环境学智慧树知到课后章节答案2023年下西安建筑科技大学

环境学智慧树知到课后章节答案2023年下西安建筑科技大学西安建筑科技大学

第一章测试

Ecosystemisaregioninwhichtheorganismsandthephysicalenvironmentforma(an)________________unit.（）

A:harmonized

B:symbiotic

C:physical

D:interacting

答案:interacting

Wildernessistheareawith________________humaninfluence.()

A:maximal

B:much

C:minimal

D:many

答案:minimal

Environmentalscienceisan(a)________________fieldthatincludesbothscientificandsocialaspectsofhumanimpactontheworld.()

A:traditional

B:interdisciplinary

C:independent

D:important

答案:interdisciplinary

Environmentalissuesdonotnecessarilycoincidewithartificialpoliticalboundaries.（）

A:对B:错

答案:对

Environmentiseverythingthataffectsanorganismduringitslifetime.（）

A:对B:错

答案:对

Environmentalscienceisaninterrelatedareaofstudythatincludesbothappliedandtheoreticalaspectsofhumanimpactontheworld.（）

A:对B:错

答案:对

Manyenvironmentalproblemshavebecomeglobalinnature.（）

A:对B:错

答案:对

Sustainabledevelopmentisdevelopmenttomeetthepresentneedswithoutsacrificingtheneedsoffuturegenerations（）

A:错B:对

答案:对

第二章测试

Riskisthe________________thataconditionoractionwillleadtoaninjury,damage,orloss.()

A:probability

B:chance

C:possibility

D:consequence

答案:probability

Riskassessmentistheuseof________________toestimatetheprobabilityofharmtohumanhealthortheenvironment.()

A:factsandassumptions

B:measurementsandanalyses

C:modelsandequations

D:theoriesandtechnologies

答案:factsandassumptions

Renewableresourcesinclude_______________.()

A:Soil

B:water

C:vegetation,

D:fossilfuels

答案:Soil

;water

;vegetation,

Riskmanagementisadecision-makingprocessofweighingpolicyalternativesandselectingthemostappropriateregulatoryaction.（）

A:对B:错

答案:对

Negligibleriskisthezerorisk.（）

A:对B:错

答案:错

Lifecycleanalysisistheprocessofassessingtheenvironmentaleffectsassociatedwiththeproduction,use,reuse,anddisposalofaproductoveritsentireusefullife.（）

A:对B:错

答案:对

Airpollution,waterpollution,plantandanimalextinctions,depletionofaresourceareallexampleoftheenvironmentalcostsofresourceexploitation.（）

A:错B:对

答案:对

Cost-benefitanalysisisanunformalprocessftodeterminewhetherapolicygeneratesmoresocialcoststhansocialbenefits.（）

A:对B:错

答案:错

第三章测试

Naturalselectionistheprocessthatdetermineswhichindividualswithinaspecieswill______________________thenextgeneration.（）

A:growandpasstheirgenesto

B:producetheiroffspringfor

C:reproduceandpasstheirgenesto

D:generatetheirgenesfor

答案:reproduceandpasstheirgenesto

Climaxcommunityistherelative________________communitythattheresultofsuccession.（）

A:stableandshort-term

B:stableandlarge

C:stableandlong-lasting

D:stableandconstant

答案:stableandlong-lasting

Commensalismistherelationshipbetweenorganismsinwhichoneorganismbenefitswhiletheotheris___________.（）

A:notaffected

B:muchaffected

C:hurt

D:damaged

答案:notaffected

Keystonespeciesarethespeciesthathaveacriticalroletoplayinthemaintenanceofspecificecosystems.（）

A:错B:对

答案:对

Anecosystemapproachisimportanttodealingwithenvironmentalproblems.（）

A:对B:错

答案:对

Nicheisthefunctionalroleanorganismhasinitssurroundings(itsprofession).（）

A:对B:错

答案:对

Successionistheconceptthatcommunitiesproceedthroughaseriesofrecognizable,predictablechangesinstructureovertime.（）

A:对B:错

答案:对

Acommunityistheabioticportionofanecosystemthatisasettingofinteractingpopulationsoforganisms.（）

A:对B:错

答案:错

第四章测试

Apopulationcanbedefinedasagroupofindividualsofthe____________speciesinhabitinganarea.()

A:special

B:small

C:different

D:same

答案:same

Exponentialgrowthphaseisthestageonatypicalpopulationgrowthcurvewhentheoffspringofaspeciesbegintomateandhaveyoungwhiletheparentsmaybeproducingasecondsetofoffspring,whichresultsinapopulationincreaseata(an)_______________rate.()

A:constant

B:accelerating

C:stable

D:decreasing

答案:accelerating

____________isthenumberofindividualsofaspeciesthatcanbemaintainedinanarea,overtime,withoutharmingthehabitat.()

A:Sustainability

B:Population

C:Carryingcapacity

D:Vulnerability

答案:Carryingcapacity

K-strategistsareorganismsthattypicallyreachastablepopulationasthepopulationreachesthecarryingcapacity.（）

A:对B:错

答案:对

r-strategistsareorganismsthattypicallyexploitsunstableenvironments.（）

A:对B:错

答案:对

Agedistributionisthenumberofindividualsofeachageinthepopulationwhichinfluencesgreatlytherateofpopulationgrowth.（）

A:对B:错

答案:对

Populationdensityisthetotalofpeopleinacountry,whichdoesnotrelatethesizeofthepopulationtotheresourcesavailable.()

A:错B:对

答案:错

Totalfertilityrateisthenumberofchildrenbornperwomaninherlifetime.（）

A:对B:错

答案:对

第五章测试

Biodiversityisthe__________ofgenes,species,andecosysteminaregion.（）

A:diversity

B:number

C:quantity

D:richness

答案:diversity

Endangeredspeciesarethespeciesthathavesuchsmallnumbersthattheyareinimmediatejeopardyofbecoming__________.（）

A:smaller

B:extinct

C:weaker

D:fainter

答案:extinct

Thevaluesofbiodiversityinclude__________()

A:novalues

B:directeconomicvalues

C:ethicalvalues

D:biologicalandecosystemservicevalues

答案:directeconomicvalues

;ethicalvalues

;biologicalandecosystemservicevalues

Theprimarycausesofbiodiversitylossarehabitatlossbyhumansconvertingecosystemstoagricultureandgrazing,overoverexploitationbyharvestingspeciesatunsustainablelevels.（）

A:错B:对

答案:对

Extinctionisthedeathofspecies,theeliminationofalltheindividualsofaparticularkind.（）

A:对B:错

答案:对

Desertificationistheprocessofconvertingaridandsemiaridlandtodesertbecauseofimproperusebyhumans.（）

A:错B:对

答案:对

Protectionofbiodiversitytypicallyinvolvestwokindsofactivities:legalprotectionandmanagementoftheuseofspeciesandecosystemsatsustainablelevels.（）

A:对B:错

答案:对

Deforestationmeansforest-protectionactivities.（）

A:错B:对

答案:错

第六章测试

Soilisanorganizedmixtureof__________.（）

A:minerals

B:organicmaterial

C:airandwater

D:allofabove

E:livingorganisms

答案:allofabove

Weatheringprocessisveryimportantforsoilformation.Twokindsofweatheringprocessinlcude__________.（）

A:biologicalweatheringandchemicalweathering

B:biologicalweatheringandmechanicalweathing

C:naturalweatheringandchemicalweathering

D:mechanicalweatheringandchemicalweathering

答案:mechanicalweatheringandchemicalweathering

Soilprofileisaseriesof__________layersofdifferentchemicalcomposition,physicalproperties,particlesize,andamountoforganicmatter.（）

A:vertical

B:flat

C:horizontal

D:prone

答案:horizontal

Soilerosionistheremovalandtransportationofsoilby__________.（）

A:organisms

B:humanbeings

C:waterandwind

D:rainandsnow

答案:waterandwind

Generally,soilerosioncandividedinto__________.（）

A:artificialerosionandtechnicalerosion

B:winderosionandwatererosion

C:winderosionandartificialerosion

D:watererosionandtechnicalerosion

答案:winderosionandwatererosion

A“good”agriculturalsoilisabout45%mineral,25%air,25%water,and5%organicmatter.（）

A:对B:错

答案:对

Thefactorstoexplainhowsoilsformedandtopredictwheredifferentsoilsmayoccurincludeparentmaterial,climate,topography,biologicalfactors,andtime.（）

A:对B:错

答案:对

Claysoilleadstoextremeleaching.Andwaterdrainsfromthiskindofsoilveryquickly.（）

A:对B:错

答案:错

MostplantsgrowwellinsoilswithapHbetween8and9.（）

A:对B:错

答案:错

Someconservationpracticesincludecontourfarming,stripfarming,terracing.（）

A:对B:错

答案:对

Onverysteepland,theonlypracticalmethodofpreventingsoilerosionisto

constructterraces.Terraceisakindofstripterraceorwavycross-sectionfieldbuiltalongthecontourlineonthehillyandhillsideland.（）

A:错B:对

答案:对

Regularadditionsoforganicmatterimprovesoilstructure,enhancewater-andnutrient-holdingcapacity,protectsoilfromerosionandcompaction,andsupportahealthycommunityofsoilorganisms.Themethodsthatincreaseorganicmatterincludeusingnutrient,leavingcropresiduesinthefield,applyingmanureorcompost,usinglow-orno-tillagesystems,andmulching.（）

A:错B:对

答案:对

Soilconservationpracticesinclude__________.（）

A:waterways

B:terracing

C:conservationtillage

D:stripfarming

E:contourfarming

F:windbreaks

答案:waterways

;terracing

;conservationtillage

;stripfarming

;contourfarming

;windbreaks

第七章测试

Theoceans,whichcoverapproximately__________percentoftheearth’ssurface,containover__________percentofitswater.However,__________cannotbeconsumedbyhumansorusedformanyindustrialprocesses.（）

A:7097freshwater

B:9770saltwater

C:9770freshwater

D:7097saltwater

答案:7097saltwater

__________percentofwaterusedbyindustryisforcooling.Ifthewaterheatedintheindustrialprocessisdischargeddirectlyintoawatercourse,itsignificantlychangesthe__________.（）

A:90waterflow

B:70watertemperature

C:90watertemperature

D:70waterflow

答案:90watertemperature

Municipalwaterpollutionconsistsofthreesources:__________,__________and__________.（）

A:storm-waterrunoffindustrialwastewaterdomesticwastewater

B:pointsourcenon-pointsourceothersource

C:agriculturalwastewaterindustrialwastewaterdomesticwastewater

D:organicpollutioninorganicpollutionbiologicalpollution

答案:storm-waterrunoffindustrialwastewaterdomesticwastewater

Alllivingorganismsarecomposedofcellsthatcontainatleast60percentwater.Furthermore,theirmetabolicactivitiestakeplaceinawatersolution.（）

A:对B:错

答案:对

Globalfreshwaterresourcesarenotthreatenedasagingpopulationsneedlesswaterfordrinking,hygiene,sanitation,foodproductionandindustry.（）

A:对B:错

答案:错

Thegreatertheporosity,themorewatersoilcancontain.（）

A:错B:对

答案:对

Aconfinedaquiferisboundedonboththetopandbottombylayersthatareimpervioustowaterandissaturatedwithwaterunderlower-than-atmosphericpressure.（）

A:错B:对

答案:错

Muchofthewaterusedforirrigationislosttoevaporationandevapotranspirationorisremovedwiththecropwhenitisharvested.Therefore,muchofthewaterwithdrawnforirrigationisconsumed.（）

A:错B:对

答案:对

Humanactivitiescansignificantlyimpactevaporation,runoff,andinfiltration.Whenwaterisusedforcoolinginpowerplantsortoirrigatecrops,therateofevaporationisincreased.Accordingtothissituation,weshouldstopirrigationorusingindustrialcirculatingcoolingwaterinsocietytoreducetheinfluenceofhumanactivitiesonhydrologiccycle.（）

A:错B:对

答案:错

Watersuppliesaredistributedunevenlyaroundtheworld,withsomeareascontainingabundantwaterandothersamuchmorelimitedsupply.Inwaterbasinswithhighwaterdemandrelativetotheavailablerunoff,waterscarcityisagrowingproblem.Sowateravailabilitywillbeoneofthemajorchallengesfacinghumansocietyandthatlackofwaterwillbeoneofthekeyfactorslimitingdevelopment.（）

A:对B:错

答案:对

Waterpollutionoccurswhensomethingenterswaterthatchangesthenaturalecosystemorinterfereswithwaterusebysegmentsofsociety.Ingeneral,waterpollutantscanbedividedintoseveralbroadcategories.Theyare__________.（）

A:toxicchemicals

B:disease-causingorganisms

C:nutrients

D:physicalparticles

E:floatingdust

F:dissolvedorganicmatters

答案:toxicchemicals

;disease-causingorganisms

;nutrients

;physicalparticles

;dissolvedorganicmatters

第八章测试

________layerinatmosphereistheplacewherewearelivingin?（）

A:Mesosphere

B:Thermosphere

C:Stratosphere

D:Troposphere

答案:Troposphere

Thetemperaturedeclines________℃inaverageforeverykilometerabovethesurface.（）

A:2.4

B:4

C:6

D:10

答案:6

Over70%ofSulfurdioxidereleasedintotheatmosphereisfrom_________.（）

A:Volcano

B:Automobile

C:Powerplant

答案:Powerplant

TheprimarypollutantsincludingCO,VOCs,PM,SO2,andNOxisverystableaftertheyaredischargedintotheopenair.（）

A:错B:对

答案:错

Thestratospherecontainsallthewatervaporoftheatmosphere.（）

A:对B:错

答案:错

Coarseparticlescanirritaterespiratorypassagesandaccumulatedeepinthelungs,andreducetheabilityofthelungstoexchangegases.（）

A:错B:对

答案:错

Photochemicalsmog,isapollutantsmixtureincluding________________,________________,and_____________fromtheinteractionofnitrogendioxide,nitrogenmonoxide,andVOCswithsunlightinawarmenvironment.（）

A:peroxyacetylnitrates

B:Ozone

C:aldehydes

D:PM

答案:peroxyacetylnitrates

;Ozone

;aldehydes

第九章测试

Solidwasteinclude_________.（）

A:miningsolidwaste

B:municipalsolidwaste

C:industrialsolidsaste

D:agriculturalsolidwaste

E:allofabove

答案:allofabove

Methodsofwastedisposalinclude_________.（）

A:composting

B:landfill

C:incineration

D:recycling

E:allofabove

答案:allofabove

_________hasbeenthecheapestmethodsofsolidwastedisposal.（）

A:composting

B:incineration

C:landfill

D:recycling

答案:landfill

Compostinguses_________processestotransformorganicmaterialintocompost.（）

A:Chemical

B:biological

C:Natural

D:Industrial

答案:biological

Amodernsanitarylandfillisaself-containedun