正常人体解剖学：Chapter 10-4 cerebrum

第三节

脑和脑神经目录第三节脑和脑神经一、脑(brain)：(一)脑干(brainstem)：1、脑干的位置：2、脑干的外形：延髓、脑桥、中脑3、脑干的内部结构：神经核、纤维束4、脑干的功能：(二)小脑(cerebellum)：(三)间脑(diencephalon)：(四)端脑(telencephalon)：二、脑神经：(一) 数目：(二)顺序和名称：(三)纤维成分：(四)分布：1、嗅神经(Ⅰ)：2、视神经(Ⅱ)：3、动眼神经(Ⅲ)：4、滑车神经(Ⅳ)：5、三叉神经(Ⅴ)：6、展神经(Ⅵ)：7、面神经(Ⅶ)：8、前庭蜗神经(Ⅷ)：9、舌咽神经(Ⅸ)：10、迷走神经(Ⅹ)：11、副神经(Ⅺ)：12、舌下神经(Ⅻ)：Newwords-senseorganbrain脑medullaoblongata延髓pons脑桥midbrain中脑cerebellum小脑diencephalon间脑cerebrum大脑telencephalon端脑brainstem脑干fourthventricle第四脑室pyramid锥体decussationofthepyramids锥体交叉rhomboidfossa菱形窝cerebralpeduncle大脑脚pyramidaltract锥体束corticonucleartract皮质核束mediallemniscus内侧丘系spinallemniscus脊髓丘系trigeminallemniscus三叉丘系reticularformation网状结构dorsalthalamus背侧丘脑metathalamus后丘脑medialgeniculatebody内侧膝状体lateralgeniculatebody外侧膝状体hypothalamus下丘脑opticchiasm视交叉optictract视束Newwords-senseorgancerebralhemisphere大脑半球corpuscallosum胼胝体precentralgyrus中央前回postcentralgyrus中央后回transversetemporalgyri颞横回calcarinesulcus距状沟cerebralcortex大脑皮质cerebralmedulla大脑髓质basilarnucleus基底核corpusstriatus纹状体caudatenucleus尾状核lenticularnucleus豆状核internalcapsule内囊位置：颅腔内。分部：延髓脑桥中脑间脑大脑小脑脑干脑一、脑矢底RegionsoftheBrain7-122CerebralhemispheresCerebrumCerebellumMidbrainPonsMedullaoblongataThalamusHypothalamusDIENCEPHALONBRAINSTEM7-36CranialAnatomyTheMeningesoftheBrainTheMedullaOblongataThemedullahasseveralexternallyvisiblelandmarkswhichformlongitudinalridgesontheventralsurfacecalledthepyramidsTheseareformedbythelargepyramidaltractsdescendingfromthemotorcortexPyramidsTheMedullaOblongataJustabovethemedulla-spinalcordjunctionmostofthefiberscrossovertotheoppositesidebeforecontinuingtheirdescentintothespinalcordThecrossoverpointiscalledthedecussationofthepyramidsDecussationOfpyramidsThePonsTheponsisthebulgingbrainstemregionwedgedbetweenthemidbrainandthemedullaoblongataPons(一)脑干(brainstem)：1、脑干的位置：脑干位于颅底内面的斜坡上，上接间脑，下续脊髓。延髓和脑桥的背面与小脑相连，三者之间的腔隙，称为第四脑室。TheBrainStemEachregionisroughlyaninchlongTheorganizationofthebrainstemissimilar(butnotidentical)tothespinalcord;wheredeepgraymatterissurroundedbywhitematterfibertractsBrainstemcentersproducetherigidlyprogrammed,automaticbehaviorsnecessaryforoursurvivalTheBrainStemPositionedbetweenthecerebrumandthespinalcord,thebrainstemalsoprovidesapathwayforfibertractsrunningbetweenhigherandlowerneuralcentersAdditionally,brainstemnucleiareassociatedwith10ofthe12pairsofcranialnervesinvolvedwithinnervationofthehead(一)脑干1、位置：颅底的斜坡上。第四脑室2、外形：3、内部结构：

(1)神经核

(2)纤维束

(3)网状结构

4、功能CranialNerveRoots1.顺序和名称Ⅰ

嗅神经Ⅱ

视神经Ⅲ

动眼神经Ⅳ

滑车神经Ⅴ

三叉神经Ⅵ

展神经Ⅶ

面神经Ⅷ

前庭蜗神经Ⅸ

舌咽神经Ⅹ

迷走神经Ⅺ

副神经Ⅻ

舌下神经二、脑神经2.纤维成分共4种

躯体运动纤维

躯体感觉纤维

内脏运动纤维（副交感纤维）

内脏感觉纤维每对脑神经纤维数目、种类不同

一嗅二视三动眼，四滑五叉六外展，七面八前九舌咽，十迷一副舌下全。脑干前面彩图脑干后面实物图2、脑干的外形：

(1)延髓(medullaoblongata):与脊髓外形相似，脊髓所有纵沟都延伸到延髓。腹面锥体——前正中裂两侧纵行的隆起，由锥体束构成。在锥体下端，锥体束纤维左右交叉，越过前正中裂，称为锥体交叉。前外侧沟内有舌下神经根（Ⅻ）走出。橄榄——锥体和前外侧沟外侧的卵圆形隆起。橄榄的背侧自上而下排列有：舌咽神经根丝（Ⅸ）迷走神经根丝（Ⅹ）副神经根丝（Ⅺ）背面上部构成第四脑室底的下部。下部后正中沟两旁有膨隆的薄束结节和楔束结节，楔束结节外上方有稍隆起的小脑下脚。TheMedullaOblongataThemedullaoblongataisthemostinferiorpartofthebrainstemMedullaoblongataTheMedullaOblongataThemedullablendsintothespinalcordattheleveloftheforamenmagnumThecentralcanalofthespinalcordcontinuesupwardintothemedullawhereitbroadentoformthefourthventricleTheMedullaOblongataThemedullahasseveralexternallyvisiblelandmarkswhichformlongitudinalridgesontheventralsurfacecalledthepyramidsTheseareformedbythelargepyramidaltractsdescendingfromthemotorcortexPyramidsTheMedullaOblongataJustabovethemedulla-spinalcordjunctionmostofthefiberscrossovertotheoppositesidebeforecontinuingtheirdescentintothespinalcordThecrossoverpointiscalledthedecussationofthepyramidsDecussationOfpyramidsTheMedullaOblongataTheconsequenceofthiscrossoveristhateachhemispherechieflycontrolsthevoluntarymovementsofmusclesontheoppositeorcontralateralsideofthebodyDecussationOfpyramidsTheMedullaOblongataTheinferiorcerebellarpedunclesarefibertractsthatconnectthemedullatothecerebellumdorsallyTheolivesareovalswellingsproducedbytheunderlyinginferiorolivarynucleiTheMedullaOblongataTheolivarynucleirelaysensoryinformationonthestateofstretchofourmusclesandjointstothecerebellumTheMedullaOblongataTherootletsofthehypoglossalnervesemergefromthegroovebetweenthepyramidandoliveoneachsideofthebrainstemTheMedullaOblongataOthercranialnervesassociatedwiththemedullaaretheGlossopharyngeal,Vagus,andportionsoftheAccessarynervesTheMedullaOblongataThefibersofthevestibulocochlearsynapsewiththecochlearnucleiwhichreceiveinformationonauditoryinputsTheMedullaOblongataAlsohousedwithinthemedullaareseveralnucleiassociatedwithascendingsensorytractsThemostdominantofthesearethedorsallylocatednucleusgracilisandnucleuscuneatusassociatedwiththemediallemniscaltractMedulla

OblongataTheseserveasrelaynucleiinapathwaybywhichgeneralsomaticsensoryinformationascendsfromthespinalcordtothesomatosensorycortex(2)脑桥(pons)：

腹面膨隆宽阔，称为基底部。中线上有浅的基底沟。基底部向两侧逐渐变窄，移行为小脑中脚。基底部与小脑中脚交界处有三叉神经根（Ⅴ）。基底部与延髓以一横沟为界，沟内从中线向外侧附着有：展神经根（Ⅵ）面神经根（Ⅶ）前庭蜗神经根（Ⅷ）背面构成第四脑室底的上部，此处的外侧缘为左、右小脑上脚。菱形窝——即第四脑室底呈菱形的凹陷。窝的上外侧界是小脑上脚，下外侧界为薄束结节、楔束结节和小脑下脚。ThePonsTheponsisthebulgingbrainstemregionwedgedbetweenthemidbrainandthemedullaoblongataPonsThePonsItformspartoftheanteriorwallofthefourthventricleItischieflycomposedofconductiontractsThedeepprojectionfibersrunlongitudinallyandcompletethepathwaybetweenhigherbraincentersandspinalcordPonsThePonsThedeepprojectionfibersrunlongitudinallyandcompletethesuperior-inferiorpathwaybetweenthehigherbraincentersandthespinalcordPonsThePonsThemoresuperficialnucleiarerelaysforconversationsbetweenthemotorcortexandthecerebellumThesefibersareorientateddorsallyandtransverselyandconnecttheponsbilaterallywiththecerebellumMiddleCerebellarpedunclesThePonsSeveralcranialnervesissuefromponsnucleiTrigeminalnerveAbducensnerveFacialnervesThePonsOtherimportantponsnucleiarepartofthereticularformationThepneumotaxiccenterisarespiratorycenterFunctioningwithmedullaryrespiratorycentersithelpstomaintainthenormalrhythmofbreathing(3)中脑(midbrain)：

腹面:大脑脚——为一对纵行粗大的隆起，有锥体束等纤维通过。脚间窝——两侧大脑脚之间的凹窝。有动眼神经根（Ⅲ）出脑。背面:有两对圆形隆起，称为四叠体（或顶盖）。上方的一对叫上丘，为视觉皮质下反射中枢；下方的一对叫下丘，是听觉皮质下反射中枢。下丘的下方有滑车神经根（Ⅳ）出脑，绕大脑脚走向腹侧。TheMidbrainThemidbrainislocatedbetweenthediencephalonsuperiorlyandtheponsinferiorlyThecerebralpedunclescontainthelargepyramidal(corticospinal)motortractsdescendingtowardthespinalcordMidbrainTheMidbrainThesuperiorcerebellerpeduncles,alsofibertracts,connectthemidbraintothecerebellumdorsallyTheMidbrainRunningthroughthemidbrainisthehollowcerebralaqueductwhichconnectsthethirdandfourthventriclesanddelineatesthecerebralpedunclesfromthemidbrain’sdorsalaspectcalledthetectumTheMidbrainSurroundingthecerebralaqueductistheperi-aqueductalgraymatterthatisinvolvedinpainsuppressionServesasalinkbetweentheAmygdalaandANSpathwaysfor“fightorflight”responseTheMidbrainAlsonearthecerebralaqueductarenucleiassociatedwithtwocranialnervesoculomotor(III)trochlear(IV)TheMidbrainNucleiarealsoscatteredinthesurroundingwhitematterThelargestofthesenucleiarethecorporaquadrigemiawhichraisefourdomelikeprotrusionsonthedorsalmidbrainsurfaceCorporaquadrigemiaTheMidbrainThesuperiorpairofnuclei,thesuperiorcolliculusarevisualreflexcentersthatcoordinateheadandeyemovementswhenfollowingamovingobjectMakeusturnourheadinvoluntarilywhenwedetectmovementinourperipherialvisionSuperiorcolliculusTheMidbrainTheinferiorcolliculusarepartoftheauditoryrelayfromthehearingreceptorsoftheeartothesensorycortexActinreflexiveresponsetosoundasinthestartlereflexTurnyourheadtowardunexpectedsourceofsoundInferiorColliculus脑神经核脑神经核：与第3~12对脑神经相连的核团。

(1)躯体运动核：动眼N核，三叉N运动核面N核，疑核等

(2)内脏运动副交感核：如迷走N背核

(3)躯体感觉核：如三叉N脑桥核

(4)内脏感觉核：孤束核非脑N核：不与脑神经相连的核团。

如薄束核，楔束核，红核，黑质等。神

经

核picture纤

维

束上行纤维束下行纤维束内侧丘系：传导躯干和四肢深感觉脊髓丘脑束：传导躯体和四肢浅感觉三叉丘脑束：传导头面部浅感觉锥体束：包括两部分皮质脊髓束：支配躯体四肢骨骼肌皮质脑干束：支配头面部骨骼肌网状结构

脑干内除了境界明确的神经核和纤维束以外，还能看到分布相当宽广、纤维纵横交错排列成网、胞体散在的区域，称为网状结构。III.BrainStembetweendiencephalonandspinalcordconsistsofmidbrain,ponsandmedullaoblongata(metencephalon,mesencephalon,myelencephalon)functionsinclude:reflexestocontrolheartrate,breathing,bloodpressurefunctionalconnectionofcerebrum,cerebellumandspinalcordcontainsnucleiformostcranialnervesA.MidbrainCorporaquadrigeminasuperiorcolliculi--visualreflexes(turningheadandeyestofollowmovingobject;turningtolookatsomethingseenincornerofeye)inferiorcolliculi--relaysoundinfotocortex;reflexiveresponsestosound(startlereflex)A.MidbrainSuperiorcerebellarpeduncles

connectmidbraintocerebellumCerebralaqueductconnectsthirdandfourthventriclesCerebralpeduncleslargepyramidalmotortractwithfibersfromcerebralcortextospinalcord(corticospinal)A.MidbrainCerebralaqueductThirdventricleFourthventricleNucleiofcranialnervesIIIOcculomotorIVTrochlearFig.12.16,p.447Fig.12.15,p.446Fig.12.12,p.443B.ThePonssuperiortomedullaoblongata;inferiortomidbrainWhitetractsconnecthigherbraincenters(diencephalon,cerebrum,midbrain)tospinalcordothersfibersrunbetweenmotorcortexofcerebrumandcerebellumPonsFig.12.12,p.443B.ThePonsPneumotaxiccenter

thoughttohelpmedullaoblongatacontrolrhythmicbreathingNucleiofcranialnervesTrigeminal(V)Abducens(VI)Facial(VII)Fig.12.16,p.447Fig.12.15,p.446MedullaoblongataC.MedullaOblongataconnectsbraintospinalcordalsoconnectsspinalcordtocerebellummotorandsensorytractsto/fromspinalcordPyramidslargecorticospinal(motor)tractsdecussationofthepyramidsresultsincontralateralmotoroutputFig.12.12,p.443C.Medulla:CranialNervesVestibulocochlear(VIII)Glossopharyngeal(IX)Vagus(X)Accessory(XI)Hypoglossal(XII–anterior)Fig.12.15,p.446C.Medulla:Centers

Containsimportantcenters:respiratorycentercardiaccentervasomotorcenterOthercentersinclude:vomitingswallowinghiccupingcoughingsneezing1.位置：颅后窝内，脑桥和延髓后方，大脑枕叶的下方。2.

外形：小脑半球小脑蚓小脑扁桃体(二)小脑3.

内部结构：小脑皮质小脑髓质中央核IV.Cerebellumliterally,the“smallbrain”coordinatessubconsciousmovementofskeletalmuscleforpostureandbalanceconsistsoftwohemispheresconnectedmediallybyvermisFig.12.17,p.450IV.Cerebellumfolia–graymatterarborvitae–whitemattercerebellarpeducles-connectcerebellumtootherpartsofbrainispilateralFig.12.12,p.4431.位置:中脑前上方。2.分部背侧丘脑:后丘脑:下丘脑:

全身深浅感觉的中继站

外侧膝状体--视觉传导中继站

内侧膝状体--听觉传导中继站皮质下内脏活动中枢

皮质下内分泌中枢*第三脑室——间脑中间的矢状裂隙。(三)间脑垂体门脉

系统下丘脑核团丘脑核团II.Diencephalonconsistsofepithalamus,thalamus,hypothalamusFig.12.12,p.443;seealsoFig.12.13A.Thalamuslargestpartofdiencephalonconsistsofmanynucleifunctions:visualandauditoryrelaycentersintegratessensoryinputs(emotions,visceral,awareness,memory,knowledge,motoractivities)sorts/editsinformationFig.12.12,p.443B.Hypothalamusimportantinregulatinghomeostasisinfundibulumconnectspituitarytohypothalmus(posteriorpituitaryconsistsofneursecretorycellswithcellbodiesinhypothalamus)functionsofhypothalamicnuclei:productionof:antidiuretichormone(ADH),regulateswaterbalanceoxytocin(OT),involvedinlabor

controlofanteriorpituitaryglandfunctionB.Hypothalamus:Functionscontrolofautonomicnervoussystem(e.g.,influencesbloodpressure,heartrate,forceofheartcontraction,GImotility,respiratoryrate,respiratorydepth)worksthroughreticularformationcontrolofemotionsandinnatebehaviorsleep/wakecyclescontrolsurgetoeat(satietycenter)anddrink(thirstcenter)controlsthermoregulationC.EpithalamusPinealGland

secretesmelatonin(importanttosleepcycleandmood)Choroidplexusformscerebrospinalfluidthatflowsthroughventriclesofbrainandcentralcanalofspinalcord(nourishesneuronsandneuroglia)Fig.12.15,p.446大脑纵裂

胼胝体大脑半球(四)大脑1.大脑半球的外形:三个面上外侧面

内侧面

下面

主要包括左、右大脑半球。每个半球覆盖表层的灰质称大脑皮质，皮质深方是髓质。在半球的白质中，包藏着端脑的室腔——侧脑室；灰质团块——基底核。

端脑（telencephalon）R

左、右半球间有大脑纵裂，半球和小脑之间有大脑横裂。在脑的正中矢状面上，可见大脑纵裂的底上有连接左、右大脑半球的胼胝体。胼胝体向下连接终板。它们之间有被横切的圆束纤维，称前连合。张于胼胝体和穹窿之间的薄板为透明隔。大脑裂

大脑半球表面布满深浅不同的沟，沟与沟之间有隆起的回。每个半球可分上外侧面、内侧面和下面（底面）。每侧半球常借3个沟分为5个叶。外侧沟（lateralsulcus）中央沟（centralsulcus）顶枕沟（parietooccipitalsulcus）额叶（frontallobe）顶叶（parietallobe）颞叶(temborallobe)枕叶（occipitallobe）岛叶（insula)端脑的外形

自顶枕沟至枕前切迹（自枕叶后端向前约4cm处）的连线作为枕叶的前界。自此线的中点到外侧沟后端的连线是顶、颞2叶的分界。端脑的外形额叶中央前沟、额上沟、额下沟中央前回（precentralgyrus）额上回、额中回、额下回顶叶中央后沟中央后回（postcentralgyrus）颞叶颞上沟、颞下沟颞横回（transversetemporalgyri）颞上回、颞中回、颞下回

上外侧面在上述的上外侧面的额、顶、颞、枕4个叶，都延展至半球的内侧面和下面。内侧面和下面的重要脑沟有：胼胝体沟海马沟扣带沟、扣带回距状沟（calcarinesu1cus）侧副沟、嗅脑沟枕颞沟内侧面和下面在扣带沟以上的部分，分属额、顶2叶，它们以中央沟的延线为界。中央前、后回延入内侧面的部分称中央旁小叶。枕叶：楔叶、舌回颞叶：枕颞内侧回。枕颞外侧回（颞下回）海马旁回、钩海马、齿状回嗅球、嗅束、嗅三角、前穿质

内侧面和下面三沟中央沟外侧沟顶枕沟额叶顶叶枕叶颞叶岛叶中央前沟中央前回额上、下沟额上、中、下回中央后沟中央后回

中央旁小叶距状沟颞上、下沟颞上、中、下回颞横回五叶外内TheCerebralHemispheresThecerebralhemispheresformthesuperiorpartofthebrainThesetwostructuresaccountforabout83%ofthemassofthebrainThetwohemispherescoverandobscurethediencephalonandthetopofthebrainstemTheCerebralHemispheresNearlytheentiresurfaceofthecerebralhemispheresismarkedbyelevatedridgesoftissuescalledgyriseparatedbyshallowgroovescalledsulciDeepergroovescalledfissuresseparatelargeregionsofthebrainTheCerebralHemispheresProminentgyriandsulciaresimilarinallpeopleThemedianlongitudinalfissureseparatesthehemispheresThetransversefissureseparatesthecerebralhemispheresfromthecerebellumbelowTheCerebralHemispheresNearlytheentiresurfaceofthecerebralhemispheresismarkedbyelevatedridgesoftissuescalledgyriseparatedbyshallowgroovescalledsulciDeepergroovescalledfissuresseparatelargeregionsofthebrainLobesofCerebralHemispheresDeepersulcidivideeachhemisphereintofivelobesFrontallobeTemporallobeParietallobeOccipitallobeInsula(locatedwithinthelateralsulcus)InsulaLobesofCerebralHemispheresLocationoftheinsuladeepwithintheLateralsulcusofthehemisphereInsulaFissuresofCerebralHemispheresSulcidividelobesofthehemispheresCentralsulcusParieto-occipitalsulcusLateralsulcusTransversefissureMedialSurfaceofRightHemisphereMedialsurfaceoftherighthemisphereshowingtheParieto-occipitalsulcusPositionofCerebralHemispheresThefrontallobesoccupytheanteriorcranialfossaTheanteriorpartsofthetemporallobesfillthemiddlecranialfossaThecerebellumandbrainstemoccupiestheposteriorcranialfossaandtheoccipitallobesrestsuponitCerebralCortexThecerebralcortexisthe“executivesuite”ofthenervoussystemItenablesustoperceive,communicate,remember,understand,appreciate,andinitiatevoluntarymovementsLiterallyallqualitiesassociatedwithconsciousbehaviororconsciousnessoriginatewithinthecerebralcortexofthevariouslobesofthebrainCerebralCortexThecerebralcortexisgraymattercomposedofneuroncellsbodies,dendrites,andunmyelinatedaxons(plussupportcellsandbloodvessels)Itisonly2-4mmthickThemanyconvolutionsofthebraineffectivelytripleitssurfaceareaItaccountsforroughly40%oftotalbrainmassCerebralHemispheresCoronalsectionofthebrainwhichrevealsthecerebralcortex,whitematter,andbasalnucleiwithinthecerebralhemispheresCerebralCortexResearchonthestructureandfunctionofthebrainrevealsthattherearebothspecializedanddiffuseareasoffunctionMotorandsensoryareasarelocalizedindiscretecorticalareascalleddomainsManyhighermentalfunctionssuchasmemoryandlanguageappeartohaveoverlappingdomainsandaremorediffuselylocatedBroadmannareasareareasoflocalizedfunctionCerebralCortex-GeneralizationsThecerebralcortexhasthreetypesoffunctionalareasMotorareas/controlvoluntarymotorfunctionSensoryareas/provideconsciousawarenessof sensationAssociationareas/actmainlytointegratediverseinformationforpurposefulactionEachhemisphereischieflyconcernedwiththesensoryandmotorfunctionsoftheopposite(contralateral)sideofthebodyCerebralCortex-GeneralizationsAlthoughtheyarelargelysymmetricalinstructurethetwohemispheresarenotentirelyequalinfunction,insteadthereislateralizationofcorticalfunctionRememberthattheinformationpresentedisagrossoversimplificationtoconveyandclarifyconceptsMotorAreasCorticalareascontrollingmotorfunctionslieintheposteriorpartofthefrontallobesMotorareasincludetheprimarymotorcortex,thepremotorcortex,Broca’sarea,andthefronteyefield2.

大脑半球的内部结构(1)灰质——大脑皮质

基底核

(2)白质——大脑髓质联络纤维：同侧半球内各部分皮质之间的纤维。连合纤维：左、右半球之间纤维，如胼胝体。投射纤维：上、下行纤维内囊

(3)侧脑室大脑皮质的功能定位Brodmann52区分区法大脑皮质AlbertusMagnus(1206-1280)PhrenologyofGall(1758-1828)andSpurzheim(1776-1832)

端脑表面所覆盖的灰质称为大脑皮质。依据进化观点，大脑皮质可分为形成海马和齿状回的古皮质（archicortex）、组成嗅脑的旧皮质（paleocortex）和占据端脑皮质其余部分的新皮质（neocortex）。在哺乳动物中，进化等级越高者，新皮质愈发达，大脑皮质的细胞和纤维排列为层状结构，古、旧皮质是3层结构；新皮质基本可分6层。人类的新皮质高度发达，约占全部皮质的96％。因此，6层型皮质可视为大脑皮质的基本型，其分层构筑情况见组织学。

大脑皮质

大脑皮质不同区域的厚度不同，中央前回处为4.5mm，枕叶的视区仅为1.5mm。另外不同区域皮质各层神经细胞的大小、形态和密度各有不同，纤维的疏密排布也不一样。依据皮质各部的细胞和纤维构筑将皮质分为若干区。现在广为人们所采用的是Brodmann分区。大脑皮质的分区细胞构筑分区细胞构筑分区）

第1躯体运动区

位置：中央前回和中央旁小叶

的前部，包括Brodmann

第4区和第6区

特点：上下颠倒，但头部正立左右交叉投射区大小取决于各不肢体功能的重要性和复杂程度大脑皮质的机能定位示躯体运动区示中央旁小叶前部第1躯体感觉区位置：于中央后回和中央旁

小叶的后部，包括第

3、1、2区。特点：上下颠倒，但头部正立左右交叉投射区大小取决于肢体感觉敏感程度大脑皮质机能定位示躯体感觉区示中央旁小叶后部视区在枕叶内侧面上，距状沟上、下的皮质。相当于Brodamann第17区。在视觉通路上，经过外侧膝状体的中继，一侧视区皮质接受同侧视网膜的颞侧半和对侧视网膜鼻侧半传来的信息。因此两视野的左半代表区在右侧半球的视区上。反之亦然。

听区在颞叶外侧沟下壁的颞横回上，包括41和42区。自内侧膝状体发出的听辐射是此区的主要传入纤维。听区接受双侧来源的信息，但对侧的似是主要的。

视听区显示视听区．边缘系统在半球的内侧面，扣带回和海马旁回围绕胼胝体等几成一环，加上被挤到侧脑室下角的海马和齿状回，共同组成边缘叶（limbiclobe）。边缘叶再加上与它联系密切的皮质下结构，如杏仁体、隔区和隔核、下丘脑、背侧丘脑的前核群等，共同组成边缘系统（limbicsystem）。由于这一部分脑与内脏活动、情绪和记忆有关，故也称为内脏脑。实验研究指出，边缘系统在进化上是脑的古老部分，它司内脏调节、情绪反应、记忆和性活动等，这在维持个体生存和延续后代是重要的。

边缘系统示边缘叶大脑皮质的机能定位躯体运动中枢

中央前回和中央旁小叶前部躯体感觉中枢

中央后回和中央旁小叶后部视觉中枢

距状沟上下听觉中枢

颞横回语言中枢躯体运动中枢的特点(1)交叉性(2)倒立性

但头面部正立(3)区域大小与所支配部位运动的精细程度有关。躯体感觉中枢的特点(1)交叉性(2)倒立性

但头面部正立(3)区域大小与所管理部位感觉的灵敏程度有关。MotorAreasCorticalareascontrollingmotorfunctionslieintheposteriorpartofthefrontallobesMotorareasincludetheprimarymotorcortex,thepremotorcortex,Broca’sarea,andthefronteyefieldPrimaryMotorCortexTheprimarymotorcortexislocatedintheprecentralgyrusofthefrontallobeofeachhemisphereLargeneurons(pyramidalcells)inthesegyriallowustoconsciouslycontrolthepreciseorskillvoluntarymovementsofourskeletalmusclesPyramidalcellsTheselongaxons,whichprojecttothespinalcord,formthemassivevoluntarymotortractscalledthepyramidal,orcorticospinaltractsAllotherdescendingmotortractsissuefrombrainstemnucleiandconsistsofchainsoftwo,three,ormoreneuronsDendritesTable11.1PyramidalTractsThelateralcorticospinaltractconsistsofthelongaxonsofthepyramidalcellslocatedwithintheprimarymotorcortexMotorHomunculusMotorSomatotopyBodyisrepresentedspatiallyintheprimarymotorcortexofeachhemisphereMostoftheneuronsinthesegyricontrolmusclesinbodyareashavingthemostprecisemotorcontrolTheareaswiththemostcontrol(face,tongue,andhands)MotorSomatotopyMotorinnervationiscontralateral;leftprimarymotorcontrolsrightsideofbodyTheimageisusefultoconceptualizeareasofsynergisticfunctionHowever,agivenmusclemaybecontrolledbyseveralcorticalneuronsrecruitedforseveralspecificactionsMotorSomatotopyDamagetothelocalizedareasoftheprimarymotorcortexparalyzesthemusclescontrolledbythisareaIfthelesionisintherighthemisphere,theleftsidewillbeparalyzedOnlyvoluntarycontrolislostasthemusclescanstillcontractreflexivelyPremotorCortexThepremotorcortexcontrolsmotorskillsofrepetitiveorpatternednature(typingorpiano)ThepremotorcortexcoordinatesthemovementofseveralmusclegroupstoactsimultaneouslyorsequentiallyMotorandSensorySomatotopyPrimarySomato-sensoryCortexTheseneuronsidentifytheregionofthebodybeingstimulated(spatialdiscrimination)Theentirebodyisrepresentedspatiallyinthe