingandcountry,avoyagetoplantthefirstcolonyintheNorthernpartsofVirginia,dobythesepresentssolemnlyandmutuallyinthepresenceofGod,andoneofanother,covenantandcombineourselvestogetherintoacivilbodypolitic,forourbetterorderingandpreservationandfurtheranceoftheendsaforesaid;andbyvirtuehereoftoenact,constitute,andframesuchjustandequallaws,ordinances,acts,constitutions,andoffices,fromtimetotime,asshallbethoughtmostmeetandconvenientforthegeneralgoodofthecolony,untowhichwepromiseallduesubmissionandobedience.DirectDemocracy-MajorityVotingRulesMajorityvotingrule–onemorethanhalfofthevotersmustfavorameasureforittobeapprovedvoterChoiceBradJenAngelinaFirstACBSecondBBCThirdCAAVoterChoiceBradJenAngelinaFirstACBSecondBACThirdCBADirectDemocracy-MajorityVotingRulesVotingParadox–communitypreferencescanbeinconsistenteventhoughindividual’spreferencesareconsistent.AgendaManipulation–processoforganizingorderofvotestoensureafavorableoutcome.Cycling–whenpairedvotingonmorethantwopossibilitiesgoesonindefinitelywithoutaconclusioneverbeingreached.Ifallvoters’preferencesaresinglepeaked,novotingparadoxoccurs.ConsistentPreferencesCompleteTransitiveP(A)>P(B)>P(C)P(A)>P(C)MonotonicityP(A)>P(B)A>BConvexP((1-a)A+aB)>(1-a)P(A)+aP(B)GraphingPreferencesMissilesUtilityABCBradJenAngelinaSingle-peakedpreferencesDouble-peakedpreferencesPracticalImportanceofDouble-peakedPreferencesAvailabilityofprivatesubstitutesIssuesrankedalongsingledimensionDirectDemocracy-TheMedianVoterTheoremVoterExpenditureDonald$5Daisy100Huey150Dewey160Louie700TheMedianVoterTheoremMedianvoteristhevoterwhosepreferenceslieinthemiddleofthesetofallvoters’preferences;halfthevoterswantmoreofthegoodthanthemedianvoter,andhalfwantless.Themedianvotertheorem:Ifindividualpreferencesaresinglepeakedandcanberepresentedalongasingledimension,theoutcomeofmajorityvotingreflectsthepreferencesofthemedianvoter.假设海滨浴场长200米，两端各设一小卖部，品种价格一样。如允许小卖部移动，会发生什么情况？为什么？SummarizeWhenallpreferencesaresinglepeaked,majorityvotingyieldsastableoutcome,andthechoiceselectedreflectsthepreferencesofmedianvoter.Whensomevoters’preferencesaremultipeaked,avotingparadoxcanemerge,butnotnecessarily.Becausemultipeakedpreferencesmaybeimportantinmanyrealisticsituations,majorityvotingcannotbedependedontoyieldconsistentpublicchoices.年份财政预算内收入（万亿）土地收入（万亿）比重19980.990.05075.12%2001-20035.70.9115.96%2004*2.640.589422.33%20053.160.550517.42%20063.880.718.04%20075.121.325.39%20086.130.9615.66%20096.851.5923.21%20108.312.934.90%*《关于继续开展经营性土地使用权招标拍卖挂牌出让情况执法监察工作的通知》DirectDemocracy-LogrollingLogrollingsystemsallowpeopletotradevotesandhenceregisterhowstronglytheyfeelaboutvariousissues.Thecompromisesimplicitinvotetradingarenecessaryforademocraticsystemtofunction.Logrolling/votingtradingcaneitherimproveorlowerwelfare.Evenwhenmajorityvotingleadstoconsistentdecisions,itmaynotbeefficientinthesensethatoverallbenefitsexceedcost.Amajorityofvoterscanformacoalitiontovoteforprojectsthatservetheirinterests,butwhosecostsarebornemainlybytheminority.DirectDemocracy-LogrollingIVoterProjectMelanieRhettScarletTotalNetBenefitsHospital200-50-5595Library-40150-3080Pool-120-60400220DirectDemocracy-LogrollingIIVoterProjectMelanieRhettScarletTotalNetBenefitsHospital200-110-105-15Library-40150-120-10Pool-270-140400-10DirectDemocracy-Arrow’sImpossibilityTheorem“Reasonable”collectivedecision-makingcriteriaItcanproduceadecisionwhatevertheconfigurationofvoters'preferencesItmustbeabletorankgallpossibleoutcomesItmustberesponsivetoindividuals’preferencesItmustbeconsistentIndependenceofirrelevantalternativesDictatorshipruledoutArrow’sImpossibilityTheoremAllconceivablevotingschemeshavesomepotentialforbeingunfairorproducingaparadoxicalresultMeaningoftheoremconsistentrulenotnecessarilyimpossibletofind,butcannotbeguaranteedBuchanan’scritiqueUseofsocialwelfarefunctions证明参见

《高级微观经济理论》

杰弗瑞.A.杰里菲利普.J.瑞尼著王根蓓译上海财经大学出版社2003.3RepresentativeDemocracy-ElectedPoliticiansGoverningisdonebypeople----politicians,judges,bureaucrats,andothers.Realisticpoliticaleconomymodelsmuststudythegoalsandbehaviorofthepeoplewhogovern.Themediavotertheoremholdswhenelectedrepresentativesmakedecisionsonthebehalfofcitizensundercertainconditions.Avote-maximizingpoliticianadoptsthepreferredprogramofthemedianvoter.Two-partysystemtendtobestableinthesensethatbothpartiesstakeoutpositionsnearthe“center”.RepresentativeDemocracy-ElectedPoliticiansNumberofVotersLiberalConservative0ImplicationsoftheMedianVoterModelTwo-partysystemstendtobestableReplacementofdirectreferendabyrepresentativesystemhasnoeffectonoutcomesOtherFactorsInfluencingVotingSingle-dimensionalrankingsIdeologyPersonalityLeadershipDecisiontovote英首相夫妇外出度假真低调坐廉价航班最后登机

RepresentativeDemocracy-PublicEmployeesFunctionofbureaucratsThelegislationenactedbyelectedpoliticiansisvague,andtheprecisewayaprogramisrunisinthehandsofpublicemployees.Amoderngovernmentcannotfunctionwithoutbureaucracy.GoalsofbureaucratsBureaucratstendstofocusonsuchitemsasperquisitesofoffice,publicreputation,power,andpatronage.Power,statusandsoonarepositivecorrelatedwiththesizeofthebureaucrat’sbudget.美国大选特刊：奥巴马，总统难做

美国大选2012美国总统竞选第二场电视辩论奥巴马连任演讲希拉里首次表示有意参加2016年美国总统大选波多黎各，美国第51颗星？(组图)美国选举制度美国总统选举制度两岸统一方案曝光

中国代表的产生Niskanen’sModelofBureaucracyQperyear$0VCQ*Efficient

outputQbcActual

outputRepresentativeDemocracy–SpecialInterestsWhatare“SpecialInterests”EstablishmentofSpecialInterestGroupsSourceofIncome:CapitalorLaborSizeofIncomeSourceofIncome:IndustryofEmploymentRegionDemographicandPersonalCharacteristicsRepresentativeDemocracy–Rent-Seekingtonsofpeanutsperyear$S=MCDMRRentsRepresentativeDemocracy–OtherActorsJudiciaryJournalistsExpertsExplainingGovernmentGrowthCitizenPreferencesG=f(P,I)MarxistViewChanceEventsChangesinSocialAttitudesIncome