人工智能专业英语Unit 4

Unit4SearchMethodsinArtificialIntelligence人工智能专业英语教学课件ContentsPart1ReadingandTranslatingSectionA:HeuristicSearchSectionB:GeneticAlgorithmsPart2SimulatedWriting:UsingPresentationSoftwaretoWritePart3Listening&SpeakingDialogue:SearchMethodsinArtificialIntelligenceListeningComprehension:A*SearchDictation:HeuristicSearchTechniquesSectionA:HeuristicSearchWordsstrawberry[ˈstrɔːbəri]n.草莓gut[gʌt]adj.本能的，直觉的，简单的tasty[ˈteisti]adj.美味的function[ˈfʌŋkʃn]n.函数rating[ˈreitiŋ]n.等级评定，等级traversal[trəˈvərs(ə)l]n.遍历SectionA:HeuristicSearchPhrasesuninformedsearch盲目搜索trustin信任decideon选定，决定subjectto受制于preferover更喜欢SectionA:HeuristicSearchExercisesI.Readthefollowingstatementscarefully,anddecidewhethertheyaretrue(T)orfalse(F)accordingtothetext.___1．Itisguaranteedthatthebestnode(thatis,theonewiththelowestheuristicvalue)isalwaysattheendofthelist.___2．Thereisadelicatedifferencebetweentheefforttofindasolutionandthetotalcostofthissolution.___3．Theworstheuristicwouldbeafunctionthatcalculatestheactualcostsfromeachnodetothegoal.___4．Findingagoodsolutionquicklyisbetterthanfindinganoptimalsolution.___5．Modelingaheuristicmathematicallycanuseaheuristicevaluationfunctionf(s)forstates.SectionA:HeuristicSearchII.Choosethebestanswertoeachofthefollowingquestionsaccordingtothetext.1．Whichofthefollowingisveryexpensivetoderive?

A．Asolutionthatisoptimal

B．Agoodsolutionfoundquickly

C．Agoodsolutionfoundslowly

D．Alloftheabove2．Whichofthefollowingisguaranteed?

A．Thebestnode(thatis,theonewiththelowestheuristicvalue)isalwaysinthemiddleofthelist.

B．Thebestnode(thatis,theonewiththelowestheuristicvalue)isalwaysattheendofthelist.

C．Thebestnode(thatis,theonewiththelowestheuristicvalue)isalwaysatthebeginningofthelist.

D．NoneoftheaboveSectionA:HeuristicSearchII.Choosethebestanswertoeachofthefollowingquestionsaccordingtothetext.3．Whatkindofdifferenceistherebetweentheefforttofindasolutionandthetotalcostofthissolutionaccordingtothistext?

A．Asubtledifference

B．Asimpledifference

C．Anobviousdifference

D．NoneoftheaboveSectionA:HeuristicSearchIV.TranslatethefollowingpassageintoChineseTravellingSalesmanProblemAsalesmanwantstotraveltoNcities(heshouldpassbyeachcity).Howcanweorderthecitiessothatthesalesman'sjourneywillbetheshortest?Theobjectivefunctiontominimizehereisthelengthofthejourney(thesumofthedistancesbetweenallthecitiesinaspecifiedorder).Tostartsolvingthisproblem,weneed:Configurationsetting:Thisisthepermutationofthecitiesfrom1toN,giveninallorders.Selectinganoptimalonebetweenthesepermutationsisouraim.Rearrangementstrategy:Thestrategythatwewillfollowhereisreplacingsectionsofthepath,andreplacingthemwithrandomonestoretestifthismodifiedoneisoptimalornot.Theobjectivefunction(whichistheaimoftheminimization):Thisisthesumofthedistancesbetweenallthecitiesforaspecificorder.SectionB:GeneticAlgorithmsWordspopulation[ˌpɔpjuˈleiʃn]n.种群fitness[ˈfɪtnəs]n.适应度，健康recombination[riː,kɔmbi'neiʃ(ə)n;,riːkɔmb-]n.重组mutation[mjuːˈteiʃn]n.变异，突变offspring[ˈɔfspriŋ]n.后代，子孙crossover[ˈkrɔsəuvə(r)]n.组合交叉nomenclature[nəˈmeŋklətʃə(r)]n.术语，命名法stuck[stʌk]adj.（因困难）无法继续的，停滞不前的stochastic[stɔ'kæstik]n.随机的，猜测的SectionB:GeneticAlgorithmsPhrasesendupwith以……告终，以……结束localoptimum局部最优，局部优化comeintoplay（使）开始起作用SectionB:GeneticAlgorithmsNotes[1]遗传算法（geneticalgorithm）是计算机科学人工智能领域中用于解决最优化的一种搜索启发式算法，是进化算法的一种。这种启发式通常用来生成有用的解决方案来优化和搜索问题。进化算法最初是借鉴了进化生物学中的一些现象而发展起来的，这些现象包括遗传、突变、自然选择以及杂交等。遗传算法在适应度函数选择不当的情况下有可能收敛于局部最优，而不能达到全局最优。SectionB:GeneticAlgorithmsExercisesI.Readthefollowingstatementscarefully,anddecidewhethertheyaretrue(T)orfalse(F)accordingtothetext.___1．Theconceptofselectionisinspiredbythetheoryofartificialselection.___2．Crossoverisalsocalledrecombination.___3．Mutationmightmakethatindividualbetterorworsethanexistingindividuals.___4．Anevaluationfunctionisalsoreferredtoasafitnessfunction.___5．Ageneticalgorithmisakindofheuristicalgorithm.SectionB:GeneticAlgorithmsII.Choosethebestanswertoeachofthefollowingquestionsaccordingtothetext.1．Whichofthefollowingprobabilisticoperatorsdoweapplyinordertogeneratethenextgenerationofindividuals?

A．Selection

B．Crossover

C．Mutation

D．Alloftheabove2．Whichkindofalgorithmdoesageneticalgorithmbelongto?

A．K-Means

B．Heuristic

C．DQN

D．Q-learningSectionB:GeneticAlgorithmsII.Choosethebestanswertoeachofthefollowingquestionsaccordingtothetext.3．Whatdoweneedtohaveinordertoapplycrossoverandmutation?

A．Selectioncriteria

B．Recombination

C．Randomchanges

D．NoneoftheaboveSectionB:GeneticAlgorithmsIV.TranslatethefollowingpassageintoChinese.EvolutionaryProgrammingWhenappliedtothetaskofprogramdevelopment,thegeneticalgorithmapproachisknownasevolutionaryprogramming.Herethegoalistodevelopprogramsbyallowingthemtoevolveratherthanbyexplicitlywritingthem.Researchershaveappliedevolutionaryprogrammingtechniquestotheprogramdevelopmentprocessusingfunctionalprogramminglanguages.Theapproachhasbeentostartwithacollectionofprogramsthatcontainarichvarietyoffunctions.Thefunctionsinthisstartingcollectionformthe"genepool"fromwhichfuturegenerationsofprogramswillbeconstructed.Onethenallowstheevolutionaryprocesstorunformanygenerations,hopingthatbyproducingeachgenerationfromthebestperformersinthepreviousgeneration,asolutiontothetargetproblemwillevolve.2.1SimulatedWriting:UsingPresentationSoftwaretoWrite使用MicrosoftPowerPoint(最常用)或其他软件，如AppleKeynote或OpenOfficeImpress,能很快、很容易地创建形象化元素，并且可将图像、声音、电影、动画、视频的网上链接包括进来。一种新的软件Prezi可以提供更多的选择。在到处都是图像、电子通信的时尚世界里，PowerPoint或类似的软件常被认为是企业不可或缺的工具。2.1SimulatedWriting:UsingPresentationSoftwaretoWrite使用演示软件可以做以下事情：用不同的颜色、底纹、纹理创建幻灯片。创建绘画或曲线图，导入剪贴图、照片、其他图像。创建有动画效果的文本和图像。例如，每点击一次进入一条符号列表项，或者图形中的纵向条形和横向条形逐个加亮，强调数据中的某些特征。创建幻灯片之间的动态过渡，例如一张幻灯片向右侧转换，另一张从左面进入。将每张幻灯片放大。将幻灯片按不同顺序排列。精确设定演讲时间。在计算机屏幕上、大型投影仪上、网页上、投影机上显示出演示，或打印出来作为讲义分发。2.2UsingPresentationSoftwaretoWrite-Introduction下面以PowerPoint为例，进行具体地讲解如何制作幻灯片。简介PowerPoint(PPT)演示文稿和海报演示很类似，唯一不同的是PPT是在计算机上用幻灯片来演示，而不是用真正的海报。这种形式往往用来配合口头报告，可以使报告更具说服力。我们还可以加入声音和视觉媒体。幻灯片演示通常用于与一个大的群体分享信息，如专业会议、课堂演示和会议等。幻灯片演示应该更像是报告的提纲。在幻灯片演示中有三个主要元素：文本、图像、表格或图表。文本用以突出主要观点以及关键术语和概念。2.3UsingPresentationSoftwaretoWrite-Preparation一些准备工作在开始做PPT之前，我们应该先考虑清楚演示的几个关键部分：观众、目的(说服性、增长知识性等)、主题以及陈述。因为一个好的PPT设计应该适合用于演示的场合，因此在开始制作PPT之前，尽量搞清使用何种措辞有助于成功的演示。2.4UsingPresentationSoftwaretoWrite-Component主要组成部分PPT的幻灯片应该更像一个提纲。文字通常都是将主要内容列出来，而不是完整的句子。以下是几个可以在幻灯片中展示的内容：图表和／或表格；解释；列表；基本事实；必要的图片。2.4UsingPresentationSoftwaretoWrite-Component内容安排PPT内容的顺序应该取决于观众所需。无论做什么，都要谨慎地组PPT并井井有条地陈述论点，这样观众才会信服我们的论点。以下是一些可以参照的格式。概述、主体、结论(此类格式通常用于帮助观众弄清我们的演示，否则观众可能会被复杂的论点搞糊涂)；轶事、内容、结论(此类格式主要为了防止观众在开始演示之前就已经厌烦)；计划、好处、轶事(此类格式主要用于介绍一些新鲜事物，而且所面对的观众要求我们的演示简短且切题)。2.5UsingPresentationSoftwaretoWrite-UsefulInformation其他有用的信息提倡的内容：为整个PPT选择一个统一背景；使用简单清晰的字体；保证字体足够大，使后排的观众也能看到；在列表中使用项目符号和一致的短语结构；列出基本信息即可，运用关键词来引导读者或观众贯穿整个演示过程；使用直接、简洁的语言，控制文字数量到最少；必要时提供相关的解释；使用空格来隔开文本或图片表格之类的可视组件；保证每张幻灯片之间的联系符合逻辑；为每张幻灯片加上标题。2.5UsingPresentationSoftwaretoWrite-UsefulInformation其他有用的信息避免的内容：在幻灯片中堆满了图表；使用复杂的字体；添加不相干的信息；写下所有要说的话；使用分散观众注意力的图像；颜色搭配难以阅读，如在蓝色背景上使用黑色的字体，尽量使用对比度高的组合。2.6UsingPresentationSoftwaretoWrite-Sample使用PowerPoint展示的一个例子如下：2.6UsingPresentationSoftwaretoWrite-Sample2.6UsingPresentationSoftwaretoWrite-Sample2.6UsingPresentationSoftwaretoWrite-Sample2.6UsingPresentationSoftwaretoWrite-Sample2.6UsingPresentationSoftwaretoWrite-Sample2.6UsingPresentationSoftwaretoWrite-Sample2.6UsingPresentationSoftwaretoWrite-Sample3.1Dialogue:SearchMethodsinArtificialIntelligenceExercisesWorkinagroup,andmakeupasimilarconversationbyreplacingthestatementswithotherexpressionsontherightside.3.1Dialogue:SearchMethodsinArtificialIntelligenceWordsinnate[iˈneit]adj.先天的，固有的，与生俱来的invariably[inˈveəriəbli]adv.总是，不变地，一定地3.1Dialogue:SearchMethodsinArtificialIntelligencePhrasesbeof具有……性质simulated-annealing模拟退火法3.2ListeningComprehension:A*SearchListentothearticleandanswerthefollowing3questionsbasedonit.Afteryouhearaquestion,therewillbeabreakof15seconds.Duringthebreak,youwilldecidewhichoneisthebestansweramongthefourchoicesmarked(A),(B),(C)and(D).Questions1.A*algorithmiswidelyusedinwhichareas?

(A)Graph-searching

(B)Pathfinding

(C)Graphtraversal

(D)Alloftheabove3.2ListeningComprehension:A*SearchQuestions2．Whichofthefollowingisnotright?

(A)A*isanextensionofDijkstra'salgorithmwithsomecharacteristicsofdeapth-firstsear