高分子材料工程专业英语翻译

业英语翻译Unit1Whatarepolymers?Whatarepolymers?Foronething,theyarecomplexandgiantmoleculesandaredifferentfromlowmolecularweightcompoundslike,say,commonsalt.什么是高聚物？首先，他们是合成物和大分子，而且不同于低分子化合物，譬如说普Tocontrastthedifference,themolecularweightofcommonsaltisonly58.5,whilethatofapolymercanbeashighasseveralhundredthousand,evenmorethanthousandthousands.Thesebigmoleculesor‘macro-molecules’aremadeupofmuchsmallermolecules,canbeofoneormorechemicalcompounds.这些大分子或“高分子”由许多小分子组成。小分子相互结合形成大分子，大分子能够是一种或多种化合物。Toillustrate,imaginethatasetofringshasthesamesizeandismadeofthesamematerial.Whenthesethingsareinterlinked,thechainformedcanbeconsideredasrepresentingapolymerfrommoleculesofthesamecompound.举例说明，想象一组大小相同并由相同的材料制成的环。当这些环相互连接起来，可聚物。Alternatively,individualringscouldbeofdifferentsizesandmaterials,andinterlinkedtorepresentapolymerfrommoleculesofdifferentcompounds.另一方面，环可以大小不同、材料不同,相连接后形成具有不同化合物组成的聚合物。Thisinterlinkingofmanyunitshasgiventhepolymeritsname,polymeaning‘many’andmermeaning‘part’(inGreek).聚合物的名称来自于许多单元相连接，poly意味着“多、聚、重复”，mer意味着“链节、基体”(希腊语中)。Asanexample,agaseouscompoundcalledbutadiene,withamolecularweightof54,combinesnearly4000timesandgivesapolymerknownaspolybutadiene(asyntheticrubber)withabout200000molecularweight.聚丁二烯(合成橡胶)高聚物。Thelowmolecularweightcompoundsfromwhichthepolymersformareknownasepictureissimplyasfollows形成高聚物的低分子化合物称为单体。下面简单地描述一下形成过程：丁二烯＋丁二烯＋…＋丁二烯——→聚丁二烯(4000次)Onecanthusseehowasubstance(monomer)withassmallamoleculeweightas54growtobecomeagiantmolecule(polymer)of(54×4000≈)200000molecularweight.能够知道分子量仅为54的小分子物质(单体)如何逐渐形成分子量为200000的大分子(高聚物)。Itisessentiallythe“giantness”ofthesizeofthepolymermoleculethatmakesitsbehavior(differentfromthatofacommonlyknownchemicalcompoundsuchasbenzene.)实质上正是由于聚合物的巨大分子尺寸才使其性能不同于像苯这样的一般化合物(的性能)Solidbenzene,forinstance,meltstobecomeliquidbenzeneat5.5℃and,onfurtherheatingboilsintogaseousbenzene.Asagainstthiswell-definedbehaviorofasimplechemicalcompound,apolymerlikepolyethylenedoesnotmeltsharplyatoneparticulartemperatureintocleanliquid.与这类简单化合物明确的行为相比，像聚乙烯这样的聚合物不能在某一特定的温度快速地熔融成纯净的液体。Instead,itbecomesincreasinglysofterand,ultimately,turnsintoaveryviscous,tackymoltenmass.Furtherheatingofthishot,viscous,moltenpolymerdoesconvertitintovariousgasesbutitisnolongerpolyethylene.(Fig.1.1).而聚合物变得越来越软，最终变成十分粘稠的聚合物熔融体。将这种热而粘稠的聚合物熔融体进一步加热，它会转变成不同气体，但它不再是聚乙烯(如图1.1)Anotherstrikingdifferencewithrespecttothebehaviorofapolymerandthatofalowmolecularweightcompoundconcernsthedissolutionprocess.聚合物行为和低分子量化合物另一不同的行为为溶解过程。Letustake,forexample,sodiumchlorideandadditslowlytofixedquantityofwater.Thesalt,whichrepresentsalowmolecularweightcompound,dissolvesinwateruptoapoint(calledsaturationpoint)but,thereafter,anyfurtherquantityaddeddoesnotgointosolutionbutsettlesatthebottomandjustremainsthereassolid.例如，将氯化钠慢慢地添加到定量的水中。盐作为一种低分子量化合物，在水中溶解直到某一点(叫饱和点)，但进一步添加,盐不进入溶液中却沉到底部而保持原有的Theviscosityofthesaturatedsaltsolutionisnotverymuchdifferentfromthatofwater.Butifwetakeapolymerinstead,say,polyvinylalcohol,andaddittoafixedquantityofwater,thepolymerdoesnotgointosolutionimmediately.饱和盐溶液的粘度与水的粘度接近.但是，如果我们用聚合物，如聚乙烯醇添加到定量水中，聚合物不是马上进入到溶液中。Theglobulesofpolyvinylalcoholfirstabsorbwater,swellandgetdistortedinshapeandafteralongtimegointosolution.Also,wecanaddaverylargequantityofthepolymertothesamequantityofwaterwithoutthesaturationpointeverbeingreached.们可以将大量的聚合物加入到同样量的水中，不存在饱和点。Asmoreandmorequantityofpolymerisaddedtowater,thetimetakenforthedissolutionofthepolymerobviouslyincreasesandthemixultimatelyassumesasoft,dough-likeconsistency.将越来越多的聚合物加入水中，认为聚合物溶解的时间明显地增加，最终呈现柔软像一样粘稠的混合物。Anotherpeculiarityisthat,inwater,polyvinylalcoholneverretainsitsoriginalpowderynature[astheexcesssodiumchloridedoes][inasaturatedsaltsolution].末状态。Inconclusion,wecansaythat(1)thelongtimetakenbypolyvinylalcoholfordissolution,(2)theabsenceofasaturationpoint,and(3)theincreaseintheviscosityareallcharacteristicsofatypicalpolymerbeingdissolvedinasolventandthesecharacteristicsareattributedmainlytothelargemolecularsizeofthepolymer.总之，我们可以讲(1)聚乙烯醇的溶解需要很长时间，(2)不存在饱和点，(3)粘度加是聚合物溶于溶液中的典型特性，这些特性主要归因于聚合物大分子的尺寸。ThebehaviorofalowmolecularweightcompoundandthatofapolymerondissolutionareillustratedinFig.1.2.Polymer:高分子,聚合物.(repeatunits)polymericpolymerizationpolyPolygon,聚醚？polyfunctional“-mer”:part.Isomer,同分异构体大(反义词？)Molecule,分子---------Atom,原子MolecularWeight,分子量MicrosoftMonomerRepeatUnit,重复单元-----Monomerunit,单体单元ubberSynthesis,n,合成--------Syntheses,vt,合成Polyvinylalcohol:聚乙烯醇。Vinyl：乙Sodiumchloride,氯化钠，potassiumsulfate,硫酸钾；sulfuricacid,硫酸Settle，使(液体)澄清，沉淀,沉降Precipitate,使沉淀，使凝结Precipitant，沉淀剂Stir,搅拌Saturation,饱和-------Unsaturation,不饱和Dissolution,n,溶解------Dissolve,vt,溶解solutionn溶液;solutionpolymerizationsolubilityn溶解度，溶解性solventn溶剂,solventeffectViscous,a,粘稠的----Viscosity,粘度(性)Clean,完全的，彻底的；sharply,明显地，精明地，敏锐地，突然Increasingly,越来越….，Striking,显著的，引人注目的，withrespectto关于，就……而论Thereafter，此后Distort，畸变，扭变，变形。炔？Ethyne.Polyethylene:聚乙烯.烷synthetic:合成的。名词？动词？Viscous：粘的。名词？Plastics,塑料--------Rubber,橡胶-------FiberAdhesive,黏合剂-----------Paints,涂料Polybutadiene,聚丁二烯Peculiarity,独特性，特色，特质，特殊的abstract,分离，转移profound,意义深远的，深刻的，notably，显著的，著名的，这个句型很有用justasitisnotnecessaryThemoment,一….就…….Segment,链段Backbone,主链，骨架(脊骨,脊柱)//skeleton,骨骼,骨架(建筑),骷髅Skeletonatom(structure),骨架原子(结构)substituent,substitutedgroup,取代基side(pendant,lateral)group,侧基//endgroup,端基Sidechain,侧链，支链Sidereaction,副反应．Linearpolymers,线型高分子//Nonlinearpolymers,非线型高分子Branchedpolymers,支化高分子Crosslinkedpolymers,交联高分子Starsanddendrimers,星型高分子及树枝状高分子Ladderpolymers,梯型高分子Cyclolinearpolymers,线型环聚合物//Cyclomatrixpolymer,体型聚合物Telechelicpolymers,远鳌聚合物，遥爪聚合物Mono-telechelicpolymer,单遥爪聚合物Di-telechelicpolymer,双遥爪聚合物Amorphouspolymers,无定形高分子//Crystallinepolymers,结晶高分子Polyvinylalcohol,Polyvinylchloride,Polyester,聚酯Polystyrene,聚苯乙烯Polypropylene,聚丙烯Polyethylene,聚乙烯Polyamide,聚酰胺Polyether:聚醚Thermoplastics,热塑性塑料Thermosettingresin,热固性树脂Elastomers,弹性体Thermoelastomers,热塑性弹性体Homopolymersandcopolymers,均聚物和共聚物Homo-：均匀的。Homogenous:均相的Blockcopolymers,嵌段共聚物Randomcopolymers,无规共聚物Alternatingcopolymers,交替共聚物Terpolymers,三元共聚物Graftcopolymers,接枝共聚物Unit2ChainPolymerizationManyolefinicandvinylunsaturatedcompoundsareabletoformchain-likemacromoleculesthrougheliminationofthedoublebond,aphenomenonfirstrecognizedbyStaudinger.Diolefinspolymerizeinthesamemanner,however,onlyoneofthetwodoublebondsiseliminated.Staudinger首先发现许多烯烃和不饱和烯烃通过打开双键可以形成链式大分子。二烯烃以同样的方式聚合，但仅消除两个双键中的一个。Suchreactionsoccurthroughtheinitialadditionofamonomermoleculetoaninitiatorradicaloraninitiatorion,bywhichtheactivestateistransferredfromtheinitiatortotheaddedmonomer.这类反应是通过单体分子首先加成到引发剂自由基或引发剂离子上而进行的，靠这些反应活性中心由引发剂转移到被加成的单体上。Inthesamewaybymeansofachainreaction,onemonomermoleculeaftertheotherisadded(2000~20000monomerspersecond)untiltheactivestateisterminatedthroughadifferenttypeofreaction.单体分子通过链式反应以同样的方式一个接一个地加上(每秒2000~20000个单体)直到活性中心通过不同的反应方式终止。Thepolymerizationisachainreactionintwoways:becauseofthereactionkineticandbecauseasareactionproductoneobtainsachainmolecule.Thelengthofthechainmoleculeisproportionaltothekineticchainlength.聚合反应成为链式反应的两种原因：反应动力学和作为链式反应产物分子。链分子的度与动力学链长成正比。OnecansummarizetheprocessasfollowRisequaltotheinitiatorradical):链式反应可以概括为以下过程(R·相当与引发剂自由基)：略Onethusobtainspolyvinylchloridefromvinylchloride,orpolystyrenefromstyrene,orpolyethylenefromethylene,etc.因而通过上述过程由氯乙烯得到聚氯乙烯，或由苯乙烯获得聚苯乙烯，或乙烯获得聚Thelengthofthechainmolecules,measuredbymeansofthedegreeofpolymerization,canbevariedoveralargerangethroughselectionofsuitablereactionconditions.分子链长通过聚合度测量，可以通过选择适宜的反应条件大为改变Usually,withcommerciallypreparedandutilizedpolymers,thedegreeofpolymerizationliesintherangeofto0,butinmanycasesitcanbebelow500andover10000.商业制备和使用的聚合物，聚合度通常在1000~5000范围内，但在许多情况下可低于Thisshouldnotbeinterpretedtomeanthatallmoleculesofacertainpolymericmaterialconsistof500,or1000,or5000monomerunits.Inalmostallcases,thepolymericmaterialconsistsofamixtureofpolymermoleculesofdifferentdegreesofpolymerization.。，聚合物材料由不同聚合度的聚合物分子的混合物组成。Polymerization,achainreaction,occursaccordingtothesamemechanismasthewell-knownchlorine-hydrogenreactionandthedecompositionofphosegene.链式聚合反应的机理与众所周知的氯(气)-氢(气)反应和光气的分解机理相同。Theinitiationreaction,whichistheactivationprocessofthedoublebond,canbebroughtaboutbyheating,irradiation,ultrasonics,orinitiators.Theinitiationofthechainreactioncanbeobservedmostclearlywithradicalorionicinitiators.通过双键活化的引发剂反应，可以通过热、辐射、超声波或引发剂产生。可以很清楚地进行研究用自由基型或离子型引发剂引发的链式反应。Theseareenergy-richcompoundswhichcanaddsuitableunsaturatedcompounds(monomers)andmaintaintheactivatedradicalorionicstatesothatfurthermonomermoleculescanbeaddedinthesamemanner.这些是高能态的化合物，它们能够加成不饱和化合物(单体)并保持自由基或离子活性中心以致单体可以以同样的方式进一步加成。Fortheindividualstepsofthegrowthreactiononeneedsonlyarelativelysmallactivationenergyandthereforethroughasingleactivationstep(theactualinitiationreaction)alargenumberofolefinmoleculesareconverted,asisimpliedbytheterm对于增长反应的各个步骤，每一步仅需要相当少的活化能，因此通过一步简单的活化反应(即引发反应)即可将许多烯类单体分子转化成聚合物，这正如连锁反应这个术。Becauseverysmallamountsoftheinitiatorbringabouttheformationofalargeamountofpolymericmaterial(1:1000to1:1000),itispossibletoregardpolymerizationfromasuperficialpointofviewasacatalyticreaction.因为少量的引发剂引发形成大量的聚合物原料(1：1000~1：10000)，从表面上看聚反应被看成是催化反应。Forthisreason,theinitiatorsusedinpolymerizationreactionsareoftendesignatedaspolymerizationcatalysts,eventhough,inthestrictestsense,theyarenottruecatalystsbecausethepolymerizationinitiatorentersintothereactionasarealpartnerandcanbefoundchemicallyboundinthereactionproduct,i.e.,thepolymer.由于这个原因，通常把聚合反应的引发剂看作是聚合反应的引发剂。但因为聚合反应的催化剂进入到反应内部而成为一部分，同时可以在反应产物，既聚合物的末端发现催化剂，所以严格地讲它们不是真正意义上的催化剂，Inadditiontotheionicandradicalinitiatorstherearenowmetalcomplexinitiatorswhichcanbeobtained,forexample,bythereactionoftitaniumtetrachlorideortitaniumtrichloridewithaluminumalkyls),whichplayanimportantroleinpolymerizationreactions(Zieglercatalysts),Themechanismoftheircatalyticactionisnotyetcompletelyclear.除离子引发剂和自由基引发剂外，还有金属络合物引发剂(可以通过四氯化钛或三氯化钛与烷基铝的反应得到)。它们在聚合反应中起到了重要作用(齐格纳引发剂)。它们催化活动的机理还不是十分清楚。Radical,自由基；体Radical,自由基//Initiator,引发剂//Unsaturatedmonomer,不饱和单体Organicperoxide,有机过氧化物//hydroperoxide,过氧化氢Polyvinylchloride:聚氯乙烯Polystyrene:聚苯乙烯Degreeofpolymerization:聚合度(DP)Mechanism:机理Chlorine：氯气;Hydrogen:氢气Decomposition：分解。Degradation:降解Irradiation,辐射，照射。ultrasonics,超声波regard,把…….看作……..Catalyst:催化剂cIonCation子。Anion:阴离子lexDi-:二。Tri-:三。Tetra-:四。Mono-：单。Penta-：五个；hexa-:六Alkyl：烷基alkane：烷烃。Alkene:烯烃bymeansof…:ByusingOne…aftertheother…一个接一个…..beproportionalto…:和…成正比Liein处于，落在，在于Bringabout,引起，产生，导致fromasuperficialpointofview,从表面上看intheproper(strict、literal)sense在本来(严格、字面)的意义上说的Redoxagent,氧化－还原试剂Azocompounds,偶氮化合物Organometallicreagents,有机金属Irradiation,光辐射，紫外光照射Highenergyradiation,高能辐射Homolyticdissociation,均裂Chaininitiation,链引发反应//chainpropagation,链增长反应Steady-stateassumption,稳态假设Rateofpolymerization,聚合速率Chaintransfer,链转移//chaintermination，链终止反应Combination,偶合(终止)，结合Disproportionation,歧化(终止)UNIT3Step-GrowthpolymerizationManydifferentchemicalreactionsmaybeusedtosynthesizepolymericmaterialsbystep-growthpolymerization.Theseincludeesterification,amidation,theformationofurethanes,aromaticsubstitution,etc.氨基甲酸酯、芳香族取代物的形成等。Polymerizationproceedsbythereactionsbetweentwodifferentfunctionalgroups,e.g.,hydroxylandcarboxylgroups,orisocyanateandhydroxylgroups.Allstep-growthpolymerizationfallintotwogroupsdependingonthetypeofmonomer(s)employed.Thefirstinvolvestwodifferentpolyfunctionalmonomersinwhicheachmonomerpossessesonlyonetypeoffunctionalgroup.所有的逐步聚合反应根据所使用单体的类型可分为两类。第一类涉及两种不同的官能Apolyfunctionalmonomerisonewithtwoormorefunctionalgroupspermolecule.Thesecondinvolvesasinglemonomercontainingbothtypesoffunctionalgroups.一种多官能团单体每个分子有两个或多个官能团。第二类涉及含有两类官能团的单个Thesynthesisofpolyamidesillustratesbothgroupsofpolymerizationreactions.Thus,yamidescanbeobtainedfromthereactionofdiamineswithdiacidsorfromthereactionofaminoacidswiththemselves.聚酰胺的合成说明了两类聚合反应。因此聚酰胺可以由二元胺和二元酸的反应或氨基应得到。Thetwogroupsofreactionscanberepresentedinageneralmannerbytheequationsasows两种官能团之间的反应一般来说可以通过下列反应式表示Reaction.1)illustratestheformer,while(3.2)isofthelattertype.反应(3.1)说明前一种形式，而反应(3.2)具有后一种形式。Polyesterification,whetherbetweendiolanddibasicacidorintermolecularlybetweenhydroxyacidmolecules,isanexampleofastep-growthpolymerizationprocess.聚酯化反应是逐步聚合反应过程的一个例子。反应可能在二元酸和二元醇之间或羟基Theesterificationreactionoccursanywhereinthemonomermatrixwheretwomonomermoleculescollide,andoncetheesterhasformed,it,too,canreactfurtherbyvirtueofitsstill-reactivehydroxylorcarboxylgroups.酯化反应出现在单体本体中两个单体分子相碰撞的位置，且酯一旦形成，依靠酯上仍有活性的羟基或羧基还可以进一步进行反应。Theneteffectofthisisthatmonomermoleculesareconsumedrapidlywithoutanylargeincreaseinmolecularweight.酯化的结果是单体分子很快地被消耗掉，而分子量却没有多少增加。Fig.3.1illustratesthisphenomenon.Assume,forexample,thateachsquareinFig.3.1arepresentsamoleculeofhydroxyacid.Aftertheinitialdimmermoleculesfrom(b),halfthemonomermoleculeshavebeenconsumedandtheaveragedegreeofpolymerization(DP)ofpolymericspeciesis2.图3.1说明了这个现象。假定图3.1中的每一个方格代表一个羟基酸分子。产生二聚体分子后(b)，一半的单体分子消耗了，这时平均聚合度(DP)是2。Astrimerandmoredimermoleculesform(c),morethan80%ofthemonomermoleculeshavereacted,butDPisstill2.5.Whenallthemonomermoleculeshavereacted(d),DPis (c)中形成三聚体和更多的二聚体，超过80%的单体分子已参加反应，但DP仅仅还是2.5。(d)中所有的单体反应完，DP是4。Buteachpolymermoleculethatformsstillhasreactiveendgroups;hencethepolymerizationreactionwillcontinueinastepwisefashion,witheachesterificationstepbeingidenticalinrateandmechanismtotheinitialesterificationofmonomers.但形成的每一种聚合物分子还有反应活性的端基；因此，聚合反应将以逐步的方式继其每一步酯化反应的反应速率和反应机理均与初始单体的酯化作用相同。Thus,molecularweightincreasesslowlyevenathighlevelsofmonomerconversion,anditwillcontinuetoincreaseuntiltheviscositybuild-upmakesitmechanicallytoodifficulttoremovewaterofesterificationorforreactiveendgroupstofindeachother.这样，分子量在高单体转化率下缓慢增加，继续增加直到粘度增加到难以除去酯化反应的水或端基难以相互反应为止。ItcanalsobeshownthatintheA-A+B-Btypeofpolymerization,anexactstoichiometricbalanceisnecessarytoachievehighmolecularweights.Ifsomemonofunctionalimpurityispresentitsreactionwilllimitthemolecularweightbyrenderingachainendinactive.在A-A+B-B的聚合反应中，精确的定量配比是获得高分子量所必需的。假如存在一些单官能团杂质，由于链的端基失活，其反应将限制分子量。Similarly,high-puritymonomersarenecessaryintheA-Btypeofpolycondensationanditfollowsthathigh-yieldreactionsaretheonlypracticalonesforpolymerformation,sincesidereactionswillupsetthestoichiometricbalance.形成聚合物的实用方法只能是高收率的反应。Step-growthpolymerization:逐步聚合(包括缩聚)Synthesize:v.合成synthesis:n.Esterification:酯化(COOH和-OH的反应).Ester:酯.COORpolyester,聚酯。酰胺化，polyamide,聚酰胺，尼龙Urethane:(cabarmate)氨基甲酸酯.ROCONR2.氨基甲酸乙酯，NH2CO2C2H5lyurethaneAromatic:芳香族的(环状的闭合共轭体系,如含苯环的化合物)Aromatic,芳香族的，aromatics，芳香族化Fallinto,归入，可分为…..Dependingon…,根据…….Inageneralmanner,一般来说或者……或者……，不是……就是…..是相同的。Identical[ai’dentikəl],a,同一的，完全相同的，相等的，有同一原因(来源)的，equation,恒等式Thefingerprintsofnotwopersonsareidentical.Yourvoiceisidenticaltohersinvolume.acid,芳香酸substitute:v.取代举例:C6H5-BrC6H5-OHFunctionalgroup官能团unctionalPolyfunctional,多官能团的，多官能度的等位，如，isoelectricpoint，等电离点。ROH+R'NCO→ROC(O)N(H)R'Cyanate,氰酸盐，氰酸酯,RO-CN。Cyanide,氰化物，如potassiumcyanate,氰化钾。tetramer，四聚体，tamerHexamerHeptamer,七聚体，Oligomer低聚体Diamine，二元胺//diol,二元醇//triol,三元醇//polyol,多元醇酸Ethylenediamine(?)dibasic,二元的//diacid,二元酸//aminoacid，氨基酸build-up:增加烷(-ane)methaneethanepropanebutane烷基(-yl)methylethylpropylbutyl亚烷基(-ylene)methyleneethylene环烷(cyclo-)cyclopropanecyclohexane烯(-ene)ethenepropenebutene炔(-yne)ethynepropynebutyne醇(-ol)methanolethanolpropanolbutanol醛(-al)formaldehydeethanal酮(-one)acetone酸(-icacid)aceticacid酸酐(anhydride)formicanhd.aceticanhd.酰胺(amide)acetamide胺(amine)methylamineethylamine//conversion,转化率//yield,产率Theaveragedegreeofpolymerization,平均聚合度Molecularweight:分子量Impurity：杂质。Purity:纯度。Im-:不。impossiblePolycondensation:缩聚Sidereaction:副反应UNIT4IonicPolymerizationIonicpolymerization,similartoradicalpolymerization,alsohasthemechanismofachainreaction.Thekineticsofionicpolymerizationare,however,considerablydifferentfromthatofradicalpolymerization.离子聚合反应，与自由基聚合反应相似，也是链反应机理。但离子聚合的动力学明显地不同于自由基聚合反应。(1)Theinitiationreactionofionicpolymerizationneedsonlyasmallactivationenergy.Thereforetherateofpolymerizationdependsonlyslightlyonthetemperature.大。Ionicpolymerizationsoccurinmanycaseswithexplosiveviolenceevenattemperature.below50℃(forexample,theanionicpolymerizationofstyreneat–70℃intetrahydrofuran,orthecationicpolymerizationofisobutyleneat–100℃inliquidethylene).在许多情况甚至低于50℃下离子聚合反应剧烈(例如，苯乙烯的阴离子聚合在-70℃在乙烯中反应)。Withionicpolymerizationthereisnocompulsorychainterminationthroughrecombinationbecausethegrowingchainscannotreactwitheachother.对于离子聚合来说，因为生长链之间不能发生反应，不存在通过再结合反应而进行的Chainterminationtakesplaceonlythroughimpurities,orthroughtheadditionofcertaincompoundssuchaswater,alcohols,acids,amines,oroxygen,andingeneralthroughcompoundswhichcanreactwithpolymerizationionsundertheformationofneutralcompoundsorinactiveionicspecies.链终止反应仅仅通过杂质而发生，或者说通过和某些像水、醇、酸、胺或氧这样的化合物进行加成而发生，且一般来说(链终止反应)可通过这样的化合物来进行，这种化合物可以和活性聚合物离子进行反应生成中性聚合物或没有聚合活性的离子型聚合Iftheinitiatorsareonlypartlydissociated,theinitiationreactionisanequilibriumreaction,wherereactioninonedirectiongivesrisetochaininitiationandintheotherdirectiontochaintermination.如果引发剂仅仅部分地离解，引发反应即为一个平衡反应，在出现平衡反应的场合，在一个方向上进行链引发反应，而在另一个方向上则发生链终止反应。Ingeneralionicpolymerizationcanbeinitiatedthroughacidicorbasiccompounds.通常离子聚合反应能通过酸性或碱性化合物被引发。Forcationicpolymerization,complexesofBF3,AlCl3,TiCl4,andSnCl4withwater,oralcohols,ortertiaryoxoniumsaltshaveshownthemselvestobeparticularlyactive.ThepositiveionsaretheonesthatcausechaininitiationForexample:对于阳离子聚合反应来说，BF3,AlCl3,TiCl4和SnCl4与水、或乙醇，或叔烊盐的络合物活性特别高。正离子产生链引发。例如：However,alsowithHCl,H2SO4,andKHSO4,onecaninitiatecationicpolymerization.Initiatorsforanionicpolymerizationarealkalimetalsandtheirorganiccompounds,suchasphenyllithium,butyllithium,phenylsodium,andtriphenylmethylpotassium,whicharemoreorlessstronglydissociatedindifferentsolvents.但BF3与HCl、H2SO4和KHSO4也可以引发阳离子聚合反应。阴离子聚合反应的引发剂是碱金属和它们的有机金属化合物，例如苯基锂、丁基锂和三苯甲基锂，它们在溶剂中高度离解。TothisgroupbelongalsothesocalledAlfincatalysts,whichareamixtureofsodiumisopropylate,allylsodium,andsodiumchloride.WithBF3(andisobutyleneasthemonomer),itwasdemonstratedthatthepolymerizationispossibleonlyinthepresenceoftracesoftracesofwateroralcohol.BF3为引发剂(异丁烯为单体)，在痕量水或乙醇下聚合反应才可以进行。Ifoneeliminatesthetraceofwater,BF3alonedoesnotgiverisetopolymerization.WateroralcoholsarenecessaryinordertoallowtheformationoftheBF3-complexandtheinitiatorcationaccordingtotheabovereactions.However,oneshouldnotdescribe络合物和引发剂离子是必需的。但是水或乙醇不应认为是“助催化剂”。Justasbyradicalpolymerization,onecanalsopreparecopolymersbyionicpolymerization,forexample,anioniccopolymersofstyreneandbutadiene,orcationiccopolymersofisobutyleneandstyrene,orisobutyleneandvinyethers,etc.与自由基聚合反应一样，通过离子聚合反应也能制备共聚物，例如，苯乙烯-丁二烯Ashasbeendescribedindetailwithradicalpolymerization,onecancharacterizeeachmonomerpairbyso-calledreactivityratiosr1andr2.Ionicpolymerization:离子型聚合Cationicpolymerization:阳离子聚合Anionicpolymerization:阴离子聚合Ion,离子//ionic,离子的//nonionic,非离子的cation,正(阳)离子//cationic,正(阳)离子的Anion,负(阴)离子//anionic,负(阴)离子的Radicalpolymerization:自由基聚合Kinetics动力学thermodynamic:热力学Isobutylene,异丁烯//isoprene,异戊二烯Tetrahydrofuran:(THF)四氢呋喃.Tetra-:四.Furan:呋喃Pyrrole:吡咯thiophen:噻吩Teriary:三元的quarternary:四元的Alfincatalyst:醇(碱金属)烯催化剂Acatalystderivedfromreactionofanalkalialcoholatewithanolefinhalide;usedtoconvertolefins(forexample,ethylene,propylene,orbutylenes)intopolyolefinpolymers.Isopropylate:异丙醇金属，异丙氧化金属Oxonium:氧鎓,氧负离子,O-。Positive,正的,阳(性)的//Neutral,中性的//negative,负的,(阴)性的Triethyloxonium-borofluoride:(C2H5)3O+Tri-:三.Ethyl:乙基.Boro:硼.Fluoride:氟化物alkalimetal:碱金属,including:lithium,sodium,potassium.Phenyllithium:苯基锂Butyllithium:丁基锂Phenylsodium:苯基钠triphenylmethylpotassium:三苯甲基钾Methyl:甲基.Ethyl:乙基.Propyl:丙基.Butyl:丁基withexplosiveviolence:及其猛烈地.verygreatforceinactionorfeelingThewindblewwithexplosiveviolence.giveriseto…:引起，导致，产生，使….发生…..leadto;tobethecauseofThesebadconditionshavegivenrisetoalotofcrime.moreorless:Iammoreorlesstiredafter-ate:盐,酯.Sodiumsulfate:硫酸钠Allyl:烯丙基.-CH2CH=CH2Cation:正(阳)离子.Anion:负(阴)离子Cocatalyst:助催化剂Copolymer:共聚物.Copolymerization:共聚反应Co-:共同的.Covalent:共价Characterize:表征reactivityratio:竞聚率Parameter:参数Coordinativepolymerization,配位(离子)聚合suchalongtrip.muchless:Ididn’tevenseehim,muchlessspeaktohim.so-called:Theyareso-calledChristianswhoshownolovetoanyone.inthepresenceof…:在…….存在的情况下，Hewasquestionedinthepresenceofalargenumberofpeople.justas:HecamejustasIwasleaving.indetail:ThereisnotimetoexplainindetailStereoregular,立构规整性的Intermediate,中间产物，中间体Electrophilicsubstitution,亲电取代//nucleophilicsubstitution,亲核取代Proton,质子//proticacid,质子酸Aliphaticcompound,脂肪族化合物//Aromaticcompound,芳香组化合物UNIT5IntroductiontoLivingRadicalPolymerizationTraditionalmethodsoflivingpolymerizationarebasedonionic,coordinationorgrouptransfermechanisms.活性聚合的传统方法是基于离子，配位或基团转移机理。Ideally,themechanismoflivingpolymerizationinvolvesonlyinitiationandpropagationsteps.理论上活性聚合的机理只包括引发和增长反应步骤。Allchainsareinitiatedatthecommencementofpolymerizationandpropagationcontinuesuntilallmonomerisconsumed.在聚合反应初期所有的链都被引发，然后增长反应继续下去直到所有的单体都被消耗Atypeofnoveltechniquesforlivingpolymerization,knownasliving(possiblyuse“controlled”or“mediated”)radicalpolymerization,isdevelopedrecently.最近开发了一种叫做活性自由基聚合的活性聚合新技术。ThefirstdemonstrationoflivingradicalpolymerizationandthecurrentdefinitionoftheprocessescanbeattributedtoSzwarc.Uptonow,severallivingradicalpolymerizationprocesses,includingatomtransferradicalpolymerization(ATRP),reversibleaddition-fragmentationchaintransferpolymerizationdiatedpolymerizationNMPetchavebeenreportedoneafteranother.到目前为止，一些活性自由基聚合过程，包括原子转移自由基聚合，可逆加成-断裂链转移聚合，硝基氧介导聚合等聚合过程一个接一个被报道。Themechanismoflivingradicalpolymerizationisquitedifferentnotonlyfromthatofcommonradicalpolymerizationbutalsofromthatoftraditionallivingpolymerization.活性自由基聚合的机理不仅完全不同于普通自由基聚合机理，也不同于传统的活性聚合机理。Itreliesontheintroductionofareagentthatundergoesreversibleterminationwiththeingradicalstherebyconvertingthemtoafollowingdormantform活性自由基聚合依赖于向体系中引入一种可以和增长自由基进行可逆终止的试剂，形Thespecificityinthereversibleinitiation-terminationstepisofcriticalimportanceinachievinglivingcharacteristics.于获得分子链活性来说具有决定性的重要意义。Thisenablestheactivespeciesconcentrationtobecontrolledandthusallowssuchaconditiontobechosenthatallchainsareabletogrowatasimilarrate(ifnotsimultaneously)throughoutthepolymrization.可逆引发终止使活性中心的浓度能够得以控制。这样就可以来选择适宜的反应条件，使得在整个聚合反应过程中(只要没有平行反应)所有的分子链都能够以相同的速度增Thishas,inturn,enabledthesynthesisofpolymerswithcontrolledcomposition,architectureandmolecularweightdistribution.这样就可以合成具有可控组成，结构和分子量分布的聚合物。Theyalsoprovideroutestonarrowdispersityend-functionalpolymers,tohighpurityblockcopolymers,andtostarsa