高考英语热点话题阅读含译文

2021高考英语热点话题阅读含译文screentimeIsManagingKids'ScreenTimeaGoodIdea?【1】Screentimeisabigtopicofconversationintoday'shouseholds,particularlyduringthepandemicwhenonlineeducationhourshavemultipliedformanystudents.__________36Theyhopetosparetheirkidsfromthecountlesschallengesthattechnologycanbring.Yetthechallengesofscreentimeoveruseseldomcomefromkids'devicesthemselves,butratherfromthetenserelationshipsthattechnologycanbringtofamilies.__________37Buttechnologyhaspositivebenefitstoo.Sinceeverychildandfamilyisdifferent,managingscreentimecallsforjointfamilydecision-making.【2】Ifparentsbelievetheycanmanageachild'sscreentimethroughadolescence,theyarenotonlyfoolingthemselvesbutalsoinvitingrelationshiptroublewiththeirteens.Itisamythtothinkthatparentscanorshouldmanagetheirkids'screentimethroughauthoritarianrestrictions,evenduringelementaryschool.__________38

Whenchildrenareleftoutofthosedecisions,theyoftenbecomelesscommunicativewithparentsandsiblings.Thisistheoppositeofwhatparentswanttoachieve.【3】__________39

Fromearlyages,childrenarequitecapableofunderstandingthatagoodlifeinvolvesawarenessandbalance.Justastheylearnrightfromwrong,andgoodfrombad,theycanalsolearntousetechnologyinhealthyways.Learninghowtoregulateoneselfanddevelophealthybehaviorsisoneoftheprimarytasksofchildhoodandadolescence.Whathappenswhenanadulttriestoregulateachildisthatthechildmissesoutontheopportunitytolearnforthemselves.Enforcedrestrictionscanalsomakechildrenfeelhelplessandlessconfident.【4】Tobeclear,thisarticleisnotsuggestingthatfamiliesneveruseappsortrackers,orthatthereshouldbenorestrictionsonscreentime.__________40Parentsshouldgivevoicetochildrenandinvolvethemintheplanninganddecision-makingprocess.（海淀区2021届高三期中试题）A.Ofcourse,therearewebsitesthatareunhealthyforkidstoaccess.B.Thealternativeistoinvolvechildrenindecisionsthatgovernscreentime.C.However,everyfamilyneedsafamilymediaplanbetweenfamilymembers.D.Thegoalistosee,hear,feel,andunderstandhowchildrenviewscreentime.E.Tomanagechildren'sscreentime,parentshaveinvestedinappsandtrackers.F.Togetchildreninvolved,parentsshouldtrustanddevelopkids'self-awareness.G.Whatitissuggestingisthatparentslookatmanagingscreentimeinadifferentway.第二部分解题套路IsManagingKids'ScreenTimeaGoodIdea?【1】Screentime

isabigtopicofconversationintoday'shouseholds,particularlyduringthepandemicwhenonlineeducationhourshavemultipliedformanystudents.__________36They

hopetospare

theirkids

fromthecountlesschallengesthattechnologycanbring.Yetthechallengesofscreentimeoveruseseldomcomefromkids'devicesthemselves,butratherfromthetenserelationshipsthattechnologycanbringtofamilies.__________37But

technologyhas

positivebenefitstoo.Sinceeverychildandfamilyisdifferent,managingscreentimecallsforjointfamilydecision-making.【2】Ifparentsbelievetheycanmanageachild'sscreentimethroughadolescence,theyarenotonlyfoolingthemselvesbutalsoinvitingrelationshiptroublewiththeirteens.Itisamythtothinkthatparentscanorshouldmanagetheirkids'screentimethroughauthoritarianrestrictions,evenduringelementaryschool.__________38

Whenchildrenareleftoutof

thosedecisions,theyoftenbecomelesscommunicativewithparentsandsiblings.Thisistheoppositeofwhatparentswanttoachieve.【3】__________39

Fromearlyages,childrenarequitecapableofunderstandingthatagoodlifeinvolves

awarenessandbalance.

Justastheylearnrightfromwrong,andgoodfrombad,theycanalsolearntousetechnologyinhealthyways.Learninghowtoregulateoneselfanddevelophealthybehaviorsisoneoftheprimarytasksofchildhoodandadolescence.Whathappenswhenanadulttriestoregulateachildisthatthechildmissesoutontheopportunitytolearnforthemselves.Enforcedrestrictionscanalsomakechildrenfeelhelplessandlessconfident.【4】Tobeclear,thisarticle

isnotsuggestingthat

familiesneveruseappsortrackers,orthatthereshouldbenorestrictionsonscreentime.__________40Parentsshouldgivevoicetochildrenandinvolvethemintheplanninganddecision-makingprocess.A.Ofcourse,therearewebsitesthatare

unhealthy

forkidstoaccess.B.Thealternativeistoinvolvechildrenin

decisions

thatgovernscreentime.C.However,everyfamilyneedsafamilymediaplanbetweenfamilymembers.D.Thegoalistosee,hear,feel,andunderstandhowchildrenviewscreentime.E.Tomanagechildren's

screentime,parents

haveinvestedinappsandtrackers.F.Togetchildreninvolved,parentsshouldtrustanddevelopkids'

self-awareness.G.

Whatitissuggestingisthat

parentslookatmanagingscreentimeinadifferentway.36.【词的角度】由36空后的they和theirkids判断，36空必然出现parents，EF中选，，E同时与上文相关，故选E37.【句的角度】由but和后边的positive（积极的）判断，37空为积极的反义词，与unhealthy（不健康的）对应，选A38.【词的角度】空后thosedecisions（那些决定），说明38空需要有those的指代复数名词，所以必含有decisions，选B39.【词+篇的角度】第一，词的角度，空在首句，必然和本段的其余句子形成总分结构，核心名词在下文中会反复出现。awareness反复出现，故选F。第二，篇的角度，空在句首，要和上一段的结尾形成承上启下的关系或者上一段的开头形成并列关系。上一段的结尾为，Thisistheoppositeofwhatparentswanttoachieve.This指的是不愿意与父母交流。F中的Togetchildreninvolved与其相关，选F40.【句的角度】上一句notsuggesting。。。；G选项中suggesting。。。。，形成对应关系，选G第三部分参考译文IsManagingKids'ScreenTimeaGoodIdea?管理孩子们的屏幕时间是个好主意吗【1】Screentimeisabigtopicofconversationintoday'shouseholds,particularlyduringthepandemicwhenonlineeducationhourshavemultipliedformanystudents.Tomanagechildren'sscreentime,parentshaveinvestedinappsandtrackers.(36)Theyhopetosparetheirkidsfromthecountlesschallengesthattechnologycanbring.Yetthechallengesofscreentimeoveruseseldomcomefromkids'devicesthemselves,butratherfromthetenserelationshipsthattechnologycanbringtofamilies.Ofcourse,therearewebsitesthatareunhealthyforkidstoaccess.(37)Buttechnologyhaspositivebenefitstoo.Sinceeverychildandfamilyisdifferent,managingscreentimecallsforjointfamilydecision-making.【2】Ifparentsbelievetheycanmanageachild'sscreentimethroughadolescence,theyarenotonlyfoolingthemselvesbutalsoinvitingrelationshiptroublewiththeirteens.Itisamythtothinkthatparentscanorshouldmanagetheirkids'screentimethroughauthoritarianrestrictions,evenduringelementaryschool.

Thealternativeistoinvolvechildrenindecisionsthatgovernscreentime.(38)

Whenchildrenareleftoutofthosedecisions,theyoftenbecomelesscommunicativewithparentsandsiblings.Thisistheoppositeofwhatparentswanttoachieve.【3】Togetchildreninvolved,parentsshouldtrustanddevelopkids'self-awareness.(39)

Fromearlyages,childrenarequitecapableofunderstandingthatagoodlifeinvolvesawarenessandbalance.Justastheylearnrightfromwrong,andgoodfrombad,theycanalsolearntousetechnologyinhealthyways.Learninghowtoregulateoneselfanddevelophealthybehaviorsisoneoftheprimarytasksofchildhoodandadolescence.Whathappenswhenanadulttriestoregulateachildisthatthechildmissesoutontheopportunitytolearnforthemselves.Enforcedrestrictionscanalsomakechildrenfeelhelplessandlessconfident.【4】Tobeclear,thisarticleisnotsuggestingthatfamiliesneveruseappsortrackers,orthatthereshouldbenorestrictionsonscreentime.Whatitissuggestingisthatparentslookatmanagingscreentimeinadifferentway.(40)Parentsshouldgivevoicetochildrenandinvolvethemintheplanninganddecision-makingprocess.【1】在今天的家庭中，屏幕时间是一个重要的话题，特别是在肺炎大流行期间，许多学生的线上教育时间成倍增加。为了管理孩子们的屏幕时间，家长们已经在应用程序和跟踪器上投资了。然而，屏幕时间过度使用的挑战很少来自于孩子们的设备本身，而是来自于技术可能带来的紧张关系家庭。当然，有些网站对孩子来说是不健康的，但科技也有积极的好处。由于每个孩子和每个家庭都不一样，管理屏幕时间需要家庭共同决策。【2】如果父母相信他们可以控制孩子在青春期的屏幕时间，那么他们不仅是在欺骗自己，而且会给他们的青少年带来关系上的麻烦。认为父母可以或应该通过（自己是父母的）权威的限制来管理孩子的屏幕时间，甚至在小学阶段也是如此，这是个故事（几乎是不可能的）。另一种选择是让孩子们参与屏幕时间的决定。当孩子们被排除在这些决定之外时，他们通常与父母和兄弟姐妹之间的交流就会减少。这与父母想要达到的目标正好相反。【3】

为了让孩子们参与进来，父母应该信任并培养孩子们的自我意识。从很小的时候，孩子们就很有能力理解良好的生活需要意识和平衡。正如他们从错误中学习正确，从错误中学习好，他们也可以学习以健康的方式使用技术。学习如何调节自己和发展健康的行为是儿童和青少年的主要任务之一。当一个成年人试图约束孩子时，孩子会错过自己学习的机会。强制的限制也会让孩子感到无助和缺乏自信。【4】明确地说，这篇文章并不是建议家庭永远不要使用应用程序或追踪器，或者在屏幕上不应该有任何限制时间。而是建议父母们用另一种方式看待管理屏幕时间这件事。父母应该让孩子们有发言权，让他们参与计划和决策过程。诺贝尔生理或医学奖【1】Threescientistswho

playedcentralrolesin

thediscoveryofthehepatitisCvirushavebeenawardedtheNobelPrizeinPhysiologyorMedicine2020.2020年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖近日揭晓，获奖者是三位在发现丙型肝炎病毒的过程中做出重大贡献的科学家。【2】ThisprizewillbesharedbyMichaelHoughton,fromtheUnitedKingdom,andUnitedStatesscientistsHarveyJ.AlterandCharlesM.Rice,whoall

madenotablecontributionstoward

thediscoveryoftheblood-bornevirusthatcauseschronicliverproblems.这个奖项将由英国科学家迈克尔·霍顿以及美国科学家哈维·J·阿尔特和查尔斯·M·赖斯分享，他们都为发现导致慢性肝脏问题的血源性丙型肝炎病毒做出了卓越贡献。【3】Alterdemonstratedinthe1970sthatsomepeoplewhoreceivedbloodtransfusionswoulddevelopcasesofhepatitisthatwerenotcausedbythehepatitisAorBviruses,suggestingthatanotherinfectiousagentwastoblame.阿尔特在20世纪70年代证明，一些接受输血的人会患上不是由甲型或乙型肝炎病毒引起的肝炎，这表明另一种感染源是罪魁祸首。【4】Inthe1980s,Houghtonmanagedto

isolatethegeneticsequence

ofthevirus,whileRiceprovedthatthepathogencouldreplicateandcauseinfection.在20世纪80年代，霍顿成功地分离出了丙型肝炎病毒的基因序列，而赖斯则证明了这种病原体可以复制并引起感染。【5】TheWorldHealthOrganizationestimatesthataround71millionpeopleworldwidelivewithhepatitisC,whichcan

causemajorlivercomplicationsand,insomecases,death.据世界卫生组织估计，全世界大约有7100万人患有丙型肝炎，丙型肝炎会导致严重的肝脏并发症，在某些情况下甚至会导致死亡。【6】TheNobelAssemblyattheKarolinskaInstitute,whichistheStockholm-basedbodythatoverseestheawards,saidthethreeresearchershadcontributedtoa"landmarkachievementintheongoingbattleagainstviraldiseases".斯德哥尔摩卡罗林斯卡学院的诺贝尔奖大会称，这三位研究人员为“抗击病毒性肝炎的一项里程碑式的成就”做出了贡献。卡罗林斯卡学院负责评审和颁发诺贝尔生理学或医学奖。【7】"ThediscoveryofhepatitisCvirusrevealedthecauseoftheremainingcasesofchronichepatitisandmadepossiblebloodtestsandnewmedicinesthathavesavedmillionsoflives,"theassemblysaidinastatement."Thankstotheirdiscovery,highlysensitivebloodtestsforthevirusarenowavailableandthesehaveessentiallyeliminatedpost-transfusionhepatitisinmanypartsoftheworld,greatlyimprovingglobalhealth."大会在一份声明中说：“丙型肝炎病毒的发现揭示了其余慢性肝炎病例的病因，使验血和研制新药成为可能，从而挽救了数百万人的生命。由于他们的发现，现在可以对病毒进行高度敏感的血液检测，这基本上消除了世界许多地区的输血后肝炎，极大地改善了全球健康。”【8】TheassemblysaidthatthediscoveriesperformedbythenewlymintedNobelLaureatesalsoallowedfortherapiddevelopmentof

antiviraldrugsdirectedathepatitisC.大会说，这些新诺贝尔奖得主的发现也为快速开发针对丙型肝炎的抗病毒药物创造了条件。【9】"Forthefirsttimeinhistory,thediseasecannowbecured,raisinghopesoferadicatinghepatitisCvirusfromtheworldpopulation,"thestatementsaid.该声明说：“丙型肝炎在历史上首次得以治愈，为在全人类中根除丙型肝炎病毒带来了希望。”【10】TheawardforphysiologyandmedicineisthefirstoftheNobelPrizestobehandedoutthisyear,withprizesinphysics,chemistry,literature,peaceandeconomicstofollowduringthenextsevendays.生理学或医学奖是今年颁发的第一个诺贝尔奖项，接下来的七天里还将颁发物理学奖、化学奖、文学奖、和平奖和经济学奖。诺贝尔物理学奖当地时间10月6日，瑞典皇家科学院常任秘书戈兰·汉松宣布，将2020年诺贝尔物理学奖一半授予罗杰·彭罗斯，“因为发现黑洞的形成是对广义相对论的有力预测”。另外一半授予莱因哈德·根泽尔和安德里亚·格兹，因为在银河系中心发现了一个超大质量的致密天体，总奖金为1000万瑞典克朗（约合760万人民币）。Threescientistssharedthe2020NobelPrizeinPhysicsfortheirdiscoveriesabouttheblackhole,oneofthemostexoticphenomenaintheuniverse,theRoyalSwedishAcademyofSciencesinStockholmannouncedonTuesday.位于斯德哥尔摩的瑞典皇家科学院2日宣布，三名科学家因对黑洞(宇宙中最奇妙的现象之一)的发现而共同获得2020年诺贝尔物理学奖。TheprizehasbeenawardedwithonehalftoRogerPenroseand

theotherhalfjointlyto

ReinhardGenzelandAndreaGhez.奖品的一半颁给了罗杰·彭罗斯，另一半共同颁给了莱因哈德·根泽尔和安德烈·盖兹。"RogerPenroseshowedthat

thegeneraltheoryofrelativityleadstotheformationofblackholes.

ReinhardGenzelandAndreaGhezdiscoveredthataninvisibleandextremelyheavyobjectgovernstheorbitsofstarsatthecenterofourgalaxy.Asupermassiveblackholeistheonlycurrentlyknownexplanation,"罗杰彭罗斯指出广义相对论导致了黑洞的形成。莱因哈德·根泽尔和安德烈·盖兹发现，在我们银河系的中心，一个看不见的、非常重的物体控制着恒星的轨道。一个超大质量的黑洞是目前唯一已知的解释。诺贝尔化学奖——基因编辑瑞典皇家科学院将2020年诺贝尔化学奖授予法国科学家埃曼纽尔·卡彭蒂耶(EmmanuelleCharpentier)和美国科学家詹妮弗·杜德纳(JenniferA.Doudna)，以表彰她们在基因编辑技术方面的贡献。这里的基因组编辑方法，指的正是当下热门的CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术。EmmanuelleCharpentierandJenniferA.Doudnahavediscovered

oneofgenetechnology’ssharpesttools:

theCRISPR/Cas9geneticscissors.Usingthese,researcherscanchangetheDNAofanimals,plantsandmicroorganismswithextremelyhighprecision.埃曼纽尔·卡彭蒂耶和詹妮弗·杜德纳，她们开发了基因技术中最锐利的工具之一：CRISPR/Cas9“基因剪刀”。利用这些技术，研究人员可以极其精确地改变动物、植物和微生物的DNA。Thistechnologyhas

hadarevolutionaryimpacton

thelifesciences,iscontributingtonewcancertherapiesandmaymakethedreamofcuringinheriteddiseasescometrue.这项技术对生命科学产生了革命性的影响，正在为新的癌症疗法做出贡献，并可能使治愈遗传疾病的梦想成真。Researchersneedtomodifygenesincellsiftheyaretofindoutaboutlife’sinnerworkings.Thisusedtobetime-consuming,difficultandsometimesimpossiblework.UsingtheCRISPR/Cas9geneticscissors,itisnowpossibletochangethecodeoflife

overthecourseofafewweeks.研究人员要想了解生命的内部运作方式，就需要修改细胞中的基因。这曾经是一项耗时、困难、有时甚至不可能完成的工作。使用CRISPR/Cas9基因剪刀，现在可以在几周内改变生命的密码。“Thereisenormouspowerinthisgenetictool,whichaffectsusall.Ithasnotonlyrevolutionisedbasicscience,butalsoresultedininnovativecropsandwill

leadtoground-breakingnewmedicaltreatments,”saysClaesGustafsson,chairoftheNobelCommitteeforChemistry.“这种基因工具有着巨大的力量，影响着我们所有人。诺贝尔化学委员会主席克莱斯·古斯塔夫森说：“它不仅使基础科学发生了革命性的变化，而且产生了新的农作物，并将带来开创性的新医疗方法。”Assoofteninscience,thediscoveryofthese

geneticscissors

wasunexpected.DuringEmmanuelleCharpentier’sstudiesof

Streptococcuspyogenes,oneofthebacteriathatcausethemostharmtohumanity,shediscoveredapreviouslyunknownmolecule,

tracrRNA.HerworkshowedthattracrRNAispartofbacteria’sancientimmunesystem,

CRISPR/Cas,thatdisarmsvirusesbycleavingtheirDNA.就像在科学领域时常发生的“偶然”那样，“基因剪刀”的发现过程也出乎意料。埃曼纽尔·卡彭蒂耶在研究化脓性链球菌（Streptococcuspyogenes）（对人类最致命的细菌之一）时，发现一种未知分子——tracrRNA。她的研究显示，tracrRNA是细菌的古老免疫系统“CRISPR/Cas”的一部分，能够以切割病毒的DNA来使病毒“缴械”，从而消除其危害。Charpentierpublishedherdiscoveryin2011.Thesameyear,sheinitiatedacollaborationwithJenniferDoudna,an

experiencedbiochemistwithvastknowledgeofRNA.Together,theysucceededinrecreatingthebacteria’sgeneticscissorsinatesttubeandsimplifyingthescissors’molecularcomponentssotheywereeasiertouse.卡彭蒂耶在2011年发表了她的发现。同年，她发起了与詹妮弗·杜德纳（JenniferDoudna）合作，后者是一位经验丰富的生物化学家，对RNA有着丰富的知识。他们一起成功地在试管中重新创造了细菌的基因剪刀，并简化了剪刀的分子组成，使其更易于使用。Inanepoch-makingexperiment,theythenreprogrammedthegeneticscissors.Intheirnaturalform,thescissorsrecogniseDNAfromviruses,butCharpentierandDoudnaprovedthattheycouldbecontrolledsothattheycancutanyDNAmoleculeatapredeterminedsite.

WheretheDNAiscutitistheneasytorewritethecodeoflife.在一个划时代的实验中，他们重新编码了基因剪刀。在它们的自然形态中，剪刀可以识别病毒的DNA，但Charpentier和Doudna证明，它们可以被控制，从而可以在预定的位置切割任何DNA分子。DNA被切割的地方就很容易重写生命的密码。SinceCharpentierandDoudnadiscoveredtheCRISPR/Cas9geneticscissorsin2012theirusehasexploded.Thistoolhas

contributedtomanyimportantdiscoveriesinbasicresearch,andplantresearchershavebeenabletodevelopcropsthatwithstandmould,pestsanddrought.Inmedicine,clinicaltrialsofnewcancertherapiesareunderway,andthedreamofbeingabletocureinheriteddiseasesisabouttocometrue.Thesegeneticscissorshavetakenthelifesciencesintoanewepochand,inmanyways,arebringingthegreatestbenefittohumankind.自2012年Charpentier和Doudna发现CRISPR/Cas9基因剪子以来，它们的使用量激增。这个工具在基础研究中有许多重要发现，植物研究人员已经能够开发出能够抵御霉菌、害虫和干旱的作物。在医学方面，新癌症疗法的临床试验正在进行，能够治愈遗传疾病的梦想即将实现。这些基因剪刀将生命科学带入了一个新的时代，并在许多方面给人类带来了最大的利益。Smartcitiesaren’tjustadreamofthefutureanymore【1】Withintelligentsystemsandnew-agetransitnetworks,lifeinthebigcitieswilllikelybehappierandmoreefficient.【2】Afterall,morethan60percentoftheworld’spopulationisexpectedtoliveincitiesby2050,accordingtoaUNreport.Theanswertomakingthesecitiesmorelivableforsomanypeopleliesincreating“smart”cities.【3】Thesecitieswilluse5Gnetworksandthe“internetofthings”(IoT)tomakeeverydaylifesaferandmoreconvenient.CitieslikeBoston,Baltimore,AmsterdamandCopenhagenarealreadyusingsmarttechnologytoimprovethelivesofresidents.【4】Butwhatexactlydoesasmartcitydo?Let’slookatafewexamples.【5】IntheUnitedStatescitiesofBostonandBaltimore,smarttrashcanscansensehowfulltheyareandinformcleaningworkerswhentheyneedtobeemptied.InAmsterdam,theNetherlands,trafficflowandenergyusagearemonitoredandadjustedaccordingtoreal-timedatagatheredfromsensors(传感器)aroundthecity.AndinCopenhagen,Denmark,asmartbikesystemallowsriderstocheckonairqualityandtrafficcongestion(拥堵)astheyride.【6】Smartcitieswillbeinteractive,allowingtheirresidentstofeellikethey’retrulyshapingtheirenvironment,insteadofmerelyexistinginit.“Oneofthemostimportantreasonstohaveasmartcityisthatwecanactuallycommunicatewithourenvironmentinawaythatweneverhaveinthepast,”MrinaliniIngram,headofthe“SmartCity”initiativeattelecomcompanyVerizon,toldTechRepublic.【7】Smartcitieswillalsoallowustosaveresources.Byusingsensorsand5Gnetworkstomonitortheuseofwater,gasandelectricity,citymanagerscanfigureouthowtodistribute(分配)andsavetheseresourcesmoreefficiently.Emissionsofcarbondioxideandotherairpollutantscanbemorecloselymonitoredinsmartcitiesaswell.【8】Ofcourse,itwilltaketimeandmoneytoturnourcurrentcitiesintothesmartcitiesofthefuture.Butaswe’vealreadyseen,morecitiesaroundtheworldarealreadyadoptingsmarttechnologyinsmallways.China,forinstance,ismakinginvestmentsinbigcitieslikeShanghaiandGuangzhoutomakethem“smart