计算机英语参考答案

Unit1〖Ex.1〗根据课文内容回答下列问题(1)Ageneral-purposecomputerhasfourmainsections.Theyarethearithmeticandlogicunit(ALU),thecontrolunit,thememory,andtheinputandoutputdevices,collectivelytermedI/O.Theyareinterconnectedbybusses,oftenmadeofgroupsofwires.(2)Thecontrolunitisoftencalledacontrolsystemorcentralcontroller.(3)●Readthecodeforthenextinstructionfromthecellindicatedbytheprogramcounter.●Decodethenumericalcodefortheinstructionintoasetofcommandsorsignalsforeachoftheothersystems.●Incrementtheprogramcountersoitpointstothenextinstruction.●Readwhateverdatatheinstructionrequiresfromcellsinmemory,orperhapsfromaninputdevice.Thelocationofthisrequireddataistypicallystoredwithintheinstructioncode.●ProvidethenecessarydatatoanALUorregister.●IftheinstructionrequiresanALUorspecializedhardwaretocomplete,instructthehardwaretoperformtherequestedoperation.●WritetheresultfromtheALUbacktoamemorylocationortoaregisterorperhapsanoutputdevice.●Jumpbacktothefirststep.(4)ThetwoclassesofoperationsALUiscapableofperformingarearithmeticandlogic.(5)LogicoperationsinvolveBooleanlogic:\o"Logicalconjunction"AND,\o"Logicaldisjunction"OR,\o"Exclusivedisjunction"XORand\o"Logicalnegation"NOT.(6)Acomputer'smemorycanbeviewedasalistofcellsintowhichnumberscanbeplacedorread.Eachcellhasanumbered"address"andcanstoreasinglenumber.(7)ThetwoprincipalvarietiesofcomputermainmemoryarerandomaccessmemoryorRAMandread-onlymemoryorROM.(8)InaPC,thespecializedprogramcalledthe\o"BIOS"BIOSorchestratesloadingthecomputer'soperatingsystemfromtheharddiskdriveintoRAMwheneverthecomputeristurnedonorreset.(9)SoftwarethatisstoredinROMisoftencalledfirmwarebecauseitisnotionallymorelikehardwarethansoftware.(10)I/Oisthemeansbywhichacomputerreceivesinformationfromtheoutsideworldandsendsresultsback.〖Ex.2〗根据下面的英文解释，写出对应的英文词汇(8)cell(9)register(10)address〖Ex.3〗把下列句子翻译为中文(1)他进城的目的是买一台新计算机。(2)大多数在线服务都有自己的浏览器。(3)软盘能够是双倍密度的或者高密度的。(4)公式涉及单元的地址。(5)C语言可能最适宜被称为“中级语言”。(6)每一种浏览器都有内置的功效来理解HTML。(7)C语言是世界上最流行的计算机语言之一。(8)Java技术既是一种编程语言，也是一种平台。(9)事实上，一种视窗管理器能够被看作是命令行操作系统的图形顾客界面。(10)数据库管理系统解决顾客对数据库的操作请求。〖Ex.4〗选择适宜的答案填空（真题再现11月程序员专业英语试题）(1)B(2)A(3)A(4)D(5)A〖Ex.5〗将下列词填入适宜的位置（每词只用一次）(1)hardware(2)operate(3)device(4)other(5)effective(6)moving(7)considered(8)designer(9)exists(10)speed〖Ex.6〗根据课文内容回答下列问题(1)Thecomputerenclosureisusedtoprotectthecomponentsandcircuitryhousedthereinfromphysicaldamage,andtopreventelectromagneticsignalsgeneratedbycomponentsofthecomputerfromescapingandcausingelectromagneticinterference(EMI)tootherelectronicdevicesinthevicinityofthecomputer.(2)Atypicalcomputerenclosureincludesachassis,anexpansioncardseat,afrontbezelandapluralityofcomponentsconnectabletoexternalapparatusandsystems.(3)Ageneralcomputersystemisbasicallybuiltwithamotherboard,interfacecardsandperipherals.(4)Themotherboardisthephysicalarrangementthatcontainsthesystem'sbasiccircuitryandcomponents.(5)Memoryisasemiconductorstoragedeviceforholdingprogramsordata.There'rethreebasicformsofmemories.Theyaredynamicstorage,non-volatilememoryandstaticmemory.Indynamicstorage,datamustbeconstantlyrefreshedanddataareerasedwhenpowerisnolongerappliedtothecell.Innon-volatilememory,dataremainspermanentlyinthecellevenwhenpowerisnotapplied,andinstaticmemorydatadoesnotneedtoberefreshedbutitsdataislostwhenpowerisnolongerappliedtothecell.(6)RAMdiffersfromROMinthatwhenpowerisdisconnectedfromRAM,thedatastoredinrandomaccessmemoryislostwhereaswhenpowerisdisconnectedfromROMthedatastoredinreadonlymemoryremains.(7)ROMcanbefurthercategorizedintoaprogrammablereadonlymemory(PROM),erasableprogrammablereadonlymemory(EPROM),andelectricallyerasableprogrammablereadonlymemory(EEPROM).Whereas,RAMcanbefurthercategorizedintoastaticrandomaccessmemory(SRAM)andadynamicrandomaccessmemory(DRAM).(8)Acomputerdataprocessorisoftenreferredtoasamicroprocessor.Amicroprocessorisacircuitthatcombinestheinstruction-handling,arithmetic,andlogicaloperationsofacomputeronasinglesemiconductorintegratedcircuit.Microprocessorscanbegroupedintotwogeneralclasses,namelygeneral-purposemicroprocessorsandspecial-purposemicroprocessors.(9)Aharddiskdrive(HDD)isadevicethatstoresorreproducesdatainadesiredstoragelocationbymovingitsmagneticheadtothedesiredlocationinaheadloadstate.Theharddiskdriveisstandardequipmentforpersonalcomputer,serverorindustrialcomputer.(10)Generally,theHDDiselectricallyconnectedwithamotherboardofthecomputerbymeansofasignalcableassemblyandapowercableassemblyinterconnectedbetweenthemotherboardandtheswitchingpowersupply.Unit2〖Ex.1〗根据课文内容回答下列问题(1)Acathoderaytube(CRT)displaysapicturebydisplayingapluralityofpixelsonascreenusingelectricchargeswhicharedischargedfromacathoderaytubeandimpactafluorescentplate.(2)CRTmonitorsarelargeandbulkyduetothelargevacuumtubesthatenclosethecathodeandextendfromthecathodetothefaceplateofthedisplay.Additionally,CRTsrequirearelativelyhighvoltagepowersupplytosufficientlyaccelerateelectronbeamsfordisplayingimages.(3)Theflatpaneldisplaymayincludealiquidcrystaldisplay(LCD),aplasmadisplaypanel(PDP),anorganiclightemittingdisplay(OLED),andafieldemissiondisplay(FED),etc.(4)Aprinterisanimageformationdevicewhichreceivesdatafromahostcomputerandthenformsacorrespondingimageontoarecordablemediumsuchasasheetofpaper.(5)Dot-impactprinter,inkjetprinter,laserprinter,andthermalprinterthemostpopularprinters.(6)Inkjetprintinghasgainedwideacceptancebyconsumersintheprintingindustrybecauseitisfastinprintingspeedandisarelativelyinexpensiveformofprintingandyetitproduceshighresolutionprintedimages.(7)Thelaserprinterhasadvantageousoperatingcharacteristicsoflownoise,highspeedandhighresolution.(8)Asoundcardoftenincludesapowerfulnumericprocessor,suchasadigitalsignalprocessor(DSP),whichcanperformfrequencymodulationsynthesisforthevariousfunctionsofthesoundboard.(9)Intypicalnetworks,computersystemsuseNICstoenablethemtocommunicateovernetworkswithothercomputersystems.(10)Anetworkinterfacecardtypicallyprovidesaphysicalconnectionbetweenahostandanetworkornetworks,aswellasprovidingmediaaccesscontrol(MAC)functionsthatallowthehosttoaccessthenetworkornetworks.〖Ex.2〗根据下面的英文解释，写出对应的英文词汇(1)screen(2)monitor(3)pixel(4)cathode(5)faceplate(6)voltage(7)reciprocate(8)continuous(9)resolution(10)character〖Ex.3〗把下列句子翻译为中文(1)操作系统是管理计算机资源的程序。(2)典型的计算机数据库涉及数据统计和文献的集合。(3)压缩过的文献普通要使用像PKZip或WinZip这样的实用工具软件解压。(4)只通过行号和列标（如“A1”）来调用单元格称作相对引用。(5)软盘不能保存太多的数据，但绝大多数计算机都能够读取它们的信息。(6)万维网涉及因特网上全部能够公共访问的文档。(7)数据库管理系统允许顾客对安全性和数据完整性请求进行控制。(8)要执行数学运算，函数比公式更有效。(9)在更大的网络中，从一种交换点到另一种交换点的旅行被称为“中继”。(10)统一资源定位符基本上就是赋给浏览器的一种文献的地址。〖Ex.4〗选择适宜的答案填空（真题再现5月程序员专业英语试题）(1)D(2)B(3)D(4)C(5)C〖Ex.5〗将下列词填入适宜的位置（每词只用一次）(1)laser(2)mix(3)layers(4)heat(5)cooled(6)become(7)controlling(8)reflect(9)absorb(10)digital(11)results(12)reformed〖Ex.6〗根据课文填空(1)five,amajortechnologicaldevelopment(2)vacuumtubes,magneticdrums,veryexpensive,heat(3)machinelanguage,one(4)UNIVAC,ENIACcomputers(5)transistors,punchedcards,printouts(6)symbolic,orassembly,languages,tospecifyinstructionsinwords,COBOL,FORTRAN(7)theintegratedcircuit,amassaudience,smallerandcheaper(8)Themicroprocessor,asinglesiliconchip(9)IBM,1984(10)artificialintelligence(11)Quantumcomputation,nanotechnology(12)naturallanguageinput,learningandself-organizationUnit3〖Ex.1〗根据课文内容回答下列问题(1)Computersoftwareconsistsofprograms.Itenablesa\o"Computer"computertoperformspecifictasks.Thetermincludesapplicationsoftware,systemsoftwareandmiddleware.(2)Amachinelanguageconsistsofgroupsofbinaryvaluessignifyingprocessorinstructions(objectcodes),whichchangethestateofthecomputerfromitsprecedingstate.(3)Systemsoftwarehelpsrunthecomputerhardwareandcomputersystem.Itincludesoperatingsystems,devicedrivers,diagnostictools,servers,windowingsystems,utilitiesandmore.(4)Programmingsoftwareusuallyprovidestoolstoassistaprogrammerinwriting\o"Computerprogram"computerprogramsandsoftwareusingdifferentprogramminglanguagesinamoreconvenientway.Thetoolsincludetexteditors,compilers,interpreters,linkers,debuggers,andsoon.(5)Applicationsoftwareallowsenduserstoaccomplishoneormorespecific(non-computerrelated)tasks.Typicalapplicationsincludeindustrialautomation,businesssoftware,educationalsoftware,medicalsoftware,databases,andcomputergames.(6)Theyareplatformsoftware,applicationsoftwareandusersoftware.(7)Platformsoftwareincludesthefirmware,devicedrivers,anoperatingsystem,andtypicallyagraphicaluserinterface.(8)TypicalexamplesofapplicationsoftwareareOfficesuitesandvideogames.(9)Usersoftwareincludesspreadsheettemplates,wordprocessormacros,scientificsimulations,andscriptsforgraphicsandanimations.(10)Instructionsmaybeperformedsequentially,conditionally,oriteratively.Sequentialinstructionsarethoseoperationsthatareperformedoneafteranother.Conditionalinstructionsareperformedsuchthatdifferentsetsofinstructionsexecutedependingonthevalue(s)ofsomedata.Insomelanguagesthisisknownasan"if"statement.Iterativeinstructionsareperformedrepetitivelyandmaydependonsomedatavalue.Thisissometimescalleda"loop".〖Ex.2〗根据下面的英文解释，写出对应的英文词汇(1)load(2)compile(3)value(4)instruction(5)interpret(6)alphabet(7)assembler(8)utility(9)communication(10)programmer〖Ex.3〗把下列句子翻译为中文(1)机器语言由某些能被特殊解决器所理解的未加工的数字构成。(2)任何一种特别病毒的实际效果取决于编写该病毒的程序员是如何编程的。(3)几个月不升级的抗病毒软件面对现在的病毒不能提供什么保护。(4)普通地说，内存以千字节或兆字节来度量，磁盘空间以兆字节或吉字节来度量。(5)超文本传输合同是浏览器自己的合同，普通用于传递HTML格式的文献。(6)局域网是一种由互相靠近的、特别是在一种房间内或一种建筑内的计算机连接起来的网络。(7)对于移动顾客来说，防火墙允许通过使用安全登录规程和鉴定证书来远程访问私有网络。(8)从因特网顾客的观点看，下载文献是从另一种计算机（或从另一种计算机的网页）上请求它并接受它。(9)在1957年苏联发射了人造地球卫星之后，美国军事部门开始建立高级研究计划署（ARPA）以资助某些有时与军事含糊地有关的研究。(10)普通一种芯片组被集成在一种芯片上。〖Ex.4〗选择适宜的答案填空（真题再现11月程序员专业英语试题）(1)D(2)A(3)B(4)C(5)B(6)A(7)C(8)C(9)A(10)C〖Ex.5〗将下列词填入适宜的位置（每词只用一次）(1)related(2)customers(3)fields(4)information(5)accessible(6)emphasis(7)mainframe(8)implies(9)method(10)directory〖Ex.6〗根据课文内容，判断正误(1)T(2)T(3)F(4)F(5)T(6)T(7)F(8)T(9)F(10)TUnit4〖Ex.1〗根据课文内容回答下列问题(1)Anoperatingsystemisthecoresoftwarecomponentofyourcomputer.Itperformsmanyfunctionsandis,inverybasicterms,aninterfacebetweenyourcomputerandtheoutsideworld.(2)Ittranslatescommandsfromtheoperatingsystemoruserintocommandsunderstoodbythecomponentpartitinterfaceswith.Italsotranslatesresponsesfromthecomponentpartbacktoresponsesthatcanbeunderstoodbytheoperatingsystem,applicationprogram,oruser.(3)Systemtools(programs)areusedtomonitorcomputerperformance,debugproblems,ormaintainpartsofthesystem.(4)Becauseoperatingsystemsarewrittenbyhumanprogrammerswhocanmakemistakes.(5)Errorsinoperatingsystemscausethreemaintypesofproblemsaresystemcrashesandinstabilities,securityflawsandmalfunctions.(6)Asystemcrashistheactofasystemfreezingandbecomingunresponsivewhichwouldcausetheusertoneedtoreboot.(7)Unauthorizedintrudersmaytrytousethesetogainillegalaccesstoyoursystem.Youshouldpatchtheseflawsoftentohelpkeepyourcomputersystemsecure.(8)Therearemanytypesofoperatingsystems.ThemostcommonistheMicrosoftsuiteofoperatingsystems.(9)WindowsXPProfessionalEdition—Aversionusedbymanybusinessesonworkstations.Ithastheabilitytobecomeamemberofacorporatedomain.(10)Yes,thereare.TheyareUNIX,LinuxandAppleMacintosh.Thegreatestproblemwiththeseoperatingsystemsisthatnotasmanyapplicationprogramsarewrittenforthem.〖Ex.2〗根据下面的英文解释，写出对应的英文词汇(9)reboot(10)workstation〖Ex.3〗把下列句子翻译为中文(1)它把操作系统装入内存并启动操作系统。(2)在计算机上，有两种基本项目需要组织。(3)字体能够用于计算机屏幕显示和打印机的硬拷贝输出。(4)光纤是一种能够传输光束的玻璃细丝。(5)当你在键盘上输入时，这些字符和数字就出现在监视器上。(6)内联网是私有网络。许多内联网分散在世界各地。(7)在计算机屏幕上，文献夹普通看上去像黄色或蓝色的纸文献夹。(8)一旦完毕源内容的编码，制作流媒体的过程就完毕了。(9)从语法构造上说，一种域名涉及用圆点隔开一系列名称（标志）。(10)你在显示屏上看到的视频质量取决于视频卡和你所选择的显示屏。〖Ex.4〗选择适宜的答案填空（真题再现5月程序员专业英语试题）(1)C(2)B(3)B(4)A(5)D(6)D(7)D(8)B(9)D(10)D〖Ex.5〗将下列词填入适宜的位置（每词只用一次）(1)loaded(2)boot(3)applications(4)use(5)requests(6)defined(7)interact(8)through(9)command(10)graphical〖Ex.6〗根据课文内容填空(1)letanumberofprogrammersaccessthecomputeratthesametime(2)Thisreal-timesharingofresources(3)medium-sizedminicomputers(4)multitaskingcapability,multiusercapability,portability,UNIXprograms,libraryofapplicationsoftware(5)printingoutonefile,theusereditsanotherfile(6)compartmentalizingthedocument,don'toverridethechangesofanotheruser(7)permitsittomovefromonebrandofcomputertoanother(8)integralutilities,tools(9)thekernel,whichschedulestasksandmanagesstorage,theshell,whichconnectsandinterpretsusers'commands,callsprogramsfrommemory,andexecutesthem,thetoolsandapplicationsthatofferadditionalfunctionalitytotheoperatingsystem(10)thecommanddrivenBourneShell,theCShell(nopunintended),menu-drivenshellsUnit5〖Ex.1〗根据课文内容回答下列问题(1)Adatastructureisaspecializedformatfororganizingandstoringdata.Generaldatastructuretypesincludethearray,thefile,therecord,thetable,thetree,andsoon.(2)Incomputerprogramminglanguages,anarrayisagroupofobjectswiththesameattributesthatcanbeaddressedindividually,usingsuchtechniquesassubscripting.(3)Yes,itmust.(4)Someoperatingsystemsandapplicationsdescribefileswithgivenformatsbygivingthemaparticularfilenamesuffix.(5)Theorganizationofdataintherecordisusuallyprescribedbytheprogramminglanguagethatdefinestherecord'sorganizationand/orbytheapplicationthatprocessesit.(6)Incomputerprogramming,atableisadatastructureusedtoorganizeinformation,justasitisonpaper.(7)Indataprocessing,atable,alsocalledanarray,isanorganizedgroupingoffields.Tablesmaystorerelativelypermanentdata,ormaybefrequentlyupdated.(8)Inarelationaldatabase,atable,sometimescalledafile,organizestheinformationaboutasingletopicintorowsandcolumns.(9)Adecisiontableisoftencalledatruthtable.Itcontainsalistofdecisionsandthecriteriaonwhichtheyarebased.(10)AnHTMLtableisusedtoorganizeWebpageelementsspatiallyortocreateastructurefordatathatisbestdisplayedintabularform,suchaslistsorspecifications.〖Ex.2〗根据下面的英文解释，写出对应的英文词汇(1)(9)sector(10)sort〖Ex.3〗把下列句子翻译为中文(1)星型拓扑普通由双绞线实现，特别是非屏蔽双绞线。(2)视频卡是计算机的一部分，它把视频数据转换成你在显示屏上能看到的可视信息。(3)多顾客操作系统允许不同的顾客同时运用计算机资源。(4)地址是因特网上信息网站、一种特定文献（如网页）或一种电子邮件顾客的唯一位置。(5)数年来，ARPA已经在计算机科学研究方面资助了许多项目，其中诸多都对当代工艺水平有深远的影响。(6)固然事实上，随着更复杂软件应用的出现，计算机语言只但是又产生了软件故障的新类型。(7)计算机病毒是一种程序，当时次感染可执行文献或硬盘和软盘的系统区域后开始传输自己并制作自己的拷贝。(8)当全部RAM都被使用了（如许多程序同时打开），计算机就把数据交换到硬盘上，给顾客的印象是仿佛尚有些内存。(9)编译程序无视全部注释。(10)你不用离开Word就能够用电子邮件发送你的文档。〖Ex.4〗选择适宜的答案填空（真题再现11月程序员专业英语试题）(1)D(2)D(3)B(4)A(5)D(6)①D②A③A(7)C(8)B〖Ex.5〗将下列词填入适宜的位置（每词只用一次）(1)database(2)random(3)records(4)leaves(5)end(6)beyond(7)nodes(8)two(9)power(10)depth〖Ex.6〗根据课文内容，判断正误(1)T(2)F(3)F(4)T(5)T(6)T(7)F(8)F(9)T(10)F(11)T(12)F(13)F(14)F(15)F(16)F(17)T(18)TUnit6〖Ex.1〗根据课文内容回答下列问题(1)Cisacomputerprogramminglanguage.ThatmeansthatyoucanuseCtocreatelistsofinstructionsforacomputertofollow.(2)Yes,itis.Ithaswonwidespreadacceptancebecauseitgivesprogrammersmaximumcontrolandefficiency.(3)ThismeansthatonceyouwriteyourCprogram,youmustrunitthroughaCcompilertoturnyourprogramintoanexecutablethatthecomputercanrun.(4)TheformoftheCprogramisthehuman-readableform.(5)IfyouareusingaUNIXmachine,theCcompilerisavailableforfree.(6)AwidelyusedcommercialcompilerisMicrosoftVisualC++environmentwhichcompilesbothCandC++programs.No,unfortunately,thisprogramcostsseveralhundreddollars.(7)Ifyoumistypetheprogram,iteitherwillnotcompileoritwillnotrun.(8)Iftheprogramdoesnotcompileordoesnotruncorrectly,edititagainandseewhereyouwentwronginyourtyping.Fixtheerrorandtryagain.(9)Thewayyourprogramremembersthingsisbyusingvariables.Avariablehasaname(inthiscase,b)andatype(inthiscase,int,aninteger).(10)InC,thereareseveralstandardtypesforvariables.Theyareint—integer(wholenumber)values,float—floatingpointvaluesandchar—singlecharactervalues(suchas"m"or"Z").〖Ex.2〗根据下面的英文解释，写出对应的英文词汇(1)string(2)prompt(3)form(4)compilation(5)quit(6)symbol(7)block(8)variable(9)return(10)microcomputer〖Ex.3〗把下列句子翻译为中文(1)大部分通用计算机是桌面系统。(2)学会纯熟地操作电脑不容易。(3)通过使用键盘上的方向键移动光标。(4)BIOS检查看是冷启动还是重新启动。(5)Java字节代码协助实现了“一次写成，到处可用”。(6)输入计算机的文本普通显示在光标位置。(7)Windows的文献名及文献夹名能够包含多达250字符。(8)操作系统（OS）是最先装入计算机的软件。(9)免费软件是无附加任何条件的能够免费使用的软件。(10)网桥有时也和路由器结合在一起，构成叫做桥式路由器的产品。〖Ex.4〗选择适宜的答案填空（真题再现5月程序员专业英语试题）(1)B(2)D(3)A(4)B(5)A(6)C(7)B(8)A(9)A(10)D〖Ex.5〗将下列词填入适宜的位置（每词只用一次）(8)superset(9)concepts(10)similar〖Ex.6〗根据课文内容回答下列问题(1)C++isageneralpurposeprogramminglanguageinventedintheearly1980sbyBjarneStroustrupatBellLabs.(2)ThepurposeofC++istopreciselydefineaseriesofoperationsthatacomputercanperformtoaccomplishatask.(3)Itmeanstheyhavetobetoldexactlywhattodoandthisisdefinedbytheprogramminglanguageyouuse.Onceprogrammed,theycanrepeatthestepsasmanytimesasyouwishatveryhighspeed.(4)Itcanputdataintoadatabaseorpullitout,displayhighspeedgraphicsinagameorvideo,controlelectronicdevicesattachedtothePCorevenplaymusicand/orsoundeffects.(5)No,theytendtobedoneinvariantsofBasic.(6)Theanswer:almostnone.Itisanearlyuniversalprogramminglanguageandcanbefoundonmostmicrocomputers,andallthewayuptobigcomputerscostingmillionsofdollars.(7)●DownloadandInstallBorlandTurboC++Explorer●DownloadandInstallMicrosoftVisualC++ExpressEdition●DownloadandInstallOpenWatcomC/C++Compiler(8)Yes,thereis.Becauseopensourcecodecanbeviewedandusedbyanyone.(9)ThetopthreemostpopularprogramminglanguagesaccordingtothequarterlyTsurveyareJava,CandC++.(10)Youneedtobeartisticorhaveanartistfriend.You'llalsoneedmusicandsoundeffects.Unit7〖Ex.1〗根据课文内容回答下列问题(1)Incomputing,adatabasecanbedefinedasastructuredcollectionofrecordsordatathatisstoredinacomputersothataprogramcanconsultittoanswerqueries.(2)Thecomputerprogramusedtomanageandqueryadatabaseisknownasadatabasemanagementsystem(DBMS).(3)Theterm"database"originatedwithinthecomputingdiscipline.(4)Typically,foragivendatabase,thereisastructuraldescriptionofthetypeoffactsheldinthatdatabase:thisdescriptionisknownasaschema.Theschemadescribestheobjectsthatarerepresentedinthedatabase,andtherelationshipsamongthem.(5)Themodelinmostcommonusetodayistherelationalmodel.(6)Manyprofessionalsconsideracollectionofdatatoconstituteadatabaseonlyifithascertainproperties:forexample,ifthedataismanagedtoensureitsintegrityandquality,ifitallowssharedaccessbyacommunityofusers,ifithasaschema,orifitsupportsaquerylanguage.However,thereisnoagreeddefinitionoftheseproperties.(7)Yes,agreatdealoftheinternalengineeringofaDBMSisindependentofthedatamodel.Itisconcernedwithmanagingfactorssuchasperformance,concurrency,integrity,andrecoveryfromhardwarefailures.(8)Theflat(ortable)modelconsistsofasingle,two-dimensionalarrayof\o"Data"dataelements,whereallmembersofagivencolumnareassumedtobesimilarvalues,andallmembersofarowareassumedtoberelatedtooneanother.(9)Inahierarchicalmodel,dataisorganizedintoatree-likestructure,implyingasingleupwardlinkineachrecordtodescribethenesting,andasortfieldtokeeptherecordsinaparticularorderineachsame-levellist.(10)Threekeytermsareusedextensivelyinrelationaldatabasemodels:relations,attributes,anddomains.Users(orprograms)requestdatafromarelationaldatabasebysendingitaquerythatiswritteninaspeciallanguage,usuallyadialectofSQL.〖Ex.2〗根据下面的英文解释，写出对应的英文词汇(10)locate〖Ex.3〗把下列句子翻译为中文(1)便携式电脑（膝上型电脑）是微型计算机，小得足以放在膝盖上使用。(2)公式被输入在电子表格的单元格中并必须以等号“=”开头。(3)打印机的重要类型有：点阵式、菊瓣轮式、喷墨式和激光打印式。(4)阿帕网能够使相隔数千英里的人合作。(5)超文本标记语言是表达网页的最惯用的语言。(6)统计元素代表不同类型的信息，能够通过名字访问。(7)在数值计算和计算机应用中，矩阵用于组织表格形式的数据。(8)在因特网中，一种节点或一种止点都能够是网关节点或主（端点）节点。(9)反向环是由两个相反方向的环构成的环型拓扑。(10)在最简朴的网络中，不必用交换机来发送和接受网内的消息。〖Ex.4〗选择适宜的答案填空（真题再现11月程序员专业英语试题）(1)B(2)C(3)D(4)B(5)C(6)D(7)D(8)A(9)C(10)B〖Ex.5〗将下列词填入适宜的位置（每词只用一次）(8)distributed(9)network(10)classes〖Ex.6〗根据课文内容填空(1)alltypesofanomalies,inthedomain/keynormalform(2)hierarchical(3)objectdatabases(4)PICKakaMultiValue,MUMPS(5)asortedlistofthecontentsofsomeparticulartablecolumn(6)matchingsomecriterion(7)atomicity,consistency,isolation,durability(8)improveperformanceoravailabilityofthewholedatabasesystem,Master/SlaveReplication,Quorum,andMultimaster(9)theentirerangeofcomputersoftware,largemulti-userapplications(10)JDBC,ODBCUnit8〖Ex.1〗根据课文内容回答下列问题(1)Anobjectisasoftwarebundleofrelatedstateandbehavior.(2)Inobjectorientedprogramming,aclassisatemplatedefinitionofthemethodsandvariablesinaparticularkindofobject.(3)●Aclasscanhavesubclassesthatcaninheritallorsomeofthecharacteristicsoftheclass.Inrelationtoeachsubclass,theclassbecomesthesuperclass.●Subclassescanalsodefinetheirownmethodsandvariablesthatarenotpartoftheirsuperclass.(4)Theclasshierarchyisthestructureofaclassanditssubclasses.(5)Inobjectorientedprogramming(OOP),inheritanceisafeaturethatrepresentsthe"isa"relationshipbetweendifferentclasses.Inheritanceallowsaclasstohavethesamebehaviorasanotherclassandextendortailorthatbehaviortoprovidespecialactionforspecificneeds.(6)Aninterfaceisacontractbetweenaclassandtheoutsideworld.Interfacesformacontractbetweentheclassandtheoutsideworld,andthiscontractisenforcedatbuildtimebythecompiler.(7)Apackageisanamespacethatorganizesrelatedclassesandinterfacesinalogicalmanner.(8)BecausesoftwarewrittenintheJavaprogramminglanguagecanbecomposedofhundredsorthousandsofindividualclasses,itmakessensetokeepthingsorganizedbyplacingrelatedclassesandinterfacesintopackages.(9)Objectorientedprogramming(OOP)isaprogramminglanguagemodelorganizedaround"objects"ratherthan"actions"anddataratherthanlogic.(10)Theconceptofdataclassesallowsaprogrammertocreateanynewdatatypethatisnotalreadydefinedinthelanguageitself.〖Ex.2〗根据下面的英文解释，写出对应的英文词汇(1)object(2)class(3)procedure(4)prototype(5)characteristic(6)inherit(7)hierarchy(8)bookmark(9)manipulate(10)message〖Ex.3〗把下列句子翻译为中文(1)能够通过点击选定文本之外的任何位置或按任一方向键来取消选定。(2)到了19世纪50年代后期，许多人在研究人工智能，大部分都在研究编程计算机。(3)人工智能是制造智能机器、特别是制作智能计算机程序的科学和工程学。(4)(5)它也能够放大载波信号、接受数据包（或许在网络堵塞期实现缓冲）及发送数据。(6)视频卡的内存越大，图形解决器的速度越快，玩游戏或运行精细图形设计软件时的显示效果就越好。(7)只要两个计算机能够识别同一合同，它们就能够在同一网络中或者通过调制解调器不费力气地通信，并且不管它们与否属于同一类型。(8)C语言的研制始于19世纪70年代早期。(9)BASIC最大的问题是可移植性差。(10)CPU和内存普通在主板上。〖Ex.4〗选择适宜的答案填空（真题再现5月程序员专业英语试题）(1)C(2)①C②B(3)D(4)B(5)A(6)B(7)C(8)C(9)B〖Ex.5〗将下列词填入适宜的位置（每词只用一次）(1)environment(2)enforces(3)single(4)servers(5)applet(6)interact(7)compiler(8)executable(9)dynamic(10)interpretation〖Ex.6〗根据课文内容回答下列问题(1)Computergraphicsisasubfieldofcomputerscienceandisconcernedwithdigitallysynthesizingandmanipulatingvisualcontent.(2)Abroadclassificationofmajorsubfieldsincomputergraphicsmightbe:●Geometry:studieswaystorepresentandprocesssurfaces●Animation:studieswithwaystorepresentandmanipulatemotion●Rendering:studiesalgorithmstoreproducelighttransport●Imaging:studiesimageacquisitionorimageediting(3)Becausetheappearanceofanobjectdependslargelyontheexterioroftheobject,boundaryrepresentationsaremostcommonincomputergraphics.(4)constructivesolidgeometry;discretedifferentialgeometry;digitalgeometryprocessing;point-basedgraphics;subdivisionsurfaces;out-of-coremeshprocessing.(5)Thesubfieldofanimationstudiesdescriptionsforsurfaces(andotherphenomena)thatmoveordeformovertime.(6)●Performancecapture●Characteranimation●Physicalsimulation(e.g.clothmodeling,animationoffluiddynamics,etc.)(7)Renderingconvertsamodelintoanimageeitherbysimulatinglighttransporttogetphysically-basedphotorealisticimages,orbyapplyingsomekindofstyleasinnon-photorealisticrendering.(8)Thetwobasicoperationsinrealisticrenderingaretransport(howmuchlightgetsfromoneplacetoanother)andscattering(howsurfacesinteractwithlight).(9)●physically-basedrendering—concernedwithgeneratingimagesaccordingtothelawsofgeometricoptics.●realtimerendering—focusesonrenderingforinteractiveapplications,typicallyusingspecializedhardware.●non-photorealisticrendering.●relighting—recentareaconcernedwithquicklyre-renderingscenes.(10)Oneofthefirstdisplaysofcomputer